Vietnamese exonyms

Below is a list of Vietnamese exonyms for various places around the world:

History

Historical exonyms include place names of bordering countries, namely Thailand, Laos, China, Champa and Cambodia.

During the expansion of Vietnam (Nam tiến), some place names have become Vietnamized.

Sino-Vietnamese exonyms

Before modernity, sources of foreign place names in Vietnam are from documents that were mostly written in Classical Chinese. So many exonyms are directly from Chinese pronunciations (see: Chinese exonyms). This in turn got transliterated into the Vietnamese, sinoxenic pronunciations of the Chinese characters (also called Sino-Vietnamese pronunciation). For example, Scotland is rendered as 苏格兰 in Chinese, this is pronounced as Sū-gé-lán in Mandarin Chinese, a somewhat faithful transcription of the original name. However, as applied to all Chinese characters, 苏格兰 can be transliterated into Vietnamese as Tô Cách Lan, which strays a bit further from the English and Scots name. This use has became archaic during recent times, and only some countries eg. Russia, the US, Australia, Russia, India and most European countries retain the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations.

Exonyms from other languages

Place names familiar to Vietnamese people will often be respelled in a way that Vietnamese can pronounce it.

However, for places not commonly known among Vietnamese, or places spelled simply enough for Vietnamese to easily figure out how to pronounce, the English exonym or the romanization of the endonym is written without any changes to spelling.

Afghanistan
 Afghanistan A-phú-hản, Áp-ga-ni-xtan[1]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Kabul Ka-bun[2] Kābol (کابل) Persian
Kābəl (کابل) Pashto

Albania
 Albania An-ba-ni[3]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tirana Ti-ra-na[4] Tiranë Albanian

Algeria
 Algeria An-giê-ri
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Algiers thủ đô nước An-giê-ri Al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر) Standard Arabic

Argentina
 Argentina Á-căn-đình, Ác-hen-ti-na[5]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Buenos Aires Lương-phong, Bu-ê-nốt Ai-rết[6] Buenos Aires Spanish

Australia
 Australia Úc-đại-lợi, Úc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Melbourne Miêu-bình, Mai-bình[7] Melbourne Spanish
Sydney Xích-ni Sydney Spanish

Austria
 Austria Áo-địa-lợi, Áo
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Vienna Viên Wien German

Bahrain
 Bahrain Ba-ranh

Belarus
 Belarus Bê-la-rút[8]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Minsk Min-xcơ[9] Minsk (Мінск) Belarusian

Belgium
 Belgium Bỉ-lợi-thời, Biên-xích,[10] Bỉ[11]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Brussels Bức-san Brussel Dutch
Bruxelles French

Brazil
 Brazil Ba-tây,[12] Bi-lê-diên-lô,[13] Bra-xin[14]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Brasilia Ba-tây thành, Bra-xi-li-a[15] Brasilia Portuguese
Rio de Janeiro Ri-ô đề Gia-nây-rô Rio de Janeiro Portuguese
Sao Paulo Thánh Phao-lồ São Paulo Portuguese

Bulgaria
 Bulgaria Bun-ga-ri[16]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Sofia Xô-phi-a[17] Sofija (София) Bulgarian

