Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the GRM3 gene.[4][5]

GRM3
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 3SM9, 4XAR, 5CNK, 5CNM
Identifiers
Aliases	GRM3, GLUR3, GPRC1C, MGLUR3, mGlu3, glutamate metabotropic receptor 3
External IDs	OMIM: 601115 MGI: 1351340 HomoloGene: 651 GeneCards: GRM3
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 7 (human)[1] Band 7q21.11-q21.12 Start 86,643,914 bp[1] End 86,864,884 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • glutamate receptor activity • group II metabotropic glutamate receptor activity • calcium channel regulator activity • signal transducer activity • G-protein coupled receptor activity Cellular component • integral component of membrane • axon • neuron projection • dendritic spine • postsynaptic membrane • integral component of plasma membrane • GO:0097483, GO:0097481 postsynaptic density • membrane • cell membrane • presynaptic membrane • glutamatergic synapse • integral component of postsynaptic membrane • integral component of presynaptic membrane Biological process • negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity • signal transduction • chemical synaptic transmission • regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic • adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway • G-protein coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	2913	108069
Ensembl	ENSG00000198822	n/a
UniProt	Q14832	Q9QYS2
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000840 NM_001363522	NM_181850
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000831 NP_001350451	NP_862898
Location (UCSC)	Chr 7: 86.64 – 86.86 Mb	n/a
PubMed search	[2]	[3]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Structure

In humans, mGluR3 is encoded by the GRM3 gene on chromosome 7. At least five protein-coding isoforms are predicted based on genomic information. The mGluR3 protein is a seven-pass transmembrane protein.

Function

L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.[5]

Clinical significance

The mGluR3 receptor encoded by the GRM3 gene has been found to be associated with a range of psychiatric disorders, including bipolar affective disorder[6] as well as schizophrenia.[7][8]

A mutation in the Kozak sequence in the 1st exon of the GRM3 gene was shown to change translation and transcription of cloned GRM3 gene constructs and was significantly associated with bipolar disorder with an odds ratio of 4.4.[6] Subsequently, a marker in GRM3 was implicated in a large genome-wide association study of schizophrenia with statistical significance of p<10⁻⁹.[9] A follow-up study of the Kozak sequence variant showed that it was associated with increased risk of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and alcoholism.[10] The mGluR3 receptor encoded by GRM3 is targetable by several drugs that have been used in previous trials of schizophrenia and anxiety disorder. The agonist, antagonist and allosteric modulator drugs of mGluR3 can now be explored as new treatments for mental illness.[6] Other scientific evidence has been published which shows that the well established anti-manic drug lithium carbonate also changes GRM3 gene expression in the mouse brain after treatment with lithium carbonate.[11]

Ligands

mGluR3 modulators that are significantly selective over the isoform mGluR2 are known since 2013.

Agonists

• with a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane skeleton
  • MGS-0028[12]
  • LY404040[13]
  • LY379268[14]
  • LY354740;[15] its (+)-C4α-methyl analog is a GluR2 agonist / GluR3 antagonist[16]
  • LY2794193[17]
• (R)-2-amino-4-(4-hydroxy[1,2,5]thiadiazol-3-yl)butyric acid[18]

Antagonists

• CECXG – 38x selectivity for mGlu₃ over mGlu₂
• LY-341,495 and its 1-fluoro analog:[19] potent orthosteric antagonists
• MGS-0039,[20] HYDIA[21] (both with bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane skeleton)

D₃-ML337

Allosteric modulators

• D₃-ML337: selective NAM, IC50 = 450 nM for mGluR3, IC50 >30μM for mGluR2[22]
• MNI-137:[23] inhibitor
• VU-0650786: NAM[24]
• compound 7p:[25] non-competitive antagonist (presumably allosteric inhibitor)

Interactions

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 has been shown to interact with:

• GRIP1,[26]
• PICK1,[26] and
• PPM1A.[27]

