Lumpia

Lumpia are various types of spring rolls commonly found in Indonesia[1] and the Philippines.[2] Lumpia are made of thin paper-like or crepe-like pastry skin called "lumpia wrapper" enveloping savory or sweet fillings.[3] It is often served as an appetizer or snack, and might be served deep fried or fresh (unfried). Lumpia are Indonesian and Filipino adaptations of the Fujianese and Teochew popiah, which was created during the 17th century in the former.[4][5]

For the Polish village, see Łumpia.

Lumpia

Top: Fresh lumpiang ubod made with heart of palm from the Philippines Bottom: Fried and unfried lumpia Semarang from Indonesia
Alternative names	Loempia, loenpia, ngohyong
Course	Main course or snack
Place of origin	Indonesia, Philippines
Serving temperature	hot or room temperature
Main ingredients	Wrapper, meat, vegetables
Variations	Fried or fresh
Cookbook: Lumpia   Media: Lumpia

In Indonesia lumpia has become a favorite snack,[6] and is known as a street hawker food in the country.[7] In the Philippines, lumpia is one of the most common dishes served in gatherings and celebration.[8]

In the Netherlands and Belgium, it is spelled loempia, the old Indonesian spelling, which has also become the generic name for "spring roll" in Dutch.[6] A variant is the Vietnamese lumpia, wrapped in a thinner pastry, though still close in size to a spring roll, in which the wrapping closes the ends off completely, which is typical for lumpia.

Etymology

The name lumpia or sometimes spelled as lunpia was derived from Hokkien spelling /lun˩piã˥˧/ (潤餅), lun (潤) means wet/moist/soft, while pia (餅) means cake/pastry, thus lun-pia means "soft cake".[9] It is referred to as rùnbǐng (潤餅) or báobǐng (薄餅) in Mandarin, and also as bópíjuǎn (薄皮卷).

In neighboring Malaysia and Singapore, lumpia is known in its variant name as popiah, from the Chaoshan dialect pronounced as /poʔ˩piã˥˧/ (薄餅),[10] which means "thin wafer".

Varieties

Indonesia

Lumpia in Indonesia might be served in various dipping sauces, from sweet palm sugar sauce, savoury tauco or peanut sauce, to popular chili sauce. This one is served with sweet hot and spicy sambal chili sauce.

Chinese influence is evident in Indonesian cuisine, such as bakmi, mie ayam, pangsit, mie goreng, kwetiau goreng, nasi goreng, bakso, and lumpia.[11] Throughout the country, spring rolls are generally called lumpia; however, sometimes an old Chinese Indonesian spelling is used: loen pia.[9]

In Indonesia lumpia is associated with Chinese Indonesian cuisine and commonly found in cities where significant Chinese Indonesian settles. Although some local variants exist and the filling ingredients may vary, the most popular variant is Lumpia Semarang, available in fried or unfried variants. In Indonesia, lumpia variants usually named after the city where the recipe originates, with Semarang as the most famous variant. It represents creativity and the localisation of lumpia recipes according to locally available ingredients and local tastes.[9]

Unlike its Philippines counterpart, Indonesian lumpia rarely uses minced pork as a filling. This was meant to cater to larger Muslim clientele, thus popular fillings are usually chicken, shrimp, egg and vegetables. Indonesian lumpia is commonly filled with seasoned chopped rebung (bamboo shoots) with minced chicken or prawns, served with fresh baby shallots or leeks in sweet tauco (fermented soy) based sauce. Other than homemade, lumpia is also offered as street food sold by travelling vendor on carts, sold in foodstalls specializing on Lumpia Semarang, or sold in traditional marketplaces as part of kue (Indonesian traditional snack) or jajan pasar (market munchies). Simpler and cheaper lumpia is sold as part of gorengan (Indonesian fritters). Indonesians are noted for their fondness of hot and spicy food, and therefore spicy hot sambal chili sauce or fresh bird's eye chili are usually added as a dipping sauce or condiment.