Cambodia
 Cambodia Cao-miên, Campuchia, Kampuchia
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Angkor Ngô-ca Angkor Khmer
Banteay Meas Sài-mạt Banteay Meas (បន្ទាយមាស) Khmer
Battambang Bát-tầm-bôn Battambang (បាត់ដំបង) Khmer
Bavet Truông-cát Bavit (បាវិត) Khmer
Bokor Tà-lơn Baukko (បូកគោ) Khmer
Damrei Mountains Tượng Sơn Phnom Damri (ភ្នំដំរី) Khmer
Kampot Cần-bột Kampot (កំពត) Khmer
Kep Bạch-mã Kaeb (កែប) Khmer
Koh Tang Hòn Thăng Kaoh Tang (កោះតាង) Khmer
Koh Wai Hòn Trọc, Hòn Vây Kaoh Pou Lou Vei (កោះពូលូវៃ) Khmer
Kompong Chhnang Xà-năng Kampng Chhnang (កំពង់ឆ្នាំង) Khmer
Kratie Cần-ché Kracheh (ក្រចេះ) Khmer
Lavek / Longvek La Bích Lvek(ល្វែក) / Longvek (លង្វែក) Khmer
Neak Loeung Hối-lương,[18] Cầu-nam Nak Loeung (អ្នកលឿង) Khmer
Peam Chor Biên-chúc Srok Peamochor (ស្រុកពាមជរ) Khmer
Phnom Penh Nam Vang, Phnôm Pênh[19] Phnom Penh (ភ្នំពេញ) Khmer
Pursat Phú-túc Pothisat (ពោធិ៍សាត់) Khmer
Siem Reap Xiêm Riệp[20] Siemrap (សៀមរាប) Khmer
Sihanoukville Hương-úc, Vũng Thơm Krong Preah Sihanouk ( ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ) /

Kampong Som (កំពង់សោម)

 Khmer
Svay Rieng Xoài-riêng, Sầu-riêng Svay Rieng (ស្វាយរៀង) Khmer
Tonle Sap Đồng-lê Tonle Saeab (ទន្លេសាប) Khmer

Canada
 Canada Gia-nã-đại
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Montréal Mông-triệu, Ngự-sơn Montréal French
Ottawa Ốc-đa-hoa, Ốt-ta-goa[21] Ottawa English
Quebec Quế-bích Quebec French
Toronto Tô-luân Toronto English
Vancouver Văn-cầu Vancouver English

China
 China Trung-hoa, Trung Quốc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Beijing Bắc Kinh Běijīng (北京) Mandarin
Chengdu Thành Đô Chéngdū (成都) Mandarin
Chongqing Trùng Khánh Chóngqìng (重庆) Mandarin
Fujian Phúc Kiến Fújiàn (福建) Mandarin
Hok-kiàn Hokkien
Guangzhou Quảng Châu Guǎngzhōu (广州) Mandarin
Guilin Quế Lâm Guìlín (桂林) Mandarin
Hohhot Hô Hòa Hạo Đặc, Hồi Hột Hūhéhàotè (呼和浩特) Mandarin
Kökeqota (ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ) Mongolian script
Hong Kong Hương Cảng Xiānggǎng (香港) Mandarin
Hēunggóng Cantonese
Inner Mongolia Nội Mông (Cổ) Nèi Měnggǔ (内蒙古) Mandarin
Öbür Monggol

(ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ)

 Mongolian script
Macau Áo Môn, Ma Cao Àomén(澳門) Mandarin
Ōumún Cantonese
Macau Portuguese
Nanjing Nam Kinh Nánjīng (南京) Mandarin
Shanghai Thượng Hải Shànghǎi (上海) Mandarin
Shenzhen Thâm Quyến Shēnzhèn (深圳) Mandarin
Sichuan Tứ Xuyên Sìchuān (四川) Mandarin
Urumqi U-rum-xi, Urumsi, Ô Lỗ Mộc Tề Wūlǔmùqí (乌鲁木齐) Mandarin
Ürümchi (ئۈرۈمچی) Uyghur
Wuhan Vũ Hán Wǔhàn (武汉) Mandarin
Xiamen Hạ Môn Xiàmén (厦门) Mandarin
Xi'an Tây An Xī'ān (西安) Mandarin
Hualien Hoa Liên Huālián (花蓮) Mandarin
Kaohsiung Cao Hùng Gāoxióng (高雄) Mandarin
Keelung Cơ Long[22] Jīlóng (基隆) Mandarin
Taichung Đài Trung Táizhōng (台中 / 臺中) Mandarin
Tainan Đài Nam Táinán (台南 / 臺南) Mandarin
Taipei Đài Bắc Táiběi (台北 / 臺北) Mandarin
Taiwan Đài-loan Táiwān (台湾 / 臺灣) Mandarin
Taywan Taiwan Austronesian
Thòi-ván Hakka
Dái-uán Hokien
Yangtze River Trường Giang Cháng Jiāng (长江) Mandarin

