Vietnamese exonyms
Below is a list of Vietnamese exonyms for various places around the world:
History
Historical exonyms include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, Champa and Cambodia.
During the expansion of Vietnam (Nam tiến), some place names have become Vietnamized.
Sino-Vietnamese exonyms
Before modernity, sources of foreign place names in Vietnam are from documents that were mostly written in Classical Chinese. So many exonyms are directly from Chinese pronunciations (see: Chinese exonyms). This in turn got transliterated into the Vietnamese, sinoxenic pronunciations of the Chinese characters (also called Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation). For example, Scotland is rendered as 苏格兰 in Chinese, this is pronounced as Sū-gé-lán in Mandarin Chinese, a somewhat faithful transcription of the original name. However, as applied to all Chinese characters, 苏格兰 can be transliterated into Vietnamese as Tô Cách Lan, which strays a bit further from the English and Scots name. This use has became archaic during recent times, and only some countries eg. Russia, the US, Australia, Russia, India and most European countries retain the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations.
Exonyms from other languages
Place names familiar to Vietnamese people will often be respelled in a way that Vietnamese can pronounce it.
However, for places not commonly known among Vietnamese, or places spelled simply enough for Vietnamese to easily figure out how to pronounce, the English exonym or the romanization of the endonym is written without any changes to spelling.
Afghanistan
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Kabul | Ka-bun[2] | Kābol (کابل) | Persian | |
Kābəl (کابل) | Pashto |
Albania
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Tirana | Ti-ra-na[4] | Tiranë | Albanian |
Algeria
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Algiers | thủ đô nước An-giê-ri | Al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر) | Standard Arabic |
Argentina
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Buenos Aires | Lương-phong, Bu-ê-nốt Ai-rết[6] | Buenos Aires | Spanish |
Australia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Melbourne | Miêu-bình, Mai-bình[7] | Melbourne | Spanish | |
Sydney | Xích-ni | Sydney | Spanish |
Austria
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Vienna | Viên | Wien | German |
Bahrain
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---|
Belarus
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Minsk | Min-xcơ[9] | Minsk (Мінск) | Belarusian |
Belgium
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Brussels | Bức-san | Brussel | Dutch | |
Bruxelles | French |
Brazil
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Brasilia | Ba-tây thành, Bra-xi-li-a[15] | Brasilia | Portuguese | |
Rio de Janeiro | Ri-ô đề Gia-nây-rô | Rio de Janeiro | Portuguese | |
Sao Paulo | Thánh Phao-lồ | São Paulo | Portuguese |
Bulgaria
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Sofia | Xô-phi-a[17] | Sofija (София) | Bulgarian |
Cambodia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Angkor | Ngô-ca | Angkor | Khmer | |
Banteay Meas | Sài-mạt | Banteay Meas (បន្ទាយមាស) | Khmer | |
Battambang | Bát-tầm-bôn | Battambang (បាត់ដំបង) | Khmer | |
Bavet | Truông-cát | Bavit (បាវិត) | Khmer | |
Bokor | Tà-lơn | Baukko (បូកគោ) | Khmer | |
Damrei Mountains | Tượng Sơn | Phnom Damri (ភ្នំដំរី) | Khmer | |
Kampot | Cần-bột | Kampot (កំពត) | Khmer | |
Kep | Bạch-mã | Kaeb (កែប) | Khmer | |