Lumpia Semarang

Main article: Lumpia semarang

Lumpia Semarang, specialty of Semarang city, Central Java.

Named after the capital city of Central Java in Indonesia, Semarang, where significant Chinese Indonesian have settled, lumpia Semarang is perhaps the most popular lumpia variant in Indonesia. It has become associated with the city, and the spring rolls are often sought by the visitors in Semarang as food gift or souvenir. Originally made by Chinese immigrants, this lumpia is filled with bamboo shoots, dried shrimp, chicken, and/or prawns. It is served with a sweet chili sauce made from dried shrimp (optional), coconut sugar, red chili peppers, bird's eye chili peppers, ground white pepper, tapioca starch, water, and baby shallots. Lumpia Semarang is served either deep-fried or unfried, as the filling is already cooked.[7]

Lumpia Jakarta

Named after Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, this lumpia is usually being deep fried and sold as gorengan fritter snack. Unlike popular Semarang lumpia that uses rebung or bamboo shoots, Jakarta lumpia uses bengkuang or jicama, and served with typical Indonesian sambal kacang or spicy peanut sauce as a dipping sauce.[9]

Lumpia Bogor

Named after Bogor, a city in West Java, this lumpia filling is almost similar with Jakarta lumpia; uses jicama, and added with tofu and ebi dried shrimp. Unlike other regions that are fried, Bogor lumpia are usually grilled on hot iron, giving off a distinctive aroma. In addition, Bogor lumpia is usually shaped rectangle like a pillow and quite large in size.[9]

Lumpia Bandung

Named after the city of Bandung in West Java, it is a variant of lumpia basah or fresh and wet lumpia that is not being deep fried. However, unlike common rolled elongated fresh lumpia, lumpia Bandung is not served in spring roll form, but the lumpia skin is spread, topped with fillings, stacked and folded square just like an envelope. Unlike Semarang style lumpia that uses bamboo shoots and minced chicken, Bandung style lumpia filling uses julienned jicama, beansprout, scallion, garlic, chili, and scrambled egg, with palm sugar sauce.[12]

Lumpia Surabaya

Named after the city of Surabaya in East Java, where this lumpia was originally made. It is made of mostly the same ingredients of lumpia semarang, but much less sweet in taste.[13] Lumpia Surabaya might uses bamboo shoots, corn, or slices of sausages as fillings, and served with sambal chili sauce and tauco fermented soybean paste as dipping sauce.[14]

Lumpia Yogyakarta

Although Yogyakarta is quite close to Semarang city, Yogyakarta also has a different type of lumpia. Yogya typical lumpia usually contain jicama, bean sprouts, carrots, and minced chicken meat; and sometimes stuff like boiled quail eggs and glass noodles are added as fillings. Yogya lumpia usually served with acar pickles, chilies, and toppings made from crushed garlic and jicama. The generous use of garlic and pickles as garnishing was meant to refresh and neutralise the otherwise oily deep fried lumpia.[9]

Lumpia Medan

Originated from Medan city of North Sumatra, this lumpia version is more akin to popiah of neighboring Malaysia and Singapore, thus in Medan lumpia is more commonly called as popiah. Medan popiah or lumpia is a large fresh unfried spring roll, consumed not as snack, but as main meal. This was because Medan lumpias are made in large sizes with rich fillings, including bamboo shoots, scrambled eggs, peanuts, shrimp, crabs, etc.[9]

Lumpia goreng

Main article: Lumpia goreng

Smaller size deep fried lumpia served with sambal hot sauce, sold as a snack in Purwokerto Train Station, Central Java

Lumpia goreng is a simple fried spring rolls filled with vegetables; the spring roll wrappers are filled with chopped carrots cut into matchstick size, shredded cabbage, and sometimes mushrooms. Although usually filled only with vegetables, the fried spring rolls might be enrichen with minced beef, chicken, or prawns.[15] There is also a common, cheap and simple variant of fried lumpia, eaten not as a single dish but as part of assorted gorengan (Indonesian fritters) snack, sold together with fried battered tempeh, tofu, oncom, sweet potato and cassava. The filling is simple and modest, only filled with bihun (rice vermicelli) with chopped carrots and cabbages. Usually eaten with fresh bird's eye chili pepper. The sliced lumpia goreng is also the ingredient of soto mie (noodle soto).

