Io (mythology)

Io (/ˈaɪ.oʊ/; Ancient Greek: Ἰώ [iːɔ̌ː]) was, in Greek mythology, one of the mortal lovers of Zeus. An Argive princess, she was an ancestor of many kings and heroes such as Perseus, Cadmus, Heracles, Minos, Lynceus, Cepheus, and Danaus. The astronomer Simon Marius named a moon of Jupiter after Io in 1614.

Juno Discovering Jupiter with Io by Pieter Lastman

Io
Hermes and Io (as cow), black-figure amphora, 540–530 BC, Staatliche Antikensammlungen (Inv. 585)
Abode	Argos Egypt
Personal information
Parents	Inachus Melia
Consort	Zeus Telegonus
Children	Keroessa Epaphus

Because her brother was Phoroneus, Io is also known as Phoronis (an adjective form of Phoroneus: “Phoronean”).[1] She was sometimes compared to the goddess Isis, whereas her Egyptian husband Telegonus was "Osiris".[2][3]

Origins

In most versions of the legend, Io was the daughter of Inachus,[4][5][6][7][8] though various other purported genealogies are also known. If her father was Inachus, then her mother would presumably have been Inachus' wife (and sister) the Oceanid nymph Melia, daughter of Oceanus.[9] The 2nd century AD geographer Pausanias also suggests that she is the daughter of Inachus and retells the story of Zeus falling in love with Io, the legendary wrath of Hera, and the metamorphosis by which Io becomes a beautiful white heifer.[10] At another instant several generations later, Pausanias recounts another Io, descendant of Phoroneus, daughter of Iasus,[11] who himself was the son of Argus and Ismene, the daughter of Asopus,[5] or of Triopas and Sosis; Io's mother in the latter case was Leucane.[12] Io's father was called Peiren in the Catalogue of Women,[13] and by Acusilaus,[5][14] possibly a son of the elder Argus, also known as Peiras, Peiranthus or Peirasus.[15][16][17] Io may therefore be identical to Callithyia, daughter of Peiranthus, as is suggested by Hesychius of Alexandria.[18]

The Myths

Io and Zeus

Io was a priestess of the Goddess Hera in Argos,[8][19] whose cult her father Inachus was supposed to have introduced to Argos.[8] Zeus noticed Io, a mortal woman, and lusted after her. In the version of the myth told in Prometheus Bound she initially rejected Zeus' advances, until her father threw her out of his house on the advice of oracles.[20] According to some stories, Zeus then turned Io into a heifer (a cow) in order to hide her from his wife;[8] others maintain that Hera herself transformed Io.[20][21]

In the version of the story in which Zeus transformed Io, the deception failed, and Hera begged Zeus to give her the heifer as a present, which, having no reason to refuse, he did. Hera then sent Argus Panoptes, a giant who had 100 eyes, to watch Io and prevent Zeus from visiting her, and so Zeus sent Hermes to distract and eventually slay Argus. According to Ovid, he did so by first lulling him to sleep by playing the panpipes and telling stories.[22] Zeus freed Io, still in the form of a heifer.

In order to exact her revenge, Hera sent a gadfly to sting Io continuously, driving her to wander the world without rest. Io eventually crossed the path between the Propontis and the Black Sea, which thus acquired the name Bosporus (meaning ox passage), where she met Prometheus, who had been chained on Mt. Caucasus by Zeus. Prometheus comforted Io with the information that she would be restored to human form and become the ancestress of the greatest of all heroes, Heracles (Hercules). Io escaped across the Ionian Sea to Egypt, where she was restored to human form by Zeus. There, she gave birth to Zeus's son Epaphus, and a daughter as well, Keroessa. She later married Egyptian king Telegonus. Their grandson, Danaus, eventually returned to Greece with his fifty daughters (the Danaids), as recalled in Aeschylus' play The Suppliants.

Paris Bordone - Zeus and Io - Kunstmuseum, Göteborg

The myth of Io must have been well known to Homer, who often calls Hermes Argeiphontes, which is often translated as "Argus-slayer", though this interpretation is disputed by Robert Beekes. Walter Burkert[23] notes that the story of Io was told in the ancient epic tradition at least four times of which we have traces: in the Danais, in the Phoronis— Phoroneus founded the cult of Hera, according to Hyginus' Fabulae 274 and 143—in a fragment of the Hesiodic Aigimios, as well as in similarly fragmentary Hesiodic Catalogue of Women. A mourning commemoration of Io was observed at the Heraion of Argos into classical times.

The ancients connected Io with the Moon,[24] and in Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound, where Io encounters Prometheus, she refers to herself as "the horned virgin". From her relationship with Phoroneus, as sister (or descendant), Io is sometimes called Phoronis.[25]

Io as Isis

Ligdus and his wife, Telethusa, were a poor couple living in Crete[26]. When Telethusa became pregnant her husband told her that they can't afford having a daughter, and that they have no other option than to kill the child if it would be a daughter. 8 months later Io, later in the story mentioned as Isis, came in a vision to Telethusa telling her that she should keep her daughter when it's born and must tell her husband that its a boy named Iphis.