Koh Tang | Hòn Thăng | Kaoh Tang (កោះតាង) | Khmer | |
Koh Wai | Hòn Trọc, Hòn Vây | Kaoh Pou Lou Vei (កោះពូលូវៃ) | Khmer | |
Kompong Chhnang | Xà-năng | Kampng Chhnang (កំពង់ឆ្នាំង) | Khmer | |
Kratie | Cần-ché | Kracheh (ក្រចេះ) | Khmer | |
Lavek / Longvek | La Bích | Lvek(ល្វែក) / Longvek (លង្វែក) | Khmer | |
Neak Loeung | Hối-lương,[18] Cầu-nam | Nak Loeung (អ្នកលឿង) | Khmer | |
Peam Chor | Biên-chúc | Srok Peamochor (ស្រុកពាមជរ) | Khmer | |
Phnom Penh | Nam Vang, Phnôm Pênh[19] | Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ) | Khmer | |
Pursat | Phú-túc | Pothisat (ពោធិ៍សាត់) | Khmer | |
Siem Reap | Xiêm Riệp[20] | Siemrap (សៀមរាប) | Khmer | |
Sihanoukville | Hương-úc, Vũng Thơm | Krong Preah Sihanouk ( ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ) /
Kampong Som (កំពង់សោម) |
Khmer | |
Svay Rieng | Xoài-riêng, Sầu-riêng | Svay Rieng (ស្វាយរៀង) | Khmer | |
Tonle Sap | Đồng-lê | Tonle Saeab (ទន្លេសាប) | Khmer |
Canada
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Montréal | Mông-triệu, Ngự-sơn | Montréal | French | |
Ottawa | Ốc-đa-hoa, Ốt-ta-goa[21] | Ottawa | English | |
Quebec | Quế-bích | Quebec | French | |
Toronto | Tô-luân | Toronto | English | |
Vancouver | Văn-cầu | Vancouver | English |
China
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Beijing | Bắc Kinh | Běijīng (北京) | Mandarin | |
Chengdu | Thành Đô | Chéngdū (成都) | Mandarin | |
Chongqing | Trùng Khánh | Chóngqìng (重庆) | Mandarin | |
Fujian | Phúc Kiến | Fújiàn (福建) | Mandarin | |
Hok-kiàn | Hokkien | |||
Guangzhou | Quảng Châu | Guǎngzhōu (广州) | Mandarin | |
Guilin | Quế Lâm | Guìlín (桂林) | Mandarin | |
Hohhot | Hô Hòa Hạo Đặc, Hồi Hột | Hūhéhàotè (呼和浩特) | Mandarin | |
Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ) | Mongolian script | |||
Hong Kong | Hương Cảng | Xiānggǎng (香港) | Mandarin | |
Hēunggóng | Cantonese | |||
Inner Mongolia | Nội Mông (Cổ) | Nèi Měnggǔ (内蒙古) | Mandarin | |
Öbür Monggol
(ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ) |
Mongolian script | |||
Macau | Áo Môn, Ma Cao | Àomén(澳門) | Mandarin | |
Ōumún | Cantonese | |||
Macau | Portuguese | |||
Nanjing | Nam Kinh | Nánjīng (南京) | Mandarin | |
Shanghai | Thượng Hải | Shànghǎi (上海) | Mandarin | |
Shenzhen | Thâm Quyến | Shēnzhèn (深圳) | Mandarin | |
Sichuan | Tứ Xuyên | Sìchuān (四川) | Mandarin | |
Urumqi | U-rum-xi, Urumsi, Ô Lỗ Mộc Tề | Wūlǔmùqí (乌鲁木齐) | Mandarin | |
Ürümchi (ئۈرۈمچی) | Uyghur | |||
Wuhan | Vũ Hán | Wǔhàn (武汉) | Mandarin | |
Xiamen | Hạ Môn | Xiàmén (厦门) | Mandarin | |
Xi'an | Tây An | Xī'ān (西安) | Mandarin | |
Hualien | Hoa Liên | Huālián (花蓮) | Mandarin | |
Kaohsiung | Cao Hùng | Gāoxióng (高雄) | Mandarin | |
Keelung | Cơ Long[22] | Jīlóng (基隆) | Mandarin | |
Taichung | Đài Trung | Táizhōng (台中 / 臺中) | Mandarin | |
Tainan | Đài Nam | Táinán (台南 / 臺南) | Mandarin | |
Taipei | Đài Bắc | Táiběi (台北 / 臺北) | Mandarin | |
Taiwan | Đài-loan | Táiwān (台湾 / 臺灣) | Mandarin | |
Taywan | Taiwan Austronesian | |||
Thòi-ván | Hakka | |||
Dái-uán | Hokien | |||
Yangtze River | Trường Giang | Cháng Jiāng (长江) | Mandarin |
Cyprus
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Nicosia | Ni-cô-xi-a[24] | Lefkosía (Λευκωσία) | Greek | |
Lefkoşa | Turkish |
Czechia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Prague | Thiệp-khẩu, Pra-ha[26] | Praha | Czech |
Denmark
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Copenhagen | Cô-pen-ha-ghen, Cô-pen-ha-gen[27] | København | Danish | |
Greenland | Grin-len[28] | Grønland | Danish | |
Nuuk | Nu-úc[29] | Godthåb | Danish |
East Timor