Cyprus
 Cyprus Đảo Síp[23]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Nicosia Ni-cô-xi-a[24] Lefkosía (Λευκωσία) Greek
Lefkoşa Turkish

Czechia
 Czechia Tiệp-khắc, Séc[25]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Prague Thiệp-khẩu, Pra-ha[26] Praha Czech

Denmark
 Denmark Đan-mạch
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Copenhagen Cô-pen-ha-ghen, Cô-pen-ha-gen[27] København Danish
Greenland Grin-len[28] Grønland Danish
Nuuk Nu-úc[29] Godthåb Danish

East Timor
 East Timor Đông Ti-mo, Đông Timor, Ti-mo Le-xte
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Dili Đi-li[30] Dili Tetum

Egypt
 Egypt Ai-cập, Y-diệp
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Cairo Kê-thành al-Qāhirah (القاهرة‎) Standard Arabic
Maṣr (مَصر) Egyptian Arabic Maṣr is the same name as the Arabic name for the country

Eritrea
 Eritrea Ê-ri-tơ-rê-a[31]

Estonia
 Estonia E-xtô-ni-a
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tallinn Ta-lin[32] Talin Estonian

Ethiopia
 Ethiopia Ê-díp-tô, Ê-ti-ô-pi-a[33]

Finland
 Finland Phần-lan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Helsinki Hiệu-sinh-kỳ Helsinki Finnish

France
 France Pháp-lan-tây, Phú-lãng-sa, Pháp
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Lyon Li-ông Lyon French
Marseille Ma-xai[34] Marseille French
Nice Niết-xa[35] Nice French
Nouvelle Calédonie Tân Thế-giới Nouvelle Calédonie French
Paris Ba-lê, Pha-lý,[36] Pa-ri[37] Paris French
Sète Xét-ta[38] Sète French
Toulon Thu-long[39] Toulon French

Georgia
 Georgia Gruzia, Gru-di-a, Giê-oóc-gi-a[40]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tbilisi Tbi-li-xi[41] Tbilisi (თბილისი) Georgian

Germany
 Germany Đức-ý-chí, An-lê-mân, Đức[42]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Berlin Bá-linh, Béc-lin[43] Berlin German
Cologne Côn, Cô-lô-nhơ Köln / Koeln German
Hamburg Hàm-phủ Hamburg German
Hanover An-nô-vi[44] Hannover German

Greece
 Greece Hi-lạp, Hy Lạp, Cự-liệt, Cừ-sách[45]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Athens Nhã-điển, Á-thiên, A-ten[46] Athína (Αθήνα) Greek
Ionian Islands Y-du-nhiên Greek
Santorini Đảo-san-hô Thíra (Θήρα) Greek
Thessalonica Salonica Thessaloníki (Θεσσαλονίκη) Greek
Zakynthos San-tê Zákynthos (Ζάκυνθος) Greek

Iceland
 Iceland Ai-xơ-len[47]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Reykjavik Rây-ki-a-vích[48] Reykjavík Icelandic

India
 India Ấn-độ, Thiên-trúc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Ganges Băng-đảng Ganga (गंगा) Hindi
Goa Cô-á Gova (गोवा) Hindi
New Delhi Tân Đề-ly, Niu Đê-li[49] Naee Dillee (नई दिल्ली) Hindi

