Tropone

Tropone or 2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one is an organic compound with some importance in organic chemistry as a non-benzenoid aromatic.[2] The compound consists of a ring of seven carbon atoms with three conjugated alkene groups and a ketone group. The related compound tropolone (2-hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one) has an additional alcohol (or an enol including the double bond) group next to the ketone.

Tropone[1]
Structure of tropone
Space-filling model of tropone
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one
Other names
Cyclohepta-2,4,6-trienone
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.007.933
UNII
Properties
C7H6O
Molar mass 106.12 g/mol
Density 1.094 g/mL
Boiling point 113 °C (235 °F; 386 K) (15 mmHg)
Hazards
Flash point > 113 °C (235 °F; 386 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

The tropone moiety can be found in biomolecules such as colchicine, stipitatic acid and hinokitiol.

Tropone has been known since 1951 and is also called cycloheptatrienylium oxide. The name tropolone was coined by M. J. S. Dewar in 1945 in connection to perceived aromatic properties.[3]

Properties

Dewar in 1945 proposed that tropones could have aromatic properties. The carbonyl group is polarized with a partial positive charge on the carbon atom (A) and a partial negative charge on oxygen. In an extreme case the carbon atom has a full positive charge (B) forming a tropylium ion ring which is an aromatic 6 electron system (C).

Tropone structures

Tropolone is acidic (conjugate base shown, E) with a pKa of 7 which is in between that of phenol (10) and benzoic acid (4). The increased acidity compared to phenol is due to regular resonance stabilization. Tropones and to a lesser extent tropolones are also basic (D) and this is very much due to aromatic stabilization. This property can be observed in the ease of salt formation with acids. The dipole moment for tropone is 4.17 D compared to a value of only 3.04 D for cycloheptanone, which can also be taken as evidence for aromaticity.

Synthesis

Numerous methods exist for the organic synthesis of tropones and its derivatives. Two selected methods for the synthesis of tropone are by selenium dioxide oxidation of cycloheptatriene[4] and indirectly from tropinone by a Hofmann elimination and a bromination.[2]

Tropone synthesis

Two methods for the synthesis of tropolone are by bromination of 1,2-cycloheptanedione with N-bromosuccinimide followed by dehydrohalogenation at elevated temperatures and by acyloin condensation of the ethyl ester of pimelic acid the acyloin again followed by oxidation by bromine.[2]

Tropolone synthesis

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References
  1. Tropone at Sigma-Aldrich
  2. Pauson, Peter L. (1955). "Tropones and Tropolones". Chem. Rev. 55 (1): 9–136. doi:10.1021/cr50001a002.
  3. M. J. S. Dewar (1945). "Structure of Stipitatic Acid". Nature. 155 (3924): 50–51. doi:10.1038/155050b0.
  4. Dahnke, Karl R.; Paquette, Leo A. (1993). "Inverse Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Cycloaddition of a Ketene Dithioacetal. Copper Hydride-Promoted Reduction of a Conjugated Enone. 9-Dithiolanobicyclo[3.2.2]non-6-en-2-one". Org. Synth. 71: 181.
  5. An N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed [8 + 3] Annulation of Tropone and Enals via Homoenolate Vijay Nair, Manojkumar Poonoth, Sreekumar Vellalath, Eringathodi Suresh, and Rajasekaran Thirumalai J. Org. Chem.; 2006; 71(23) pp 8964 - 8965; (Note) doi:10.1021/jo0615706
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