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Dili | Đi-li[30] | Dili | Tetum |
Egypt
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Cairo | Kê-thành | al-Qāhirah (القاهرة) | Standard Arabic | |
Maṣr (مَصر) | Egyptian Arabic | Maṣr is the same name as the Arabic name for the country |
Estonia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Tallinn | Ta-lin[32] | Talin | Estonian |
Finland
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Helsinki | Hiệu-sinh-kỳ | Helsinki | Finnish |
France
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Lyon | Li-ông | Lyon | French | |
Marseille | Ma-xai[34] | Marseille | French | |
Nice | Niết-xa[35] | Nice | French | |
Nouvelle Calédonie | Tân Thế-giới | Nouvelle Calédonie | French | |
Paris | Ba-lê, Pha-lý,[36] Pa-ri[37] | Paris | French | |
Sète | Xét-ta[38] | Sète | French | |
Toulon | Thu-long[39] | Toulon | French |
Georgia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Tbilisi | Tbi-li-xi[41] | Tbilisi (თბილისი) | Georgian |
Germany
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Berlin | Bá-linh, Béc-lin[43] | Berlin | German | |
Cologne | Côn, Cô-lô-nhơ | Köln / Koeln | German | |
Hamburg | Hàm-phủ | Hamburg | German | |
Hanover | An-nô-vi[44] | Hannover | German |
Greece
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Athens | Nhã-điển, Á-thiên, A-ten[46] | Athína (Αθήνα) | Greek | |
Ionian Islands | Y-du-nhiên | Greek | ||
Santorini | Đảo-san-hô | Thíra (Θήρα) | Greek | |
Thessalonica | Salonica | Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) | Greek | |
Zakynthos | San-tê | Zákynthos (Ζάκυνθος) | Greek |
Iceland
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Reykjavik | Rây-ki-a-vích[48] | Reykjavík | Icelandic |
India
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Ganges | Băng-đảng | Ganga (गंगा) | Hindi | |
Goa | Cô-á | Gova (गोवा) | Hindi | |
New Delhi | Tân Đề-ly, Niu Đê-li[49] | Naee Dillee (नई दिल्ली) | Hindi |
Indonesia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Aceh | A-chinh[51] | Aceh | Indonesian | |
Batavia | Ba-thiềng | modern-day Jakarta | ||
Jakarta | Giang-lưu-ba | Jakarta | Indonesian | |
Java | Trảo-oa | Java | Indonesian | |
Palembang | Tam-phật-tề[52] | Palembang | Indonesian |
Iran
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Tehran | Tề-lan, Tê-hê-ran[53] | Ťehrân (تهران) | Persian |
Iraq
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Baghdad | Bác-đạt | Baghdad (بغداد) | Standard Arabic |
Ireland
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Dublin | Đạp-lân, Đu-blin[54] | Baile Átha Cliath | Irish | English name also used locally |
Israel
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Bethlehem | Bêlem | Bayt Laḥm (בית לחם) | Hebrew | currently in Palestinian territories |
Jerusalem | Gia-liêm, Giê-ru-xa-lem[55] | Yerushaláyim (ירושלים) | Hebrew | partially in Palestinian territories |
Judea | Do-thái | Yehuda (יהודה) | Hebrew | currently in Palestinian territories |
Italy
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Capri | Ca-pha-lý[56] | Capri | Italian | |
Genoa | Giai-noa[57] | Genoa | Italian | |
Naples | Nạp-bồ-lê[58] | Napoli | Italian | |
Rome | La-mã | Roma | Italian | |
Venice | Vơ-ni-dơ | Venezia | Italian |
Japan
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Hiroshima | Quảng Ðảo | Hiroshima (広島) | Japanese | |
Hokkaido | Bắc Hải Ðạo | Hokkaidō (北海道) | Japanese | |
Honshu | Bổn Châu | Honshū (本州) | Japanese | |
Kansai | Quan Tây | Kansai (関西) | Japanese | |
Kanto | Quan Ðông | Kantō (関東) | Japanese | |
Kobe | Thần Hộ | Kōbe (神戸) | Japanese | |