Indonesia
 Indonesia Nam-dương, Vạn-đảo, In-đô-nê-xi-a[50]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Aceh A-chinh[51] Aceh Indonesian
Batavia Ba-thiềng modern-day Jakarta
Jakarta Giang-lưu-ba Jakarta Indonesian
Java Trảo-oa Java Indonesian
Palembang Tam-phật-tề[52] Palembang Indonesian

Iran
 Iran Ba-tư
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tehran Tề-lan, Tê-hê-ran[53] Ťehrân (تهران‎) Persian

Iraq
 Iraq Y-lạp
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Baghdad Bác-đạt Baghdad (بغداد‎) Standard Arabic

Ireland
 Ireland Ái-nhĩ-lan, Ai-len
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Dublin Đạp-lân, Đu-blin[54] Baile Átha Cliath Irish English name also used locally

Israel
 Israel Do Thái, I-xra-en
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bethlehem Bêlem Bayt Laḥm (בית לחם) Hebrew currently in Palestinian territories
Jerusalem Gia-liêm, Giê-ru-xa-lem[55] Yerushaláyim (ירושלים) Hebrew partially in Palestinian territories
Judea Do-thái Yehuda (יהודה) Hebrew currently in Palestinian territories

Italy
 Italy Ý-đại-lợi, Ý
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Capri Ca-pha-lý[56] Capri Italian
Genoa Giai-noa[57] Genoa Italian
Naples Nạp-bồ-lê[58] Napoli Italian
Rome La-mã Roma Italian
Venice Vơ-ni-dơ Venezia Italian

Japan
 Japan Nhựt-bổn, Nhật Bản
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Hiroshima Quảng Ðảo Hiroshima (広島) Japanese
Hokkaido Bắc Hải Ðạo Hokkaidō (北海道) Japanese
Honshu Bổn Châu Honshū (本州) Japanese
Kansai Quan Tây Kansai (関西) Japanese
Kanto Quan Ðông Kantō (関東) Japanese
Kobe Thần Hộ Kōbe (神戸) Japanese
Kyoto Kinh Ðô Kyōto (京都) Japanese
Kyushu Cửu Châu Kyūshū (九州) Japanese
Nagasaki Tràng Kỳ Nagasaki (長崎) Japanese
Okinawa Xung Thằng Okinawa (沖縄) Japanese
Osaka Đại Phản Ōsaka (大阪) Japanese
Ryukyu Lưu Cầu Ryūkyū (琉球) Japanese
Sapporo Trát Hoảng Sapporo (札幌) Japanese
Sendai Tiên Ðài Sendai (仙台) Japanese
Senkaku Tiêm Các Senkaku Shotō (尖閣諸島) Japanese
Shikoku Tứ Quốc Shikoku (四国) Japanese
Tokyo Đông Kinh Tōkyō (東京) Japanese

While some Japanese have Sino-Japanese names, others have native Japanese names (yamato kotoba), or a combination of both, the Vietnamese names for these cities are based on the Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations of the kanji used to write their names. However, using the endonym is far more common than the Vietnamese exonym.

Jordan
 Jordan Gioóc-đa-ni[59]

Kazakhstan
 Kazakhstan Ca-dắc-xtan[60]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Nur-Sultan A-xta-na[61] Nur-Sultan (Нұр-Сұлтан) Kazakh

Laos
 Laos Ải-lao, Liệu
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Champasak Ba-thắc Cham Pasak (ຈຳ ປາສັກ) Lao
Houaphanh Sầm-châu Huaphan (ຫົວພັນ)
Kingdom of Luang Phrabang Nam-chưởng
Khamkeut Cam-cát Khamkoed (ຄຳເກີດ)
Khammouane Cam-môn Kham Muan (ຄຳ ມ່ວນ)
Luang Phrabang Lão-qua Luangphabang (ຫລວງພະບາງ)
Samneua Sầm-nứa Sam Neu (ຊຳ ເໜືອ)
Vientiane Vạn-tượng, Viêng Chăn[62] Viangchan (ວຽງຈັນ)
Xiangkhoang Trấn-ninh Siangkhuaang (ຊຽງຂວາງ)
Xiengkho Trình-cố Siangkho (ຊຽງຄໍ້)