Lumpia basah

Lumpia basah (fresh, unfried lumpia)

It literally means "wet spring roll", or often translated as "fresh spring roll" which means spring roll without frying. It is similar to the Vietnamese spring roll with bean sprouts, carrots, shrimp and/or chicken, and served with sweet tauco (another Hokkien word for salted soybeans) sauce.[16]

Lumpia ayam

This popular appetizer in Indonesia is chicken lumpia, with fillings including shredded chicken, sliced carrot, onion and garlic; and seasoned with sugar, salt and pepper.[17] In Yogyakarta, there is a popular chicken lumpia variant called Lumpia Mutiara, sold in front of Mutiara Hotel in Malioboro street.[18]

Lumpia sayur

Vegetarian lumpia, usually filled with glass noodles, shredded cabbage, lettuce, julienned carrots, minced garlic and celery, seasoned with soy sauce and sweet chili sauce.[19] Most of cheaper lumpia sold as part of Indonesian gorengan (fritters) are lumpia sayur or vegetables lumpia, that contains only bits of carrots and bihun rice glass noodles.

Lumpia mercon

Lumpia mercon (lit. firecracker lumpia) traveling vendor mounted on a motorcycle, Sidoarjo, East Java

The name lumpia mercon (lit. firecracker lumpia) implied that this lumpia is extra hot and sipcy, filled with slices of cabe rawit or bird's eye chili, a small type of chili with quite intense spiciness, much hotter than a common jalapeño. This lumpia demonstrates Indonesian fondness of extra hot and spicy food.[20]

Lumpia mini

This is a bite size smaller lumpia snack, a skin pastry crepe the same as with common lumpia; however, it is filled only with abon (beef floss) or ebi (dried prawn floss).[21]

Lumpia dulek

Lumpia dulek, also known as lumpia delanggu or sosis kecut (sour sausages) is a simple and cheap lumpia snack from Delanggu subdistrict, Klaten Regency, Central Java, a town located between Yogyakarta and Semarang. It is a small finger-sized lumpia filled with tauge (bean sprouts) with slightly sour flavour.[22]

Lumpia tahu

Another vegetarian lumpia in Indonesia is lumpia tahu or tofu lumpia. It is filled with tofu and diced carrot, lightly seasoned and deep fried. Usually its size is smaller than common lumpia, and consumed as a snack. Sometimes beaten egg and chopped scalion might be added into the filling mixture.[23]

Lumpia telur

This simple and cheap street food is a popular snack among Indonesian school children. Lumpia telur is an egg lumpia, which is lumpia skin placed upon a hot flat pan, topped with beaten egg and chopped scalion, folded, and fried with cooking oil. Sometimes slices of sausages are added. The shape is not cylindrical like common spring roll, but rather flat half circle, drizzled with kecap manis sweet soy sauce and chili sambal. It is often regarded as a hybrid between lumpia and egg martabak.[24]

Lumpia jantung pisang

Lumpia with filling made of jantung pisang (lit. banana's heart) which refer to banana blossom bud, mixed with eggs, seasoned with shallot, garlic, turmeric and pepper, served in hot sambal chili sauce.[25]

Lumpia udang mayones

Seafood lumpia, filled with shrimp, diced carrots, scalion, garlic and mayonnaise.[26] Actually, the popularity of mayonnaise-filled snack was started by another Indonesian popular snack called risole. Risole is quite similar to lumpia, with the different in skin texture – in which risoles' skin is thicker, softer and breaded. This novelty risole recipe with mayo flavour then spin-off using lumpia skin to become a new lumpia variant.