See also

• Metabotropic glutamate receptor

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000198822 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. Scherer SW, Duvoisin RM, Kuhn R, Heng HH, Belloni E, Tsui LC (Mar 1997). "Localization of two metabotropic glutamate receptor genes, GRM3 and GRM8, to human chromosome 7q". Genomics. 31 (2): 230–3. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0036. PMID 8824806.
5. "Entrez Gene: GRM3 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 3".
6. Kandaswamy R, McQuillin A, Sharp SI, Fiorentino A, Anjorin A, Blizard RA, et al. (June 2013). "Genetic association, mutation screening, and functional analysis of a Kozak sequence variant in the metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 gene in bipolar disorder". JAMA Psychiatry. 70 (6): 591–8. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.38. PMID 23575746.
7. Fromer M, Pocklington AJ, Kavanagh DH, Williams HJ, Dwyer S, Gormley P, et al. (February 2014). "De novo mutations in schizophrenia implicate synaptic networks". Nature. 506 (7487): 179–84. doi:10.1038/nature12929. PMC 4237002. PMID 24463507.
8. Saini SM, Mancuso SG, Mostaid MS, Liu C, Pantelis C, Everall IP, Bousman CA (August 2017). "Meta-analysis supports GWAS-implicated link between GRM3 and schizophrenia risk". Translational Psychiatry. 7 (8): e1196. doi:10.1038/tp.2017.172. PMC 5611739. PMID 28786982.
9. Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2014). "Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci". Nature. 511 (7510): 421–7. doi:10.1038/nature13595. PMC 4112379. PMID 25056061.
10. O'Brien NL, Way MJ, Kandaswamy R, Fiorentino A, Sharp SI, Quadri G, Alex J, Anjorin A, Ball D, Cherian R, Dar K, Gormez A, Guerrini I, Heydtmann M, Hillman A, Lankappa S, Lydall G, O'Kane A, Patel S, Quested D, Smith I, Thomson AD, Bass NJ, Morgan MY, Curtis D, McQuillin A (2014). "The functional GRM3 Kozak sequence variant rs148754219 affects the risk of schizophrenia and alcohol dependence as well as bipolar disorder". Psychiatr. Genet. 24 (6): 277–278. doi:10.1097/YPG.0000000000000050. PMC 4272221. PMID 25046171.
11. McQuillin A, Rizig M, Gurling HM (2007). "A microarray gene expression study of the molecular pharmacology of lithium carbonate on mouse brain mRNA to understand the neurobiology of mood stabilization and treatment of bipolar affective disorder". Pharmacogenet. Genomics. 17 (8): 605–17. doi:10.1097/FPC.0b013e328011b5b2. PMID 17622937.
12. Nakazato A, Kumagai T, Sakagami K, Yoshikawa R, Suzuki Y, Chaki S, Ito H, Taguchi T, Nakanishi S, Okuyama S (2000). "Synthesis, SARs, and pharmacological characterization of 2-amino-3 or 6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivatives as potent, selective, and orally active group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 43 (25): 4893–909. doi:10.1021/jm000346k. PMID 11123999.
13. Monn JA, Massey SM, Valli MJ, Henry SS, Stephenson GA, Bures M, Hérin M, Catlow J, Giera D, Wright RA, Johnson BG, Andis SL, Kingston A, Schoepp DD (2007). "Synthesis and metabotropic glutamate receptor activity of S-oxidized variants of (−)-4-amino-2-thiabicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylate: identification of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable agonists for mGlu2/3 receptors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 50 (2): 233–40. doi:10.1021/jm060917u. PMID 17228865.