Latvia
 Latvia Lát-vi-a[63]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Riga Ri-ga[64] Riga Latvian

Libya
 Libya Li-bi[65]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tripoli Tri-po-li[66] Ṭarābulus (طرابلس) Standard Arabic

Lithuania
 Lithuania Lít-va[67]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Vilnius Vin-ni-út[68] Vilnius Lithuanian

Luxembourg
 Luxembourg Lúc-xăm-bua[69]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Luxembourg City Thành phố Lúc-xăm-bua Lëtzebuerg Luxembourgish

Malaysia
 Malaysia Mã-lai-tây-á, Ma-lai-xi-a
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bidong Island Hòn Rắn Pulau Bidong Malay
Kuala Lumpur Cát-long-pha Kuala Lumpur Malay
Penang Island Cù-lao Cau Pulau Pinang Malay

Moldova
 Moldova Môn-đô-va[70]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Chisinau Ki-si-nhốp[71] Chișinău Moldovan

Mongolia
 Mongolia Mông Cổ[72]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Ulaanbaatar Ulan Bato[73] Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар) Mongolian Cyrillic
Ulaghanbaghator (ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ) Mongolian script

Montenegro
 Montenegro Môn-tê-nê-grô[74]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Podgorica Pốt-gô-ri-xa Podgorica (Подгорица) Montenegrin

Morocco
 Morocco Ma-rốc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Casablanca Bạch-ốc ad-Dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء) / Kazablanka (كازابلانكا) Arabic
Anfa (ⴰⵏⴼⴰ) Berber languages
Rabat Ra-bát ar-Rabat (الرباط) Arabic

Mexico
 Mexico Mễ-tây-cơ, Mễ-ti-cơ, Mê-hi-cô[75]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Mexico City Thành phố Mễ-tây-cơ, Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti[76] Ciudad de México Spanish

Myanmar
 Myanmar Mi-an-ma, Miến-điện,[77] Diến-điện
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Naypyidaw Nây-pi-tô[78] Nay Pyi Taw (နေပြည်တော်) Burmese
Yangon Ngưỡng-quang, Ragoon[79] Raankone (ရန်ကုန်) Burmese

Netherlands
 Netherlands Hà Lan, Hòa-lan, Hoa-lang
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Amsterdam Am-tước-đàm, Am-xtéc-đam[80] Amsterdam Dutch
Rotterdam Luật-tước-đàm Rotterdam Dutch
The Hague Hạc-phủ Den Haag Dutch

New Zealand
 New Zealand Niu Di-lân[81]
English name Vietnamese name Notes
Wellington Oen-ling-tơn[82]

North Korea
 North Korea Bắc Triều-tiên
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Pyongyang Bình-nhưỡng Pyŏngyang (평양) Korean
Hamhung Hàm-hưng Hamhǔng (함흥) Korean
Rason La-tiên Rasŏn (라선) Korean

North Macedonia
 North Macedonia Bắc Macedonia[83]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Skopje Xcốp-pi-ê[84] Скопје (Skopje) Macedonian

Norway
 Norway Na Uy
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Oslo Ốt-xlô Oslo Norwegian

Pakistan
 Pakistan Pa-ki-xtan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Islamabad I-xla-ma-bát[85] Islamabad (اسلام آباد) Urdu

Philippines
 Philippines Phi-luật-tân
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Manila Ma-ní Manila Tagalog
Luzon Lữ-tống Luzon Tagalog

Poland
 Poland Ba-lan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Warsaw Vác-sa-va Warszawa Polish

Qatar
 Qatar Ca-ta

Romania
 Romania Ru-ma-ni[86]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bucharest Bu-ca-rét[87] București Romanian

