Chinese exonyms
When a foreign place name, or toponym, occurs in Chinese text, the problem arises of spelling it in Chinese characters, given the limited phonetics and restrictive phonology of Mandarin Chinese (making it very difficult to transcribe loanwords), and the possible meaning of those characters when treated as Chinese words. For example:
- "London Heathrow Airport" is usually rendered in Chinese characters as 伦敦希斯路机场 (Lúndūn Xīsīlù Jīchǎng), with the English pronunciation of 'London' being fairly accurate, and of 'Heathrow' being less accurate: in Chinese the translation of each character literally means "kinship, honest" (for London, 伦敦), "hope, given/this, road" (for Heathrow, 希斯路), "aircraft, field" (机场), with the last syllable of "Heathrow" rendered as "lu" although the more accurate "lo" and "lou" are known Chinese words. The reason for this strange transcription for "Heathrow" is because the name of the airport was introduced to the Chinese language through Cantonese, in which the loanword is pronounced Hei1 Si1 Lo4, which is actually more accurate to the English pronunciation of the name. However, when this word was adopted into Mandarin, the Chinese characters to write "Heathrow" were used without any regards to pronunciation, in which the Mandarin and Cantonese pronunciations of the same Chinese character can often be drastically different from one another.
Sometimes, the endonym or the English exonym of a place can be literally translated in Chinese characters, such as "Salt Lake City" or the "Dead Sea", which are translated into Chinese as 盐湖城 (Yánhú Chéng) and 死海 (Sǐhǎi), which mean "ice-island" and "dead-sea" respectively. More often than not, however, characters are chosen simply because their syllables sound somewhat similar to the syllables of the endonym or the English exonym, regardless of the meaning of the individual characters. Examples include Dublin and Yemen, which are written in Chinese as 都柏林 (Dūbólín, which literally translates as "all-cypress-forest") and 也门 (Yěmén, which literally translates as "also-door") respectively. In both Chinese exonyms, the connection between the meanings of the Chinese characters and their respective places is not particularly obvious, so it is safe to assume these exonyms are transcriptions.
There are other exonyms that are a combination of translation and transcription (meaning and sound) of the endonym. For example, New Zealand is written as 新西兰 (Xīnxīlán), in which the first character 新 (xīn) literally means "new" and the final two characters 西兰 (Xīlán) is a transcription of "Zealand". Likewise, America is written as 美国 (Měiguó), which is a combination of 美 (měi), one of the characters in another exonym 阿美利哥 (Āměilìgē), and 国 (guó), the translation for the word "country".
Names of foreign nations are sometimes shortened to their first character when used in compounds. For example, the name for Russia in Chinese is 俄罗斯 (Éluósī), but the name of the Russian language is 俄语 (Éyǔ), anything Russian-style is 俄式 (Éshì), and the Russian military is 俄军 (Éjūn).
For Japanese, Korean, or Vietnamese names, the Chinese exonym is often the Chinese pronunciation of the Korean hanja, Japanese kanji, or ancient Vietnamese Chữ Nôm writing of the toponym. In some cases, especially in Japan, the Chinese pronunciation may be completely unlike the native-language pronunciation.
However, some Chinese exonyms exist which are not immediately obvious because they are neither translations nor transcriptions, such as 旧金山 (Jiùjīnshān, which literally means "Old Gold Mountain") and 新金山 (Xīnjīnshān, which literally means "New Gold Mountain") for San Francisco and Melbourne respectively. These exonyms exist because they have a special history among Chinese people worldwide for one reason or another.
However, if the country's or city's endonym is not internationally well-known, Chinese will often transcribe the endoynym or English name into Chinese characters.
Countries had been founded or had gained independence after 1949 (the year Kuomintang had exiled to Taiwan after losing to the Communist Party) often have different exonyms used in mainland China (PRC) and Taiwan (ROC) due to differences in official standards resulting from the split in government. Exonyms used in mainland China are written in simplified Chinese on this page, and exonyms used in Taiwan are written in traditional Chinese. The exception to this are exonyms for Japanese and Korean place names, which will be written in traditional Chinese.