14. Monn JA, Valli MJ, Massey SM, Hansen MM, Kress TJ, Wepsiec JP, Harkness AR, Grutsch JL, Wright RA, Johnson BG, Andis SL, Kingston A, Tomlinson R, Lewis R, Griffey KR, Tizzano JP, Schoepp DD (1999). "Synthesis, pharmacological characterization, and molecular modeling of heterobicyclic amino acids related to (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0] hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740): identification of two new potent, selective, and systemically active agonists for group II metabotropic glutamate receptors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 42 (6): 1027–40. doi:10.1021/jm980616n. PMID 10090786.
15. Monn JA, Valli MJ, Massey SM, Wright RA, Salhoff CR, Johnson BG, Howe T, Alt CA, Rhodes GA, Robey RL, Griffey KR, Tizzano JP, Kallman MJ, Helton DR, Schoepp DD (1997). "Design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization of (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740): a potent, selective, and orally active group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist possessing anticonvulsant and anxiolytic properties". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 40 (4): 528–37. doi:10.1021/jm9606756. PMID 9046344.
16. Dominguez C, Prieto L, Valli MJ, Massey SM, Bures M, Wright RA, Johnson BG, Andis SL, Kingston A, Schoepp DD, Monn JA (2005). "Methyl substitution of 2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane 2,6-dicarboxylate (LY354740) determines functional activity at metabotropic glutamate receptors: identification of a subtype selective mGlu2 receptor agonist". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 48 (10): 3605–12. doi:10.1021/jm040222y. PMID 15887967.
17. Monn JA, Henry SS, Massey SM, Clawson DK, Chen Q, Diseroad BA, Bhardwaj RM, Atwell S, Lu F, Wang J, Russell M, Heinz BA, Wang XS, Carter JH, Getman BG, Adragni K, Broad LM, Sanger HE, Ursu D, Catlow JT, Swanson S, Johnson BG, Shaw DB, McKinzie DL, Hao J (March 2018). "Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of C4β-Amide-Substituted 2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylates. Identification of (1 S,2 S,4 S,5 R,6 S)-2-Amino-4-[(3-methoxybenzoyl)amino]bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic Acid (LY2794193), a Highly Potent and Selective mGlu3Receptor Agonist". J. Med. Chem. 61 (6): 2303–2328. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01481. PMID 29350927.
18. Clausen RP, Bräuner-Osborne H, Greenwood JR, Hermit MB, Stensbøl TB, Nielsen B, Krogsgaard-Larsen P (2002). "Selective agonists at group II metabotropic glutamate receptors: synthesis, stereochemistry, and molecular pharmacology of (S)- and (R)-2-amino-4-(4-hydroxy[1,2,5]thiadiazol-3-yl)butyric acid". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 45 (19): 4240–5. doi:10.1021/jm020122x. PMID 12213064.
19. Sakagami K, Yasuhara A, Chaki S, Yoshikawa R, Kawakita Y, Saito A, Taguchi T, Nakazato A (2008). "Synthesis, in vitro pharmacology, and pharmacokinetic profiles of 2-[1-amino-1-carboxy-2-(9H-xanthen-9-yl)-ethyl]-1-fluorocyclopropanecarboxylic acid and its 6-heptyl ester, a potent mGluR2 antagonist". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 16 (8): 4359–66. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.066. PMID 18348906.
20. a) Nakazato A, Sakagami K, Yasuhara A, Ohta H, Yoshikawa R, Itoh M, Nakamura M, Chaki S (2004). "Synthesis, in vitro pharmacology, structure-activity relationships, and pharmacokinetics of 3-alkoxy-2-amino-6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivatives as potent and selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 47 (18): 4570–87. doi:10.1021/jm0400294. PMID 15317467.,