Russia
 Russia Nga-la-tư, Nga
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Kamchatka Cam-sát-ca Kamchatka (Камчатка) Russian
Moscow Mạc-tư-khoa, Mát-xcơ-va
 Moskva (Москва) Russian
Novosibirsk Nô-vô-xi-biếc Novosibirsk (Новосибирск) Russian
Saint Petersburg Bá-đa-phủ, Bỉ-đắc Sankt-Peterburg (Санкт-Петербург) Russian
Sevastopol Tô-bồ-lô[88] Sevastopol' (Севастополь) Russian
Vladivostok Hải-sâm-uy, Thắng-đông, Viễn-đông Vladivostok (Владивосток) Russian
Volgagrad Vôngagrát Volgagrad (Волгоград) Russian

Saudi Arabia
 Saudi Arabia Ả Rập Xê Út
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Riyadh E-ri-át ar-Riyadh (لرياض) Standard Arabic

Singapore
 Singapore Xinh-ga-po

South Africa
 South Africa Nam-phi
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bloemfontein Blô-phông-ten[89] Bloemfontein English
Cape Town Hảo-vọng Giác, Kếp-tao[90] Cape Town English
Pretoria Pri-tơ-ri-a[91] Pretoria English

South Korea
 South Korea Đại-hàn, Nam Triều-tiên, Hàn Quốc
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Busan Phủ-san Busan (부산) Korean
Chungju Trung-châu Chungju (충주) Korean
Daegu Đại-khâu Daegu (대구) Korean
Gangnam Giang-nam Gangnam (강남) Korean
Incheon Nhân-xuyên Inchŏn (인천) Korean
Jeju Tế-châu Jeju (제주) Korean
Seoul Hán-thành, Tân-la Sŏul (서울) Korean

Spain
 Spain Tây-ban-nha, Y-pha-nho
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Alicante A-ly-căn[92] Alicante Spanish
Almansa An-ma-gia[93] Almansa Spanish
Barcelona Ba-xà-luân[94] Barcelona Spanish
Cadiz Ca-đích[95] Cádiz Spanish
Madrid Ma-dịch-lý, Ma-lý,[96] Ma-đrít[97] Madrid Spanish
Menorca Mi-nô-ca[98] Menorca Spanish
Valencia Ba-linh-xa[99] València Spanish

Sri Lanka
 Sri Lanka Tích-lan, Sai-lăng,[100] Xri Lan-ca[101]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Colombo Kha-luân-bố, Cô-lôm-bô[102] Kolamba (කොළඹ) Sinhala
Koḻumpu (கொழும்பு) Tamil

Sweden
 Sweden Thụy Điển , Xu-y-đà[103]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Stockholm Tốc-hàm, Xtốc-khôm[104] Stockholm Swedish

Switzerland
  Switzerland Thụy Sĩ[105]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Bern Bơn[106] Bern German
Bärn Alemannic German
Berne French
Berna Italian
Berna Romansch

Thailand
 Thailand Thái Lan
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Ayutthaya Thượng-thành Ayutthaya (อยุธยา) Thai
Bangkok Vọng-các Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ) Thai
Chanthaburi Chân-bôn Chanthaburi (จันทบุรี) Thai
Chiang Mai Xương-mại Chiang Mai (เชียงใหม่) Thai
Ko Chang Dương-khảm Ko Chang (เกาะช้าง) Thai
Ko Kut Cổ-cốt Ko Kut (เกาะกูด) Thai
Lopburi La-hộc Lop Buri (ลพบุรี) Thai
Nakhon Phanom Na-khổng Phù-nam Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) Thai
Nakhon Ratchasima Cổ-lạc Nakhon Ratchasima (นครราชสีมา) Thai
Nakhon Si Thammarat Na-khổng Tam-hoạt Nakhon Si Thammarat (นครศรีธรรมราช) Thai
Nongkhai Mường Nông Nongkhai (หนองคาย) Thai
Pattani Tà-nê Pattani (ปัตตานี) Thai