Kyoto | Kinh Ðô | Kyōto (京都) | Japanese | |
Kyushu | Cửu Châu | Kyūshū (九州) | Japanese | |
Nagasaki | Tràng Kỳ | Nagasaki (長崎) | Japanese | |
Okinawa | Xung Thằng | Okinawa (沖縄) | Japanese | |
Osaka | Đại Phản | Ōsaka (大阪) | Japanese | |
Ryukyu | Lưu Cầu | Ryūkyū (琉球) | Japanese | |
Sapporo | Trát Hoảng | Sapporo (札幌) | Japanese | |
Sendai | Tiên Ðài | Sendai (仙台) | Japanese | |
Senkaku | Tiêm Các | Senkaku Shotō (尖閣諸島) | Japanese | |
Shikoku | Tứ Quốc | Shikoku (四国) | Japanese | |
Tokyo | Đông Kinh | Tōkyō (東京) | Japanese |
While some Japanese have Sino-Japanese names, others have native Japanese names (yamato kotoba), or a combination of both, the Vietnamese names for these cities are based on the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations of the kanji used to write their names. However, using the endonym is far more common than the Vietnamese exonym.
Kazakhstan
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Nur-Sultan | A-xta-na[61] | Nur-Sultan (Нұр-Сұлтан) | Kazakh |
Laos
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Champasak | Ba-thắc | Cham Pasak (ຈຳ ປາສັກ) | Lao | |
Houaphanh | Sầm-châu | Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ) | ||
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang | Nam-chưởng | |||
Khamkeut | Cam-cát | Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ) | ||
Khammouane | Cam-môn | Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ) | ||
Luang Phrabang | Lão-qua | Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ) | ||
Samneua | Sầm-nứa | Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ) | ||
Vientiane | Vạn-tượng, Viêng Chăn[62] | Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ) | ||
Xiangkhoang | Trấn-ninh | Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ) | ||
Xiengkho | Trình-cố | Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້) |
Latvia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Riga | Ri-ga[64] | Riga | Latvian |
Libya
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Tripoli | Tri-po-li[66] | Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) | Standard Arabic |
Lithuania
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Vilnius | Vin-ni-út[68] | Vilnius | Lithuanian |
Luxembourg
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Luxembourg City | Thành phố Lúc-xăm-bua | Lëtzebuerg | Luxembourgish |
Malaysia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Bidong Island | Hòn Rắn | Pulau Bidong | Malay | |
Kuala Lumpur | Cát-long-pha | Kuala Lumpur | Malay | |
Penang Island | Cù-lao Cau | Pulau Pinang | Malay |
Moldova
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Chisinau | Ki-si-nhốp[71] | Chișinău | Moldovan |
Mongolia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Ulaanbaatar | Ulan Bato[73] | Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар) | Mongolian Cyrillic | |
Ulaghanbaghator (ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ) | Mongolian script |
Montenegro
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Podgorica | Pốt-gô-ri-xa | Podgorica (Подгорица) | Montenegrin |
Morocco
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Casablanca | Bạch-ốc | ad-Dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء) / Kazablanka (كازابلانكا) | Arabic | |
Anfa (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ) | Berber languages | |||
Rabat | Ra-bát | ar-Rabat (الرباط) | Arabic |
Mexico
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Mexico City | Thành phố Mễ-tây-cơ, Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti[76] | Ciudad de México | Spanish |