    b) Yasuhara A, Nakamura M, Sakagami K, Shimazaki T, Yoshikawa R, Chaki S, Ohta H, Nakazato A (2006). "Prodrugs of 3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-amino-6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (MGS0039): a potent and orally active group II mGluR antagonist with antidepressant-like potential". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14 (12): 4193–207. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.060. PMID 16487713.,
    c) Yasuhara A, Sakagami K, Yoshikawa R, Chaki S, Nakamura M, Nakazato A (2006). "Synthesis, in vitro pharmacology, and structure-activity relationships of 2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivatives as mGluR2 antagonists". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14 (10): 3405–20. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.061. PMID 16431115.
21. Woltering TJ, Adam G, Huguenin P, Wichmann J, Kolczewski S, Gatti S, Bourson A, Kew JN, Richards G, Kemp JA, Mutel V, Knoflach F (2008). "Asymmetric synthesis and receptor pharmacology of the group II mGlu receptor ligand (1S,2R,3R,5R,6S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid-HYDIA". ChemMedChem. 3 (2): 323–35. doi:10.1002/cmdc.200700226. PMID 18058780.
22. Wenthur CJ, Morrison R, Felts AS, Smith KA, Engers JL, Byers FW, Daniels JS, Emmitte KA, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW (2013). "Discovery of (R)-(2-fluoro-4-((-4-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl) (3-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)methanone (ML337), an mGlu3 selective and CNS penetrant negative allosteric modulator (NAM)". J. Med. Chem. 56 (12): 5208–12. doi:10.1021/jm400439t. PMC 3769689. PMID 23718281.
23. Hemstapat K, Da Costa H, Nong Y, Brady AE, Luo Q, Niswender CM, Tamagnan GD, Conn PJ (2007). "A novel family of potent negative allosteric modulators of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 322 (1): 254–64. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.117093. PMID 17416742.
24. Engers JL, Bollinger KA, Weiner RL, Rodriguez AL, Long MF, Breiner MM, Chang S, Bollinger SR, Bubser M, Jones CK, Morrison RD, Bridges TM, Blobaum AL, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Emmitte KA, Lindsley CW (2017). "Design and Synthesis of N-Aryl Phenoxyethoxy Pyridinones as Highly Selective and CNS Penetrant mGlu3 NAMs". ACS Med Chem Lett. 8 (9): 925–930. doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00249. PMC 5601378. PMID 28947938.
25. Woltering TJ, Wichmann J, Goetschi E, Adam G, Kew JN, Knoflach F, Ballard TM, Huwyler J, Mutel V, Gatti S (2008). "Synthesis and characterization of 1,3-dihydro-benzo[b][1,4]diazepin-2-one derivatives: Part 3. New potent non-competitive metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 antagonists". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 18 (8): 2725–9. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.076. PMID 18374569.
26. Hirbec H, Perestenko O, Nishimune A, Meyer G, Nakanishi S, Henley JM, Dev KK (May 2002). "The PDZ proteins PICK1, GRIP, and syntenin bind multiple glutamate receptor subtypes. Analysis of PDZ binding motifs". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (18): 15221–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.C200112200. PMID 11891216.
27. Flajolet M, Rakhilin S, Wang H, Starkova N, Nuangchamnong N, Nairn AC, Greengard P (Dec 2003). "Protein phosphatase 2C binds selectively to and dephosphorylates metabotropic glutamate receptor 3". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (26): 16006–11. doi:10.1073/pnas.2136600100. PMC 307683. PMID 14663150.