The exonyms below are all in Mandarin Chinese.
| Part of a series on |
| Historical Chinese exonyms |
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Afghanistan
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Kabul | Kābù'ěr (喀布尔) | Transcription | Kābol (کابل) | Persian | |
| Kābəl (کابل) | Pashto | ||||
Albania
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Tirana | Dìlānà (地拉那) | Transcription | Tirona | Albanian | |
Algeria
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Algiers | Ā'ěrjíěr (阿尔及尔) | Transcription | Al-Jazā'ir (الجزائر) | Arabic | |
Andorra
 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Meaning | ||
| Andorra la Vella | Āndàoěr Chéng (安道尔城) | Translation-transcription mix | Andorra City | |
Angola
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Andorra la Vella | Luóāndá (罗安达) | Transcription | Luanda | Portuguese | |
Antigua and Barbuda
 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Notes | |
| Name | Type | ||
| St. John's | Shèng Yuēhàn (圣约翰) | Translation-transcription mix | |
Argentina
 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Notes | |
| Name | Type | ||
| Buenos Aires | Bùyínuòsīàilìsī (布宜诺斯艾利斯) | Transcription | |
Armenia
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Yerevan | Yèlǐwēn (叶里温) | Transcription | Yerevan (Երևան) | Armenian | |
Australia
.svg.png){kind=small} | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | ||
| Canberra | Kānpéilā (堪培拉)[1] | Transcription | ||
| Gold Coast | Huángjīn Hǎi'àn (黄金海岸) | Translation | Gold Coast | |
| Melbourne | Mò'ěrběn (墨尔本) | Transcription | ||
| Xīnjīnshān (新金山) | Translation | New Gold Mountain | The nickname "New Gold Mountain" was the nickname for the city given by Chinese immigrants and migrant workers looking for gold during the Australian gold rushes.[2] | |
| Newcastle | Niǔkǎsī'ěr (纽卡斯尔) | Transcription | ||
| New South Wales | Xīn Nán Wēi'ěrshì Zhōu (新南威尔士州 ) | Translation-transcription mix | ||
| Queensland | Kūnshìlán Zhōu (昆士兰州) | Transcription | ||
| Sydney | Xīní (悉尼) | Transcription | ||
Austria
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Vienna | Wéiyěnà (维也纳) | Transcription | Wien | German | |
Azerbaijan
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Baku | Bākù (巴库) | Transcription | Bakı | Azerbaijani | |
Brazil
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Amazon River | Yàmǎxùn Hé (亚马孙河) | Translation-transcription mix | Rio Amazonas | Portuguese | |
| Brasília | Bāxīlìyǎ (巴西利亚)[3] | Transcription | |||
| Rio de Janeiro | Lǐyuērènèilú (里约热内卢)[4] | Transcription | |||
| São Paulo | Shèngbǎoluó (圣保罗)[1] | Translation-transcription mix | Shèng (圣) is used for place names that contain the word "Saint" or one of its cognates in another language. Interestingly enough, Shèng (圣) and "Saint" are false cognates. | ||
Cambodia
 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | Name | Language | Meaning | ||
| Phnom Penh | Jīnbiān (金边) | Translation | Golden Side | Phnom Penh (រាជធានីភ្នំពេញ) | Khmer | Penh's Hill | |
| Sihanoukville | Xīhānǔkèchéng (西哈努克城) | Translation-transcription mix | Krong Preah Sihanouk (ក្រុងព្រះសីហនុ) | Khmer | Holy City of Sihanouk | ||
Canada
.svg.png){kind=small} | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Notes | |
| Name | Type | ||
| Toronto | Duōlúnduō (多伦多)[1] | Transcription | |
| Vancouver | Wēngēhuá (温哥华)[1] | Transcription | |
Egypt
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Alexandria | Yàlìshāndà (亚历山大)[5] | Transcription | Al-'Iskandariyya (الإسكندرية) | Standard Arabic | |
| Eskendereyya (اسكندرية) | Egyptian Arabic | ||||
| Cairo | Kāiluó (开罗)[1] | Transcritption | Al-Qāhirah (القاهرة) | Standard Arabic | |
| Maṣr (مصر) | Egyptian Arabic | ||||
| Nile River | Níluóhé (尼罗河) | Translation-transcription mix | an-Nīl (النيل) | Standard Arabic | |
| en-Nīl (النيل) | Egyptian Arabic | ||||
Ethiopia
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Addis Ababa | Yàdìsīyàbèibā (亚的斯亚贝巴)[1] | Transcription | Addis Abäba (አዲስ አበባ) | Amharic | |
France
 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Notes | |
| Name | Type | ||
| Cannes | Jiánà (戛纳)[6] | Transcription | Based on the French pronunciation without the liaison |
| Fort-de-France | Fǎlánxībǎo (法兰西堡)[1] | Translation-transcription mix | Bǎo (堡) is used in place names that have the word "Fort" or one of its cognates from in another language |
| Paris | Bālí (巴黎) | Transcription | Based on the French pronunciation without the liaison |
| Saint-Lô | Shèngluò (圣洛)[1] | Translation-transcription mix | Shèng (圣) is used for place names that contain the word "Saint" or one of its cognates in another language. Interestingly enough, Shèng (圣) and "Saint" are false cognates. |
Germany
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Berlin | Bólín (柏林)[7] | Transcription | |||
| Cologne | Kēlóng (克隆)[8] | Transcription | Köln | German | |
| Frankfurt | Fǎlánkèfú (法兰克福)[1] | Transcription | |||
| Hamburg | Hànbǎo (汉堡)[9] | Translation-transcription mix | Bǎo (堡) is used in place names that have the word "Burg" | ||
| Munich | Mùníhēi (慕尼黑)[10] | Transcription | München | German | |
Haiti
 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | ||
| Port-au-Prince | Tàizǐ Gǎng (太子港) | Translation | Prince's port | |
Iceland
The Chinese exonym is a literal translation of the endonym.