Piscok

Main article: Pisang cokelat

A bunch of pisang cokelat, choco-banana spring roll

Piscok is an abbreviation of pisang cokelat (banana chocolate in Indonesian).[27] It is a sweet snack made of pieces of banana with chocolate syrup, wrapped inside lumpia skin and being deep fried.[28] Pisang cokelat is often simply described as "choco banana spring rolls".[27] It is often regarded as a hybrid between another Indonesian favourites; pisang goreng (fried banana) and lumpia (spring roll).

The type of banana being used is similar to pisang goreng; preferably pisang uli, pisang kepok or pisang raja sereh.[29] Pisang cokelat is almost identical to Philippines turon, except in this Indonesian version chocolate content is a must.

Sumpia

Main article: Sumpia

Sumpia, a finger-sized small lumpia, as a snack

The much smaller and drier lumpia with similar beef or prawn floss filling is called sumpia. Its diameter is about the same as human finger. In Indonesia, the most common filling for sumpia is ebi or dried shrimp floss , spiced with coriander, lemon leaf, garlic and shallot.[30] These miniature lumpias are deep fried in ample of palm oil until golden brown and crispy. Sumpia has a more crunchy and drier texture, and often consumed as a savoury kue snack.

Philippines

"Fresh" lumpiang ubod made with heart of palm

Lumpia were introduced to the Philippines by early Hokkien immigrants and traders from Fujian during the 17th century. They have been thoroughly nativized to Philippine cuisine and are found throughout the islands. They use various fillings inspired by local ingredients and dishes, and the later cuisines of Spain, China, and the United States.[31][32][33]

Filipino lumpia can be differentiated from other Asian spring roll versions in that they use a paper-thin wrapper made from just flour, water, and salt. They were also traditionally slender and long, with a shape roughly similar to that of cigars or cigarillos, though modern versions can come in various shapes and sizes. The thinness of the crêpe and the shape of the lumpia give them a relatively denser wrapping that nevertheless remain flaky and light in texture. They are also traditionally dipped in agre dulce (sweet and sour sauce), vinegar-based sauces, banana ketchup, or sweet chili sauce. Fresh lumpia, however, have wrappers which are more crêpe-like and thicker due to the addition of eggs (though still thinner than other Asian versions). They are closer in texture to the original Chinese versions and were traditionally made with rice flour which makes them chewier. Various kinds of lumpia, fried or fresh, are ubiquitous in Filipino celebrations like fiesta.[31][32][33]

Turon halaya made with mashed ube (purple yam)

Filipino lumpia also have a unique and extremely popular dessert subcategory, the turon. These are lumpia variants either cooked with a glazing of caramelized sugar; or served with a sprinkling of sugar and/or drowned in latik (coconut caramel), syrup, or honey. Turon are traditionally filled with ripe saba bananas and jackfruit; but they can also use a wide variety of other sweet fillings, from sweet potato to ube.[34][33]

Daral

Main article: Daral (food)

A dessert lumpia originating from the Tausug people. The wrapper is made from unsweetened ground glutinous rice and coconut milk (galapong). It is filled with sweetened coconut meat (hinti).[35][36]

Dinamita

Main article: Dinamita

Dinamita, a type of lumpia with a whole stuffed siling haba pepper

Dinamita or "dynamite lumpia" is a deep-fried stuffed whole chili pepper wrapped in a thin egg crêpe. The stuffing is usually giniling (ground beef or pork), cheese, and spices, but it can also be adapted to use a wide variety of other ingredients, including tocino, ham, bacon, and shredded chicken. It is commonly eaten as an appetizer or as a companion to beer.[37][38]

Lumpiang adobo

A version of lumpia with filled with shredded meat cooked adobo style.[39]

Lumpiang gulay

Main article: Lumpiang gulay

Lumpiang gulay ("vegetable spring roll"), a version of lumpia usually consisting of various chopped vegetables and a small amount of pork or shrimp. The types of vegetables used can vary greatly, even including rare ingredients in lumpia, like tomatoes. It is a fried version.[40] It is not a vegetarian dish by default, but vegan and vegetarian versions can be made from the basic recipe.[41]

Lumpiang hubad

Lumpiang hubad is technically not a lumpia. It is a salad made of the fillings of fresh lumpia, but without the wrapper.