Later in the story Isis (Io) changes Iphis sex when she is supposed to marry her wife Ianthe.

Argive genealogy in Greek mythology

Inachus Melia Zeus Io Phoroneus Epaphus Memphis Libya Poseidon Belus Achiroë Agenor Telephassa Danaus Pieria Aegyptus Cadmus Cilix Europa Phoenix Mantineus Hypermnestra Lynceus Harmonia Zeus Polydorus Sparta Lacedaemon Ocalea Abas Agave Sarpedon Rhadamanthus Autonoë Eurydice Acrisius Ino Minos Zeus Danaë Semele Zeus Perseus Dionysus

Colour key:      Male      Female      Deity

Gallery

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  Io Recognised by Her Father by Victor Honoré Janssens (second half of 17th century)
• 
  Io wearing bovine horns watched over by Argos on Hera's orders (1st century AD) at Naples National Archaeological Museum, Naples, Italy
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  Hera and Io by Nicolaes Pietersz. Berchem the Younger (circa 1669)
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  Jupiter and Io by John Hoppner (1785) at Denver Art Museum
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  From Neueröffneter Musen-Tempel by Bernard Picart, (1733) from University of Heidelberg
• 
  Juno (Hera) commits Io to Argus Panoptes by Francesco de Mura (1740–1750) at Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto, Italy
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  Jupiter, Juno and Io by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino (1599) at Pinacoteca Malaspina Parent institution Musei Civici, Pavia
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  Jupiter and Io, espied by Juno by Andrea Sacchi and Pier Francesco Mola (1600 - 1699) at Kedleston Hall, Derbyshire (Accredited Museum)
• 
  Juno, Jupiter and Io by Gerbrand van den Eeckhout
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  Jupiter, Juno and Io by Arnold Houbraken
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  Jupiter and Io by Jacob Pynas at The Fitzwilliam Museum, UK
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  Io et Jupiter by Antonio da Correggio at Musée Ingres, Montauban
• 
  Jupiter and Io by Hendrik Goltzius (1589) at Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles

Notes

1. Lewis & Short. A Latin Dictionary. Phŏrō-nis, ĭdis, f. adj., Phoronean, poet. for Argive [...] Subst.: Phorōnis, ĭdis, f., Io
2. Lemprière, John (1809). A Classical Dictionary. D. & G. Bruce. p. 355. Afterwards she married Telegonus, king of Egypt, or Osiris, according to others, and she treated her subjects with such mildness and humanity, that after death, she received divine honours, andwas worshipped under the name of Isis. [...] She is sometimes called Phoronis, from her brother Phoroneus.
3. Beauzée, Nicolas (1751). L’Encyclopédie (in French). On a étendu encore plus loin la signification de ce terme, & l’on appelle noms patronymiques, ceux qui sont donnés d’après celui d’un frere ou d’une sœur, comme Phoronis, c’est-à-dire Isis Phoronei soror. Summary/translation: "The term patronymic was expanded even further to include those named after a sibling, such as Phoronis to mean Isis, the sister of Phoroneus.".
4. Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, 590
5. Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 2.1.3
6. Herodotus, Histories, 1.1
7. Ovid, Metamorphoses, 1.583
8. Hammond, edited by N. G. L.; Scullard, H. H. (1970). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (2d ed.). Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon Press. p. 549. ISBN 0198691173.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
9. For Melai as wife of Inachus see Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 2.1.1
10. Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.25.1
11. Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.16.1
12. Scholia on Euripides' Orestes, 932
13. Catalogue of Women. fr. 124
14. Acusilaus, fr.12
15. M.L. West, The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women: Its Nature, Structure, and Origins (Oxford, 1985) 77
16. Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.1.3
17. Hyginus, Fabulae, 124.
18. Hesychius of Alexandria s. v. Ὶὼ Καλλιθύεσσα
19. Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 2.1.3
20. Howatson, M.C. L.; Chivers, I. (1993). The Oxford Concise Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon Press. pp. 288–9. ISBN 0192827081.
21. Aeschylus, Suppliant Women, 291
22. Ovid, Metamorphoses, I.650-730
23. Burkert, Homo Necans (1974) 1983:164 note 14, giving bibliography.
24. Eustathius of Thessalonica commentary on Dionysius Periegetes, 92; the Byzantine encyclopedia Suda s.v. "Io", Hesychius, s.v. "Io".
25. Tsagalis, p. 409, Peck, p. 200; e.g. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.668, 2.524.
26. Ovid Metamorphoses. book 9, verse 666-797.

References

• Ovid. Metamorphoses, Volume I: Books 1-8. Translated by Frank Justus Miller. Revised by G. P. Goold. Loeb Classical Library No. 42. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1916. Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Peck, William Thane (editor), The First and Second Books of Ovid's Metamorphoses, Ginn & Company, 1900.
• Tsagalis, Christos, Early Greek Epic Fragments I: Antiquarian and Genealogical Epic, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2017. ISBN 9783110532876

External links

• Theoi.com: Io: naiad nymph of Argolis and Egypt Assembles the essential references in Greek and Latin literature, in translation.
• Io engravings by Goltzius from the De Verda collection
• Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 250 images of Io and Argus)