Myanmar
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Naypyidaw | Nây-pi-tô[78] | Nay Pyi Taw (နေပြည်တော်) | Burmese | |
Yangon | Ngưỡng-quang, Ragoon[79] | Raankone (ရန်ကုန်) | Burmese |
Netherlands
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Amsterdam | Am-tước-đàm, Am-xtéc-đam[80] | Amsterdam | Dutch | |
Rotterdam | Luật-tước-đàm | Rotterdam | Dutch | |
The Hague | Hạc-phủ | Den Haag | Dutch |
New Zealand
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---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Notes |
Wellington | Oen-ling-tơn[82] |
North Korea
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Pyongyang | Bình-nhưỡng | Pyŏngyang (평양) | Korean | |
Hamhung | Hàm-hưng | Hamhǔng (함흥) | Korean | |
Rason | La-tiên | Rasŏn (라선) | Korean |
North Macedonia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Skopje | Xcốp-pi-ê[84] | Скопје (Skopje) | Macedonian |
Norway
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Oslo | Ốt-xlô | Oslo | Norwegian |
Pakistan
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Islamabad | I-xla-ma-bát[85] | Islamabad (اسلام آباد) | Urdu |
Philippines
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Manila | Ma-ní | Manila | Tagalog | |
Luzon | Lữ-tống | Luzon | Tagalog |
Poland
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Warsaw | Vác-sa-va | Warszawa | Polish |
Qatar
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---|
Romania
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Bucharest | Bu-ca-rét[87] | București | Romanian |
Russia
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---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Kamchatka | Cam-sát-ca | Kamchatka (Камчатка) | Russian | |
Moscow | Mạc-tư-khoa, Mát-xcơ-va |
Moskva (Москва) | Russian | |
Novosibirsk | Nô-vô-xi-biếc | Novosibirsk (Новосибирск) | Russian | |
Saint Petersburg | Bá-đa-phủ, Bỉ-đắc | Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург) | Russian | |
Sevastopol | Tô-bồ-lô[88] | Sevastopol' (Севастополь) | Russian | |
Vladivostok | Hải-sâm-uy, Thắng-đông, Viễn-đông | Vladivostok (Владивосток) | Russian | |
Volgagrad | Vôngagrát | Volgagrad (Волгоград) | Russian |
Saudi Arabia
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Riyadh | E-ri-át | ar-Riyadh (لرياض) | Standard Arabic |
Singapore
![]() |
---|
South Africa
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Bloemfontein | Blô-phông-ten[89] | Bloemfontein | English | |
Cape Town | Hảo-vọng Giác, Kếp-tao[90] | Cape Town | English | |
Pretoria | Pri-tơ-ri-a[91] | Pretoria | English |
South Korea
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Busan | Phủ-san | Busan (부산) | Korean | |
Chungju | Trung-châu | Chungju (충주) | Korean | |
Daegu | Đại-khâu | Daegu (대구) | Korean | |
Gangnam | Giang-nam | Gangnam (강남) | Korean | |
Incheon | Nhân-xuyên | Inchŏn (인천) | Korean | |
Jeju | Tế-châu | Jeju (제주) | Korean | |
Seoul | Hán-thành, Tân-la | Sŏul (서울) | Korean |
Spain
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Alicante | A-ly-căn[92] | Alicante | Spanish | |
Almansa | An-ma-gia[93] | Almansa | Spanish | |
Barcelona | Ba-xà-luân[94] | Barcelona | Spanish | |
Cadiz | Ca-đích[95] | Cádiz | Spanish | |
Madrid | Ma-dịch-lý, Ma-lý,[96] Ma-đrít[97] | Madrid | Spanish | |
Menorca | Mi-nô-ca[98] | Menorca | Spanish | |
Valencia | Ba-linh-xa[99] | València | Spanish |
Sri Lanka
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Colombo | Kha-luân-bố, Cô-lôm-bô[102] | Kolamba (කොළඹ) | Sinhala | |
Koḻumpu (கொழும்பு) | Tamil |