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Reykjavik | Léikèyǎwèikè (雷克雅未克) | Transcription | Reykjavík | Icelandic | |
India
 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | Name | Language | Meaning | ||
| Delhi | Délǐ (德里)[1] | Transcription | Dillī (दिल्ली) | Hindi | meaning unknown | ||
Indonesia
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | |||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | Name | Language | ||
| Bali | Bālí dǎo (巴厘岛) | Translation-transcription mix | Bali | Balinese | Used in Mainland China, homonymous with Paris (巴黎 Bālí). | |
| Bālǐ (峇里) | Transcription | Used in Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia. | ||||
| Jakarta | Yǎjiādá (雅加达)[1] | Transcription | Jakarta | Indonesian | ||
| Medan | Miánlán (棉兰) | Medan | Indonesian | |||
| Palembang | Jùgǎng (巨港) | Huge port[13] | Palembang | Indonesian | Chinese name refers to the historical past of Palembang as a major port of Sumatra. | |
| Pontianak | Kūndiān (坤甸) | Pontianak | Indonesian | Known in Hakka as khun-tîen | ||
| Singkawang | Shānkǒuyáng (山口洋) | Mountain by the estuary and the ocean |
Singkawang | Indonesian | Originates from Hakka sân-khiéu-yòng. | |
| Surabaya | Sìshuǐ (泗水)[14] | Surabaya | Indonesian | |||
| Yogyakarta | Rìrě (日若)[14] | Yogyakarta | Javanese | |||
Iraq
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Baghdad | Bāgédá (巴格达) | Transcription | Baghdad (بغداد) | Arabic | |
Ireland
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Cork | Kēkè (科克)[1] | Transcription | Corcaigh | Irish | |
| Dublin | Dūbólín (都柏林)[1] | Transcription | Baile Átha Cliath | Irish | |
Israel
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | |||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | Name | Language | ||
| Dead Sea | Sǐhǎi (死海) | Translation | Dead Sea | |||
| Jerusalem | Yēlùsālěng (耶路撒冷)[1] | Transcription | Yerushalayim (ירושלים) | Hebrew | ||
Japan
 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | ||
| Hiroshima | Guǎngdǎo (廣島)[1] | Translation | Broad island | |
| Kyōto | Jīngdū (京都)[1] | Translation | Capital | |
| Nagasaki | Chángqí (長崎)[1] | Translation | Long, small peninsula | |
| Narita | Chéngtián (成田)[1] | Translation | Developed field | |
| Okinawa | Chóngshéng (沖繩)[1] | Translation | Cord of the open sea | |
| Ōsaka | Dàbǎn (大坂)[1] | Translation | Big hillside | |
| Ryūkyū Islands | Liúqiú Qúndǎo (琉球群岛) | Translation-transcription mix | ||
| Sapporo | Zháhuǎng (札幌)[1] | Translation | Placard canopy | |
| Tōkyō | Dōngjīng (東京)[1] | Translation | East(ern) capital | |
Jordan
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | |||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | Name | Language | ||
| Amman | Ānmàn (安曼)[1] | Transcription | 'Ammān (عمان) | Arabic | ||
| Dead Sea | Sǐhǎi (死海) | Translation | Dead Sea | |||
Laos
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Vientiane | Wànxiàng (万象)[1] | Transcription | Wīangchan (ວຽງຈັນ) | Lao | |
| Yǒngzhēn (永珍)[15] | Transcription | ||||
New Zealand
 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | ||
| Auckland | Àokèlán (奥克兰) | Transcription | ||
| Christchurch | Jīdūchéng (基督城) | Translation | Christ-city | |
North Korea
In Chinese, the country is not usually referred to as North Korea, but by the cognate for the endonym, Choson (조선).