Further reading

• Makoff A, Volpe F, Lelchuk R, Harrington K, Emson P (1997). "Molecular characterization and localization of human metabotropic glutamate receptor type 3". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 40 (1): 55–63. doi:10.1016/0169-328X(96)00037-X. PMID 8840013.
• Emile L, Mercken L, Apiou F, Pradier L, Bock MD, Menager J, Clot J, Doble A, Blanchard JC (1997). "Molecular cloning, functional expression, pharmacological characterization and chromosomal localization of the human metabotropic glutamate receptor type 3". Neuropharmacology. 35 (5): 523–30. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(96)84622-3. PMID 8887960.
• Corti C, Sala CF, Yang F, Corsi M, Xuereb JH, Ferraguti F (2001). "Genomic organization of the human metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3". J. Neurogenet. 14 (4): 207–25, 271. doi:10.3109/01677060009084499. PMID 11342382.
• Corti C, Xuereb JH, Corsi M, Ferraguti F (2001). "Identification and characterization of the promoter region of the GRM3 gene". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286 (2): 381–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5391. PMID 11500049.
• Tomiyama M, Kimura T, Maeda T, Tanaka H, Furusawa K, Kurahashi K, Matsunaga M (2001). "Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor mRNAs in the human spinal cord: implications for selective vulnerability of spinal motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". J. Neurol. Sci. 189 (1–2): 65–9. doi:10.1016/S0022-510X(01)00561-5. PMID 11535235.
• Rosemond E, Peltekova V, Naples M, Thøgersen H, Hampson DR (2002). "Molecular determinants of high affinity binding to group III metabotropic glutamate receptors". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (9): 7333–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110476200. PMID 11744707.
• Martí SB, Cichon S, Propping P, Nöthen M (2002). "Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (GRM3) gene variation is not associated with schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder in the German population". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 114 (1): 46–50. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1624. PMID 11840505.
• Kitano J, Kimura K, Yamazaki Y, Soda T, Shigemoto R, Nakajima Y, Nakanishi S (2002). "Tamalin, a PDZ domain-containing protein, links a protein complex formation of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor cytohesins". J. Neurosci. 22 (4): 1280–9. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-04-01280.2002. PMC 6757580. PMID 11850456.
• Hirbec H, Perestenko O, Nishimune A, Meyer G, Nakanishi S, Henley JM, Dev KK (2002). "The PDZ proteins PICK1, GRIP, and syntenin bind multiple glutamate receptor subtypes. Analysis of PDZ binding motifs". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (18): 15221–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.C200112200. PMID 11891216.
• Fujii Y, Shibata H, Kikuta R, Makino C, Tani A, Hirata N, Shibata A, Ninomiya H, Tashiro N, Fukumaki Y (2004). "Positive associations of polymorphisms in the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 3 gene (GRM3) with schizophrenia". Psychiatr. Genet. 13 (2): 71–6. doi:10.1097/01.ypg.0000056682.82896.b0. PMID 12782962.
• Aronica E, Gorter JA, Ijlst-Keizers H, Rozemuller AJ, Yankaya B, Leenstra S, Troost D (2003). "Expression and functional role of mGluR3 and mGluR5 in human astrocytes and glioma cells: opposite regulation of glutamate transporter proteins". Eur. J. Neurosci. 17 (10): 2106–18. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02657.x. PMID 12786977.
• Flajolet M, Rakhilin S, Wang H, Starkova N, Nuangchamnong N, Nairn AC, Greengard P (2004). "Protein phosphatase 2C binds selectively to and dephosphorylates metabotropic glutamate receptor 3". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (26): 16006–11. doi:10.1073/pnas.2136600100. PMC 307683. PMID 14663150.
• Yao Y, Koo JC, Wells JW, Hampson DR (2004). "Expression of a truncated secreted form of the mGluR3 subtype of metabotropic glutamate receptor". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 319 (2): 622–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.032. PMID 15178451.
• Tang FR, Chia SC, Chen PM, Gao H, Lee WL, Yeo TS, Burgunder JM, Probst A, Sim MK, Ling EA (2004). "Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 in the hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, and of rats and mice after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus". Epilepsy Res. 59 (2–3): 167–80. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2004.04.002. PMID 15246118.
• Egan MF, Straub RE, Goldberg TE, Yakub I, Callicott JH, Hariri AR, Mattay VS, Bertolino A, Hyde TM, Shannon-Weickert C, Akil M, Crook J, Vakkalanka RK, Balkissoon R, Gibbs RA, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR (2004). "Variation in GRM3 affects cognition, prefrontal glutamate, and risk for schizophrenia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (34): 12604–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405077101. PMC 515104. PMID 15310849.

External links

• "Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: mGlu₃". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.