Tunisia
 Tunisia Tuy-ni-di[107]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Tunis Tuy-nít Tunis (تونس) Standard Arabic

Turkey
 Turkey Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ , Tu-ru-cô, Tu-ru-ky[108]
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Ephesus Ê-phê-sô Efes Turkish
Istanbul Tân La-mã İstanbul Turkish

Ukraine
 Ukraine U-crai-na
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
Kiev Ki-ép Kyiv (Київ) Ukrainian

United Kingdom
 United Kingdom Đại-anh, Anh, Anh Quốc, Vương Quốc Anh, Liên hiệp Anh
English name Vietnamese name Endonym Notes
Name Language
England Anh-cát-lợi, Hồng-mao England English
Northern Ireland Bắc Ái-nhĩ-lan Northern Ireland English
London Luân-đôn, Long-đôn London English
Scotland Tô-cách-lan, Y-cốt, Xcốt-len, Scôtlen[109] Scotland English
Wales Uy-nhĩ-sĩ, Huệ châu, xứ Gan Wales English

United States
 United States Á-mỹ-lợi-gia, Mỹ, Hoa Kỳ
English name Vietnamese name Notes
Arlington, VA Ái-linh-tân
Arlington, TX
Baltimore Bạt-đế-mỗ
Boston Bật-tân
California Gia Lợi Phúc Ni Á
Chicago Trích-ngũ
Detroit Đức-thuật
Harlem Hạc-lâm
Hawaii Hạ Uy Di
Hollywood Hoa-lệ-ước, Hồ Ly Vọng
Honolulu Hòn-lau
Las Vegas Lạc Đồng-cát
Los Angeles Lốt, Lộc Án-gia-lê
Manhattan Mã Nhật Tân[110]
New Orleans Ngọc Lân,[111] Tân-linh
New York Nữu Ước, Tiểu bang New York[112]
New York City Thành phố New York
Orange County Quận Cam
Philadelphia Huynh-đệ thành
San Francisco Cựu Kim Sơn, Xăng Phăng, Phàn thành
Seven Corners Ngã Bảy[113]
Washington Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Hoa-sinh-tân

Other
English name Vietnamese name Notes
Alps Ân-lô-bi[114], An-pơ
Aral Sea Hàm Hải
Dead Sea Biển Chết
Euphrates Uông-phát
Himalayas Hi-mã-lạp Sơn
Indian Ocean Ấn Độ Dương
Indus River Sông Ấn (Độ)
Issyk-Kul Nhiệt Hải
Mediterranean Sea Biển Địa Trung Hải
Mekong River Mê Kông
Nile River Sông Nin
Palestine Ba-lạc-đĩnh
Persian Gulf Vịnh Ba Tư
Red Sea Xích hải, Hồng Hải
Rocky Mountains Thạch Sơn
Sea of Japan Biển Nhật Bản
See also: Sea of Japan naming dispute
Sunda Strait Cửa Song-đề[115]
Tigris Tích Giang
South China Sea Hoa-nam hải, Đông hải (from East Sea), Biển Đông
Baltic Sea Ba-la-đích hải
gollark: It has history support.
gollark: IRCv3 WHEN?
gollark: On a semirelated note, what of integrating "random page" buttons into all webring iframes?
gollark: *BEE* GPT-3 then?
gollark: Seriously? Wow.

