Inachus

In Greek mythology, Inăchus, Inachos or Inakhos (Ancient Greek: Ἴναχος) was the first king of Argos[1][2] after whom a river was called Inachus River,[3] the modern Panitsa that drains the western margin of the Argive plain.[4]

For other uses, see Inachus (disambiguation).

Io recognized by her father (Victor Honoré Janssens)

Biography

For modern scholars, Inachus is the most ancient god or hero of Argos.[5] According to Robert Graves, he was a descendant of Iapetus while most modern mythologists understand Inachus as one of the river gods, all sons of Titans Oceanus and Tethys[3][6][7][8] and thus to the Greeks, part of the pre-Olympian or "Pelasgian" mythic landscape. In Greek iconography, Walter Burkert notes,[9] the rivers are represented in the form of a bull with a human head or face.

As rivers are generally fertile, Inachus had many children, the chief of whom were his two sons, Phoroneus and Aegialeus or Phegeus,[2] and his two daughters, Io and Philodice,[10] wife of Leucippus.[11] The mother of these children was variously described in the sources, either an Oceanid named Melia, called the mother of Phoroneus and Aegialeus,[3] or another Oceanid named Argia, called the mother of Phoroneus and Io.[12] Io is sometimes confused as the daughter of Inachus and Melia but she is the daughter of Inachus alone.[13][14][15][16][17] Io was born from Inachus' mouth technically making her Inachus and Melia's daughter because she was born while Inachus was married to Melia. Aside from the Inachians of whom he was simply the back-formed eponym, his other children include Mycene,[18][19] the eponym of Mycenae, the spring nymph Amymone, Messeis, Hyperia,[20] Themisto (mother of Arcas by Zeus) and possibly Teledice. Argus Panoptes was also called the son of Inachus as what Asclepiades also asserted.[21]

Comparative table of Inachus' family

Relation	Names	Sources
		Hesiod	Valerius	Apollodorus		Hyginus	Pausanias	Augustine	Clement	Tzetzes
Parents	Oceanus and Tethys			✓		✓
Wife	Melia			✓	?
	Argia					✓
Children	Mycene	✓					✓
	Io		✓		✓	✓	✓	✓
	Amymone		✓
	Messeis		✓							-
	Hyperia		✓
	Phoroneus			✓		✓	✓	✓
	Aegialeus			✓
	Argus Panoptes				✓
	Phegous (Aegialeus)							✓
	Themisto								✓
	Philodice									✓

Mythology

Reign

The historian Pausanias describes him as the eldest king of Argos who named the river after himself and sacrificed to Hera.[19][22] He also notes that some said he was not a mortal, but a river. Inachus was also said to be first priest at Argos, the country was frequently called the land of Inachus.[8][23] Jerome and Eusebius (both citing Castor of Rhodes), and as even late as 1812, John Lemprière[24] euhemeristically asserted that he was the first king of Argos reigning for 50 years[25] (B.C. 1807[26]). Inachus divided the territories between his sons, Phegeus and Phoroneus who succeeded him as the second king of Argos. Inachus contemporary was Leucippus, the eight king of Sicyon.[2]

The ancients themselves made several attempts to explain the stories about Inachus: sometimes they looked upon him as a native of Argos, who after the deluge of Deucalion led the Argives from the mountains into the plains, and confined the waters within their proper channels. After rendering the province of Argolis inhabitable again, he then founded the city of Argos. Other times, the ancients regarded Inachus as an immigrant who had come across the sea as the leader of an Egyptian or Libyan colony, and had united the Pelasgians, whom he found scattered on the banks of the Inachus.[27] They who make Inachus to have come into Greece from beyond the sea regard his name as a Greek form for the Oriental term Enak, denoting “great” or “powerful,” and this last as the base of the Greek ἄναξ, “a king.”

In Virgil's Aeneid, Inachus is represented on Turnus's shield. Compare the Inachos or Brimos of the Eleusinian Mysteries.

Regnal titles
Preceded by New creation	King of Argos	Succeeded by Phoroneus

INACHUS' CHRONOLOGY OF REIGN ACCORDING TO VARIOUS SOURCES
Kings of Argos	Regnal Years		Castor	Regnal Years		Syncellus	Regnal Years	Apollodorus	Hyginus	Tatian	Pausanias
Inachus	1677	50 winters & summers	Inachus	1677.5	56 winters & summers	Inachus	1675	Inachus	-do-	-do-	-do-
Successor	1652	60 winters & summers	Phoroneus	1649.5	60 winters & summers	Phoroneus	1650	Phoroneus	-do-	-do-	-do-