 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | Name | Meaning | Language | ||
| Paektu Mountain | Chǎngbáishān (长白山) | Translation | Long White Mountain | Baekdu San (백두산) | White-head Mountain | Korean | The mountain is set on the China-North Korea border, which is why the mountain has noticeably different names in both languages |
| Pyongyang | Píngrǎng
(平壤) |
Translation | Peaceful Soil | Pyŏngyang (평양) | Peaceful Soil | Korean | |
| Tumen River | Túmen Jiāng (图们江) | Transcription | Duman Gang
(두만강) |
Korean | |||
| Yalu River | Yālǜ Jiāng
(鸭绿江) |
Unknown | Duck-green River | Amnok Gang (압록강) | Korean | The origin of the name is unknown, though it possibly came from the Manchu name Yalu Ula (ᠶᠠᠯᡠ ᡠᠯᠠ) | |
Poland
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Warsaw | Huáshā (华沙)[16] | Transcription | Warszawa | Polish | |
Portugal
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | |||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | Name | Language | ||
| Lisbon | Lǐsīběn (里斯本)[1] | Transcription | Lisboa | Portuguese | More common name | |
| Pújīng (葡京)[1] | Translation-transcription mix | Portuguese capital | ||||
Russia
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Moscow | Mòsīkē (莫斯科)[1] | Transcription | Moskva | Russian | |
| Saint Petersburg | Shèng Bǐdébǎo (圣彼得堡) [1] | Translation-transcription mix | |||
Saudi Arabia
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Mecca | Màijiā (麦加)[1] | Transcription | Makkah | Arabic | |
South Korea
In Chinese, the country is not usually referred to as South Korea, but by the cognate for the endonym, Hanguk (한국).
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | |||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | Name | Language | ||
| Busan | Fǔshān (釜山) | Translation | Cauldron Mountain | Busan (부산) | Korean | |
| Pyeongchang | Píngchāng (平昌) | Translation | Peaceful Radiance | Pyŏngchang (평창) | Korean | |
| Seoul | Hànchéng (漢城)[1] | Translation | Han River city, large city | Sǒul (서울) | Korean | |
| Shǒu'ěr (首爾)[1] | Transcription | Seoul (Korean 서울) had no official hanja until 2005. | ||||
Syria
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Damascus | Dàmǎshìgé (大马士革) | Transcription | Dimašq (دمشق) | Arabic | |
Turkey
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Istanbul | Yīsītǎnbù'ěr (伊斯坦布尔) | Transcription | Istanbul | Turkish | |
Thailand
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | |||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | Name | Language | ||
| Bangkok | Màngǔ (曼谷)[1] | Transcription | Krung Thep (กรุงเทพ) | Thai | Transcription thru Teochew dialect of Hokkien; where 曼谷 is pronounced as "bhuêng2 gog4" | |
| Chiang Mai | Qīngmài (清迈)[1] | Transcription | Chiangmai (เชียงใหม่) | Thai | Transcription thru Teochew dialect of Hokkien, where 清迈 is pronounced as "cêng1 mai6" | |
| Chiang Rai | Qīnglái (清莱) | Transcription | Chiangrai
(ชียงราย) |
Thai | ||
United Kingdom
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | |||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | Name | Language | ||
| Cambridge | Jiànqiáo (剑桥)[1] | Translation-transcription mix | Sword bridge | |||
| Cardiff | Jiādefū[17] | Transcription | ||||
| England | Yīnggélán (英格兰)[1] | Transcription | ||||
| Yīngjílì (英吉利)[1] | Transcription | |||||
| Yīnglún (英伦)[1] | Transcription | |||||
| Liverpool | Lìwùpǔ (利物浦)[1] | Translation-transcription mix | ||||
| Oxford | Niújīn (牛津)[1] | Translation | Where the oxen ford | |||
| Scotland | Sūgélán (苏格兰)[1] | Transcription | ||||
| Wales | Wèiěrshí (威尔士)[1] | Transcription | ||||
| Westminster | Xīmǐn (西敏)[18] | Translation-transcription mix | ||||
| York | Yuēkè (约克)[19] | Transcription | ||||
United States
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | |||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | Name | Language | ||
| Buffalo | Shuǐniúchéng (水牛城)[1] | Translation | Water buffalo city | |||
| California | Jiāzhōu (加州)[1] | Translation-transcription mix | ||||