Lumpiang hubad ("naked spring roll") is lumpiang sariwa (fresh lumpia) served without the crêpe wrapping. Essentially this is not anymore a lumpia but is an alternative way of eating the fresh lumpia's traditional fillings.

Lumpiang isda

Lumpiang isda ("fish lumpia") is filled primarily with fish flakes and fried. It is also known as lumpiang galunggong (blackfin scad), lumpiang bangus (milkfish), lumpiang tulingan (yellowfin tuna), etc., depending on the type of fish used.[42][43][44][45] A common version of this combines fish flakes with malunggay (moringa) leaves.[39]

Lumpiang keso

Main article: Lumpiang keso

Lumpiang keso, a lumpia appetizer filled with cheese and served with mayonnaise and banana ketchup

Lumpiang keso, more commonly known as "cheese lumpia" or "cheese sticks", is deep-fried lumpia with a slice of cheese (usually cheddar) as filling. It is usually served with a dipping sauce made of a mixture of banana ketchup and mayonnaise.[46]

Lumpiang labong

Lumpiang labong is similar to lumpiang ubod, but is made with labong (bamboo shoots), rather than heart of palm. It can be eaten fresh or fried.[47][48]

Lumpiang prito

Lumpiang prito ("fried spring roll"), is the generic name for a subclass of lumpia served fried. It usually refers to lumpiang gulay or lumpiang togue. They can come in sizes as small as lumpiang shanghai or as big as lumpiang sariwa. It is usually eaten with vinegar and chili peppers, or a mixture of soy sauce and calamansi juice known as toyomansi.

Lumpiang sariwa

Lumpiang sariwa (fresh lumpia) with peanut sauce

Lumpiang sariwa (Tagalog: "fresh spring roll") or "fresh lumpia", consists of minced vegetables and/or various pre-cooked meat or seafood and jicama (singkamas) as an extender, encased in a double wrapping of lettuce leaf and a yellowish egg crêpe. Egg is often used to hold the wrap together. The accompanying sauce is made from chicken or pork stock, a starch mixture, crushed roasted peanuts and fresh garlic. This variety is not fried and is usually around 5 centimetres in diameter and 15 centimetres in length. It is derived from the original Chinese popiah.

Lumpiang Shanghai

Main article: Lumpiang Shanghai

Lumpiang Shanghai at a buffet

Lumpiang Shanghai is regarded as the most basic type of lumpia and is one of the most commonly served dishes in Filipino gatherings. It is characteristically filled with sautéed ground pork, minced onion, carrots, and spices with the mixture sometimes held together by beaten egg. They have numerous variants that contain other ingredients like green peas, kinchay (Chinese parsley) or raisins. Lumpiang Shanghai is commonly served with agre dulce, but ketchup (tomato or banana) and vinegar are popular alternatives. This variant is typically smaller than other lumpia. Despite the name, it did not originate in Shanghai or China.[49][50][51]

Lumpiang singkamas

Lumpiang singkamas is similar to lumpiang ubod, but it is made primarily with julienned strips of singkamas (jicama) rather than heart of palm. It can be eaten fresh or fried.[52]

Lumpiang togue

This version of lumpiang gulay is filled primarily with bean sprouts (togue) and various other vegetables such as string beans and carrots. Small morsels of meat, seafood or tofu may be added. Though it is the least expensive of the variants, the preparation the cutting of vegetables and meats into small pieces and pre-cooking these may prove taxing and labour-intensive. It is a fried version.[53]

Lumpiang ubod

Main article: Lumpiang ubod

Lumpiang ubod are another variation which are made from julienned ubod (heart of the coconut tree) as the main ingredients. They can be fried or served as lumpiang sariwa. They originated from Silay, Negros Occidental, where a variant, lumpiang Silay, is still popular.