Contest of Poseidon and Hera

Inachus and his river god brothers Cephissus and Asterion were mediators in a land dispute between Poseidon and Hera. When they judged that the land belonged to Hera, Poseidon took away their water out of anger. For this reason neither Inachus nor either of the other rivers provided any water except during rainy seasons. In Danaan founding myth, because of the springs of Argolid being dried up, King Danaus sent his daughters to draw water to counter this drought. One of these daughters, Amymone, in her search lay with Poseidon who revealed to her the springs at Lerna.[28][29] Otherwise, Poseidon was also said to flooded the greater part of the country as his revenge but Hera induced Poseidon to send the sea back. The Argives then made a sanctuary to Poseidon Prosclystius (Flooder) at the spot where the tide ebbed.[30]

Tales about Io

Aeschylus' account

In Prometheus Bound, Io was disturbed by visions during her sleep night after night, where Zeus lusted for her maidenhood but she initially rejected the god's advances. When Io gained the courage to tell Inachus about these haunting dreams, his father sent many messengers to consult the oracle of Pytho and Dodona so that he might discover what deed or word of his would find favor with the gods. But the messengers returned with report of oracles, riddling, obscure, and darkly worded. Then at last there came an unmistakable utterance to Inachus, charging and commanding him clearly that he must thrust forth Io from his house and native land to roam at large to the remotest confines of the earth because if Inachus would not follow the oracle's instructions, Zeus would hurled a fiery thunderbolt that would utterly destroy his whole race. The king yielding in obedience to such prophetic utterances of Loxias (Apollo), Inachus drove his daughter away and barred her from his house, against his' and Io's will.[31]

Ovid's account

According to Ovid, Inachus was the only one absent when his fellow river gods, Sperchios, Enipeus, Amphrysos, Apidanus and Aeas, visited Peneus, father of Daphne. following the pursuit of his daughter by the god Apollo and her transformation into a laurel tree (they are not sure whether to congratulate or to condole Peneus).[32] It was explained that Inachus hid in his cave, deepening his waters with his tears, bewailing also for his daughter Io who was lost. Inachus and his naiad daughters did not recognize Io, whom Zeus had transformed into a cow so that she could avoid detection by his jealous wife, Hera.[33]

"And Inachus and all her [i.e. Io] sister Naiads knew her not, although she followed them, they knew her not, although she suffered them to touch her sides and praise her. When the ancient Inachus gathered sweet herbs and offered them to her, she licked his hands, kissing her father's palms, nor could she more restrain her falling tears. If only words as well as tears would flow, she might implore his aid and tell her name and all her sad misfortune; but, instead, she traced in dust the letters of her name with cloven hoof; and thus her sad estate was known."

At this, Inachus understood Io's condition, and, lamenting, wished for death, but acknowledged his godly status made this an impossibility. Io subsequently recovered her original form and came to be worshipped as a goddess.[34]

Diodorus' account

In the account of Diodorus Siculus, after Io's disappearance, Inachus sent forth Cyrnus, one of his men in high command, fitting him out with a considerable fleet, and ordered him to hunt for Io in every region and not to return unless he had got possession of her. And Cyrnus, after having wandered over many parts of the inhabited world without being able to find her, put ashore in Caria on the Cherronesus where he founded a city which bore his name Cyrnus.[35]

Parthenius' account

In a rare variant of the myth according to Parthenius, Inachus sent several men to search and attempt to find her daughter Io who had been captured by brigands (not Zeus this time). One of these was Lyrcus, the son of Phoroneus, who covered a vast deal of land and sea without finding the girl, and finally renounced the toilsome quest. But he was too much afraid of Inachus to return to Argos and went instead to Caunus, where he married Hilebia, daughter of King Aegialus.[36]

Plutarch's account

According to Plutarch, the river Inachus had before borne the name of Carmanor or Haliacmon. Afterwards it was called after Inachus, the son of Oceanus. After Zeus (Jupiter) had deflowered his daughter Io, Inachus pursued the deity close at the heels, abusing and cursing him all the way as he went. Which so offended Zeus, that he sent Tisiphone, one of the Furies, who haunted and plagued him to that degree, that he flung himself into the river Haliacmon, bearing his own name afterwards.[7]

Suda's account

Inachos, a king of Argos, founded a city which he named for the moon, Io, for that is what Argives call the moon. He also had a daughter Io; Pekos who is also Zeus abducted her and fathered a daughter, Libya, by her. And Io, lamenting her ruin, fled to the Silpion Mountain and there died. Her father and her brothers, when they learned this, built a shrine to her and called the place Iopolis and remained there until the end. And they performed a ritual in her memory, banging on each other's doors every year and saying 'io, io!'.[37]

Sophocles' account

Sophocles wrote an Inachos, probably a satyr play, which survives only in some papyrus fragments found at Oxyrhyncus and Tebtunis, Egypt;[38] in it Inachos is reduced from magnificence to misery through the unrequited love of Zeus[39] for his daughter Io. Hermes wears the cap of darkness, rendering him invisible, but plays the aulos, to the mystification of the satyrs; Argos and Iris, as a messenger of Hera both appear, a "stranger" turns Io into a heifer at the touch of a hand, and at the end, apparently, the satyrs are freed from their bondage, to become shepherds of Inachos.[40] An additional papyrus fragment of Sophocles' Inachos was published in 1960.[41]