| Colorado Springs | Kēluólāduōquán (科羅拉多泉)[20] | Translation-transcription mix | ||||
| Florida | Fózhōu (佛州)[1] | Translation-transcription mix | ||||
| Honolulu | Tánxiāngshān (檀香山)[1] | Translation | Fragrant sandalwood mountain | |||
| Los Angeles | Luòshānjī (洛杉矶)[1] | Transcription | ||||
| Phoenix | Fènghuángchéng (鳳凰城)[1] | Translation | Fenghuang City | |||
| Saint Louis | Shènglùyìsī (圣路易斯)[1] | Translation-transcription mix | Shèng (圣) is used for place names that contain the word "Saint" or one of its cognates in another language. Interestingly enough, Shèng (圣) and "Saint" are false cognates. | |||
| Salt Lake City | Yánhúchéng (盐湖城) | Translation | Salt Lake City | |||
| San Diego | Shèngdìyàgē (圣地亚哥)[1] | Translation-transcription mix | Shèng (圣) is used for place names that contain the word "Saint" or one of its cognates in another language. Interestingly enough, Shèng (圣) and "Saint" are false cognates. | |||
| San Francisco | Jiùjīnshān (旧金山)[1] | Translation | Old Gold Mountain | Early Chinese immigrants and migrant workers to the United States nicknamed the city "Old Gold Mountain" in reference to the California Gold Rush, as many Chinese would come to search for gold in California and would arrive in the country via San Francisco.[21] Many Chinese called the city "Gold Mountain". However, when gold was discovered in Melbourne, Australia, San Francisco was re-nicknamed "Old Gold Mountain" and Melbourne was nicknamed "New Gold Mountain", or 新金山 (Xīn jīnshān) in Chinese.[22] | ||
| Sānfānshì (三藩市)[1] | Translation-transcription mix | Official name | ||||
| Santa Fe | Shèngtǎfēi (圣塔菲)[1] | Translation-transcription mix | Shèng (圣) is used for place names that contain the word "Saint" or one of its cognates in another language. Interestingly enough, Shèng (圣) and "Saint" are false cognates. | |||
| Washington D.C. | Huáshèngdùn(tèqū) (华盛顿 (特区))[1] | Translation-transcription mix | Washington (special district) | |||
Uzbekistan
 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | |
| Name | Language | |||
| Fergana | *Dàyuān (大宛) | Reconstructed pronunciation | ||
Vietnam
 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | |||
| Name | Type | Hanzi meaning | Name | Language | ||
| Danang | Xiàn Gǎng (岘港) | Translation | steep hill harbor | Đà Nẵng | ||
| Haiphong | Hǎi Fáng (海防) | Translation | sea defence | Hải Phòng | ||
| Halong | Xià Lóng (下龙) | Translation | descending dragon | Hạ Long | ||
| Hanoi | Hé Nèi (河内)[1] | Translation | within the river | Hà Nội | ||
| Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) | Hú Zhì Míng Shì (胡志明市)[1] | Translation-transcription mix | Ho Chi Minh City | Thành phó Hò Chí Minh (TPHCM) | Hú Zhìmíng (胡志明) is the Chinese pronunciation of the Chinese characters that make up the name Ho Chi Minh | |
| Hue | Shùn Huà (顺化) | Translation | Huế | |||
Yemen
 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Mandarin name | Endonym | Notes | ||
| Name | Type | Name | Language | ||
| Sanaa | Sànà (萨纳) | Transcription | Sana'a | Standard Arabic | |
gollark: Your thing might be cool, what sort of quests are there?
gollark: Er, I meant <@343573410531639296>, since they appear to be setting up a modded server.
gollark: How do you plan to distribute the pack?(Also, I have many mod suggestions)
gollark: That looks like the Mekanism 5x ore processing thing. Or... anything from Gregtech.
gollark: I've seen minechem but I don't think it works on newer versions.
See also
References
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- Qian, Jīnghuá. "Chinatown: Melbourne is the Australian City With a Chinese Heart". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
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- Hua, Vanessa (2004-06-27). "THE NEW GOLD MOUNTAIN". SFGate. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
- Qian, Jīnghuá. "Chinatown: Melbourne is the Australian City With a Chinese Heart". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
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