Sweden
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Stockholm | Tốc-hàm, Xtốc-khôm[104] | Stockholm | Swedish |
Switzerland
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Bern | Bơn[106] | Bern | German | |
Bärn | Alemannic German | |||
Berne | French | |||
Berna | Italian | |||
Berna | Romansch |
Thailand
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Ayutthaya | Thượng-thành | Ayutthaya (อยุธยา) | Thai | |
Bangkok | Vọng-các | Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ) | Thai | |
Chanthaburi | Chân-bôn | Chanthaburi (จันทบุรี) | Thai | |
Chiang Mai | Xương-mại | Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) | Thai | |
Ko Chang | Dương-khảm | Ko Chang (เกาะช้าง) | Thai | |
Ko Kut | Cổ-cốt | Ko Kut (เกาะกูด) | Thai | |
Lopburi | La-hộc | Lop Buri (ลพบุรี) | Thai | |
Nakhon Phanom | Na-khổng Phù-nam | Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) | Thai | |
Nakhon Ratchasima | Cổ-lạc | Nakhon Ratchasima (นครราชสีมา) | Thai | |
Nakhon Si Thammarat | Na-khổng Tam-hoạt | Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช) | Thai | |
Nongkhai | Mường Nông | Nongkhai (หนองคาย) | Thai | |
Pattani | Tà-nê | Pattani (ปัตตานี) | Thai |
Tunisia
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Tunis | Tuy-nít | Tunis (تونس) | Standard Arabic |
Turkey
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Ephesus | Ê-phê-sô | Efes | Turkish | |
Istanbul | Tân La-mã | İstanbul | Turkish |
Ukraine
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
Kiev | Ki-ép | Kyiv (Київ) | Ukrainian |
United Kingdom
![]() | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Endonym | Notes | |
Name | Language | |||
England | Anh-cát-lợi, Hồng-mao | England | English | |
Northern Ireland | Bắc Ái-nhĩ-lan | Northern Ireland | English | |
London | Luân-đôn, Long-đôn | London | English | |
Scotland | Tô-cách-lan, Y-cốt, Xcốt-len, Scôtlen[109] | Scotland | English | |
Wales | Uy-nhĩ-sĩ, Huệ châu, xứ Gan | Wales | English |
United States
![]() | ||
---|---|---|
English name | Vietnamese name | Notes |
Arlington, VA | Ái-linh-tân | |
Arlington, TX | ||
Baltimore | Bạt-đế-mỗ | |
Boston | Bật-tân | |
California | Gia Lợi Phúc Ni Á | |
Chicago | Trích-ngũ | |
Detroit | Đức-thuật | |
Harlem | Hạc-lâm | |
Hawaii | Hạ Uy Di | |
Hollywood | Hoa-lệ-ước, Hồ Ly Vọng | |
Honolulu | Hòn-lau | |
Las Vegas | Lạc Đồng-cát | |
Los Angeles | Lốt, Lộc Án-gia-lê | |
Manhattan | Mã Nhật Tân[110] | |
New Orleans | Ngọc Lân,[111] Tân-linh | |
New York | Nữu Ước, Tiểu bang New York[112] | |
New York City | Thành phố New York | |
Orange County | Quận Cam | |
Philadelphia | Huynh-đệ thành | |
San Francisco | Cựu Kim Sơn, Xăng Phăng, Phàn thành | |
Seven Corners | Ngã Bảy[113] | |
Washington | Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Hoa-sinh-tân |
Other
English name | Vietnamese name | Notes |
---|---|---|
Alps | Ân-lô-bi[114], An-pơ | |
Aral Sea | Hàm Hải | |
Dead Sea | Biển Chết | |
Euphrates | Uông-phát | |
Himalayas | Hi-mã-lạp Sơn | |
Indian Ocean | Ấn Độ Dương | |
Indus River | Sông Ấn (Độ) | |
Issyk-Kul | Nhiệt Hải | |
Mediterranean Sea | Biển Địa Trung Hải | |
Mekong River | Mê Kông | |
Nile River | Sông Nin | |
Palestine | Ba-lạc-đĩnh | |
Persian Gulf | Vịnh Ba Tư | |
Red Sea | Xích hải, Hồng Hải | |
Rocky Mountains | Thạch Sơn | |
Sea of Japan | Biển Nhật Bản | |
Sunda Strait | Cửa Song-đề[115] | |
Tigris | Tích Giang | |
South China Sea | Hoa-nam hải, Đông hải (from East Sea), Biển Đông | |
Baltic Sea | Ba-la-đích hải |
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