Argive genealogy

Argive genealogy in Greek mythology

Inachus Melia Zeus Io Phoroneus Epaphus Memphis Libya Poseidon Belus Achiroë Agenor Telephassa Danaus Pieria Aegyptus Cadmus Cilix Europa Phoenix Mantineus Hypermnestra Lynceus Harmonia Zeus Polydorus Sparta Lacedaemon Ocalea Abas Agave Sarpedon Rhadamanthus Autonoë Eurydice Acrisius Ino Minos Zeus Danaë Semele Zeus Perseus Dionysus

Colour key:      Male      Female      Deity

References

1. Eusebius. Preparation of the Gospels 10.9.17-18; 10.10.4; 10.11.2
2. Augustine. City of God Book 18.3
3. Apollodorus. Library, Book 2.1.1
4. Pausanias. Description of Greece, 8.6.6
5. William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. s.v. Inachus
6. Hyginus. Fabulae Preface
7. Pseudo-Plutarch. De fluviis, 18
8. Dionysius of Halicarnassus. The Roman Antiquities 1.25.4.
9. Burkert, Greek Religion, 1985: "Nature deities" 3.3, p.175
10. Tzetzes on Lycophron, 511
11. Scholia. ad Euripedes, Orestes 920, 1239
12. Hyginus. Fabulae, 124, 143, 145, 155
13. Aeschylus. Prometheus Bound, 575, 655, 700; Ammianus Marcellinus. History 22.8.13; Augustine. City of God Book 18.3; Bacchylides. Dithyrambs 5.01; Euripides. Suppliants 566; Eusebius. Preparation of the Gospels 10.9.19
14. Herodotus. The Histories 1.1.1; Lactantius. Divine Institutes 1.11; Ovid. Fasti, 1.1441 Metamorphoses, Book 1.567, Heroides 14.105; Plutarch. De Herodoti malignitate 11; Sophocles, Electra, 1 Callimachus. Hymn to Artemis, 3.248; Nicaenetus. Lyrcus Frag; Aelian. On Animals, 11.10
15. Valerius Flaccus. Argonautica, Book 4.345 Sextus Propertius. Elegies, 1.3; Suetonius, Otho, 12 Suda Encyclopedia s.v. Io; Virgil. Georgics 3.138, Aeneid 7.791; Commentary on the Heroides of Ovid s.v Hypermnestra to Lynceus 14; Ammianus Marcellinus. Rerum Gestarum Book 22.13
16. Apollodorus. Library, Book 2.1.3, as what Castor and many tragedians believed
17. Diodorus Siculus. Library of History Book 3.74.1; 5.60.3
18. Hesiod. The Great Eoiae Fragment 9
19. Pausanias. Description of Greece, 2.16.4
20. Valerius Flaccus. Argonautica 4.345
21. Apollodorus. Library, Book 2.1.3
22. Lactantius. Divine Institutes 1.11
23. Euripides. Orestes, 932 Hyginus. Fabulae. 143
24. Lemprière, John (1812). A classical dictionary. Original from Oxford University.
25. St. Jerome. Chronicon B1852
26. Harry Thurston Peck. Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898) s.v. Inachus
27. Scholia. ad Euripedes, Orestes 920, 932; Sophocles. ap Dionysiacus I.c
28. Apollodorus, Bibliotheke 2.1.4
29. Aeschylus. Persians s.v. Amymone
30. Compare Pausanias. Description of Greece, 2.15.5 and 2.22.4
31. Aeschylus. Prometheus Bound, 655 ff comp. Bacchylides. Dithyrambs 5.01
32. Ovid, Metamorphoses, tr. David Raeburn, Penguin Classics, 2004, p. 34
33. Ovid. Metamorphoses Book 1.567
34. Ovid, Metamorphoses, tr. David Raeburn, Penguin Classics, 2004, pp. 37-38, 42
35. Diodorus Siculus. Library of History Book 5.60.3-5
36. Parthenius. Love Romances 1
37. Suda Encyclopedia s.v. Io
38. James Adam. The Republic of Plato Book 2.381D
39. Perhaps Chthonic Zeus, Zeus-Plouton, Richard Seaford suggests (Richard Seaford, "Black Zeus in Sophocles' Inachos" The Classical Quarterly New Series, 30.1 (1980), pp. 23-29.
40. Die Netzfischer des Aischylos und der Inachos des Sophokles (Munich: Beck) 1938.
41. Rudolph Pfeiffer, Ein neues Inachos-Fragment des Sophokles (Munich:Beck) 1958; R.J. Carden, The Papyrus Fragments of Sophocles (de Gruyter) 1974.

Sources

• Harry Thurston Peck. Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities s.v. Inachus. New York. Harper and Brothers (1898).
• William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology s.v. Inachus. London. John Murray (1848).