References
  1. "Áp-ga-ni-xtan". Áp-ga-ni-xtan (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  2. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  3. "Pốt-gô-ri-xa". Pốt-gô-ri-xa (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  4. "Ti-ra-na". Ti-ra-na (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  5. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  6. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  8. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  9. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  10. Phạm Phú Thứ, p 190
  11. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  12. "Giới thiệu về Hội thảo các nước Đông Á - Mỹ Latinh". Vietnam MoFA. Vietnam MoFA. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  13. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 198
  14. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  15. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  16. "Bun-ga-ri". Bun-ga-ri (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  17. "Xô-phi-a". Xô-phi-a (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  18. Lê Hương. Chợ trời biên giới Việt Nam-Cao Miên. Glendale, CA: Đại Nam, ?. p 99.
  19. "Phnôm Pênh". Phnôm Pênh (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  20. "Xiêm Riệp". Xiêm Riệp (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  21. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  22. "Cơ Long". Cơ Long (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  23. "Đảo Síp". Đảo Síp (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  24. "Ni-cô-xi-a". Ni-cô-xi-a (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  25. "Séc". Séc (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  26. "Pra-ha". Pra-ha (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  27. "Cô-pen-ha-gen". Cô-pen-ha-gen (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  28. "Grin-len". Grin-len (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  29. "Nu-úc". Nu-úc (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  30. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  31. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  32. "Ta-lin". Ta-lin (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  33. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  34. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 336.
  35. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 252.
  36. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 336.
  37. "Pa ri". Pa ri (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  38. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 251.
  39. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 336.
  40. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  41. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  42. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 190
  43. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  44. Phạm Phú Thứ. P 190
  45. Phạm Phúc Thứ. p 191, 195
  46. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  47. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  48. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  49. "Niu Đê-li". Niu Đê-li (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  50. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  51. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 70
  53. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  54. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  55. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  56. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 267.
  57. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 250.
  58. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 250.
  59. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  60. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  61. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  62. "Viêng Chăn". Viêng Chăn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-08-13.
  63. "Lát-vi-a". Lát-vi-a (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  64. "Lát-vi-a". Lát-vi-a (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  65. "Li-bi". Li-bi (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-21.
  66. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-21.
  67. "Lít-va". Lít-va (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  68. "Vin-ni-út". Vin-ni-út (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  69. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  70. "Môn-đô-va". Môn-đô-va (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  71. "Ki-si-nhốp". Ki-si-nhốp (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  72. "Mông Cổ". Mông Cổ (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  73. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  74. "Môn-tê-nê-grô". Môn-tê-nê-grô (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  75. "Mê-hi-cô". Mê-hi-cô (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  76. "Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti". Mê-hi-cô Xi-ti (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  77. "Mi-an-ma (Miến Điện)". Mi-an-ma (Miến Điện) (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  78. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  79. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  80. Tarragó, Ferran Ruiz I; Martí, Jordi Vivancos I; Roselló, Jordi Baldricr I (1992), "XTEC Online In-Service Teacher Training Project", Learning Technology in the European Communities, Springer Netherlands, pp. 243–250, ISBN 978-94-010-5182-8, retrieved 2020-05-27
  81. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  82. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  83. "Bắc Macedonia". Bắc Macedonia (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  84. "Xcốp-pi-ê". Xcốp-pi-ê (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  85. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  86. "Ru-ma-ni". Ru-ma-ni (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  87. "Bu-ca-rét". Bu-ca-rét (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  88. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 179
  89. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  90. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  91. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  92. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 233.
  93. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 235.
  94. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 232.
  95. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 244.
  96. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 358.
  97. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  98. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 233.
  99. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 244.
  100. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 75
  101. "Xri Lan-ca". Xri Lan-ca (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  102. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  103. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 199
  104. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  105. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  106. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  107. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-06-20.
  108. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 95
  109. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  110. "New York Tháng Mười Một"
  112. "Google Maps". Google Maps (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2020-08-13.
  113. "Cộng đồng người Việt ở Washington"
  114. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 252.
  115. Phạm Phú Thứ. p 73
  • Lữ-y Đoan. Sấm truyền ca Genesia. Montréal: Tập san Y sĩ, 2000.
  • Phạm Phú Thứ. Nhật ký đi Tây. HCM: Đà Nẵng, 1999.

See also
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.