Lumpiang pancit

A type of lumpia where the filling consist of another Filipino dish called pancit. Most likely created from the turo-turo or karinderias that have left-over pancit (preferably the Sotanghon or Bihon variety) and uses them as fillers within the lumpia.[54]

Ngohiong

Main article: Ngohiong

Ngohiong is a variant of lumpia distinctively seasoned with five-spice powder. It is derived from the Hokkien dish ngo hiang (or kikiam in the Philippines).[55]

Turon

Main article: Turon (food)

Turon, a dessert lumpia with saba bananas

Turon, sometimes referred to as lumpiang saging ("banana lumpia"), is a sweet, deep-fried spring roll made from saba bananas and may be eaten as a snack or dessert.[56] It also has its own subtypes, including manggang turon (mango), kamote turon (sweet potato), turon de mani (peanuts), chocolate turon, and ube turon or turon halaya (mashed purple yam).[39][57][58]

The Netherlands

Indo loempia as part of assorted gorengan fritter snacks, sold in a toko Asian shop in Amsterdam

In the Netherlands, lumpia is called loempia, an old Indonesian spelling. It was introduced to the Netherlands through its colonial links with Indonesia. In the Netherlands, loempia is described as a large Indonesian version of Chinese spring rolls, stuffed with minced meat, bean sprouts, and cabbage leaves, and flavoured with soy sauce, garlic and green onion.[6] Loempia is one of the popular snacks sold in Dutch snack bar or eetcafé.

Loempidel

Loempidel in the Netherlands

The loempidel (or Vietnamese frikandel) is a variant of the loempia introduced in March of 2019 by the Dutch food company Vanreusel, its name is a portmanteau of "loempia" and "frikandel". The snack consists of a frikandel with sweet sauce wrapped in a coat of phyllo, the phyllo coat being similar to that of another Dutch snack known as the Vietnamese loempia.[59]

Lumpia wrapper

Philippines

Filipino lumpia wrappers being fried on a heated plate

Filipino lumpia wrappers being made with modern machinery

Filipino lumpia wrappers generally come in two variants. The most common variant used mostly for fried lumpia is made from just flour, water, salt, and optionally cornstarch. This type of wrapper is characteristically paper-thin, much thinner than other spring roll wrappers. The ingredients are mixed into a wet dough, then left to stand for a few hours before cooking. A ball of dough is taken with one hand and smeared into a heated large flat metal plate greased with oil until a very thin circular film of it adheres to the pan and fries. It is cooked for a few seconds then quickly taken out and left to dry.[60][61]

For "fresh" (non-fried) lumpia, the wrappers are usually made with egg in addition to the other basic ingredients (and it may use rice flour). This essentially turns it into a thin egg crêpe. It is still thinner than other spring roll variants, but much thicker and softer than variants made from just flour and water.[60]

In modern mass production, Filipino lumpia wrappers are generally made by automated assembly-line machines similar to those used to make spring roll wrappers, differing only in the recipe and the thickness of the wrapper. It uses a revolving drum.[62]

Vegan versions of the wrapper exclude eggs, and is instead just made with flour, salt, and water, which results in a thinner translucent wrap. These are also sealed with water, not an egg wash.[63][64]

Popularity

Filipino-inspired lumpia from Lumpia Shack in New York City

Lumpia have such enduring popularity that one can see at least one variant in almost any set of Filipino or Indonesian festivities. Despite its Chinese origin, in United States lumpia is associated with Filipino cuisine, while in Europe, especially in the Netherlands, it is associated with Indonesian cuisine, owed to their shared colonial links. The distinct taste and ease of preparation (the Shanghai variant at least) have caused lumpia to be one of the staple food products on the menus of many Filipino restaurants in the United States and around the world.[65]

See also

• Popiah
• Bakpia (Hopia)
• Crepe
• Egg roll
• Spring roll
• Turon
• Daral
• Gỏi cuốn
• Chả giò
• Javanese cuisine
• Chinese Indonesian cuisine
• Filipino Chinese cuisine
• List of stuffed dishes

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External links

• Lumpia Semarang Recipe (Semarang Style Springroll)