Fish sauce

Fish sauce is a liquid condiment made from fish or krill that have been coated in salt and fermented for up to two years.[1][2]:234 It is used as a staple seasoning in East Asian cuisine and Southeast Asian cuisine, particularly Myanmar, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Fish sauce
A drop of fish sauce
TypeCondiment
Region or stateSoutheast Asia and East Asia
Associated national cuisineBurma, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam
Main ingredientsFish
Fish sauce being made in Phú Quốc, Vietnam

Following widespread recognition of its ability to impart a savory umami flavor to dishes, it has been embraced globally by chefs and home cooks. The umami flavor in fish sauce is due to its glutamate content.[3] Soy sauce is regarded by some in the West as a vegetarian alternative to fish sauce though they are very different in flavor.[1]:234

Fish sauce is not only added to dishes as a seasoning, but also used as a base in dipping sauces.

History

Asia

Sauces that included fermented fish parts with other ingredients such as meat and soy bean were recorded in China 2300 years ago.[4] During the Zhou dynasty of ancient China, fish fermented with soybeans and salt was used as a condiment.[5][6] By the time of the Han dynasty, soy beans were fermented without the fish into soy paste and its by-product soy sauce.[7]:346, 358–359 with fermented fish-based sauces developing separately into fish sauce.[8] A fish sauce, called kôechiap in Hokkien Chinese, or kecap in Indonesia might be the precursor of ketchup.[9][1]:233

By 50–100 BC, demand for fish pastes in China had fallen drastically, with fermented bean products having become a major trade commodity. Fish sauce, however, developed massive popularity in Southeast Asia. Food scholars traditionally divide East Asia into two distinct condiment regions, separated by a bean-fish divide: Southeast Asia, mainly using fermented fish (Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia) and Northeast Asia, using mainly fermented beans (China, Korea, Japan). Fish sauce re-entered China in the 17th and 18th centuries, brought from Vietnam and Cambodia by Chinese traders up the coast of the southern provinces Guangdong and Fujian.[10]

Europe

Historically, fish sauces were widely used in ancient Mediterranean cuisine. The earliest recorded production was between 4th–3rd century BC by the Ancient Greeks, who fermented scraps of fish called garos into one.[1]:235[11] It is believed to have been made with a lower salt content than modern fish sauces.[12]

The Romans made a similar condiment called either garum or liquamen.[1]:235 According to Pliny the Elder, "garum consists of the guts of fish and other parts that would otherwise be considered refuse, so that garum is really the liquor from putrefaction."[13] Garum was made in the Roman outposts of Spain almost exclusively from mackerel by salting the scrap fish innards, and then sun fermenting the flesh until it fell apart, usually for several months. The brown liquid would then be strained, bottled, and sold as a condiment. Remains of Roman fish salting facilities can still be seen, including in Algeciras in Spain and near Setúbal in Portugal. The process lasted until the 16th century, when garum makers switched to anchovy and removed the innards.[1]:235

Garum was ubiquitous in Classical Roman cooking. Mixed with wine it was known as oenogarum, or with vinegar, oxygarum, or mixed with honey, meligarum. Garum was one of the trade specialties in Hispania Baetica.[14] Garum was frequently maligned as smelling bad or rotten, being called, for example, "evil-smelling fish sauce"[15] and is said to be similar to modern Colatura di Alici, a fish sauce used in Neapolitan cuisine.

In English garum was formerly translated as fishpickle. The original Worcestershire sauce is a related product because it is fermented and contains anchovies.

  • Ruins of a Roman garum factory near Tarifa, Spain
  • Ancient Roman garum factory in Portugal
  • Two amphoras for garum

Ingredients and manufacture

Fish sauces historically have been prepared from different species of fish and shellfish, and from using the whole fish, or by using just fish blood or viscera. Most modern fish sauces contain only fish and salt, usually made from anchovy, shrimp, mackerel, or other strong-flavored, high oil fish. Some variants add herbs and spices. For modern fish sauces, fish or shellfish is mixed with salt at a concentration of 10% to 30%. It is then sealed in a closed container for up to two years.[1]:234

Once the original draft has been made, some fish sauces will be produced through a re-extraction of the fish mass via boiling. To improve the visual appearance and add taste, second-pass fish sauces often have added caramel, molasses, or roasted rice.[1]:234 They are thinner, and less costly. Some volume manufacturers of fish sauce will also water down a first-press to manufacture more product.

Fish sauce that has been only briefly fermented has a pronounced fishy taste. Extended fermentation reduces this and gives the product a nuttier, richer and more savory flavor. An anonymous article, "Neuc-num", in Diderot and d'Alembert's 18th-century Encyclopédie, states: "It is said that Europeans become accustomed enough to this type of sauce".[16]

Regional variations

Southeast Asia

Southeast Asian fish sauce is often made from anchovies, salt, and water, and is intensely flavoured. Anchovies and salt are arranged in wooden barrels to ferment and are slowly pressed, yielding the salty, fishy liquid. The salt extracts the liquid via osmosis.

Southeast Asians generally use fish sauce as a cooking sauce. However, there is a sweet and sour version of this sauce which is used more commonly as a dipping sauce (see nước chấm).

Burma

Fish sauce in Burma is called ngan bya yay (ငံပြာရည်).

Cambodia

In Cambodia, fish sauce is known as teuk trei (ទឹកត្រី), of which there are a variety of sauces using fish sauce as a base.

Indonesia

The Indonesian semi-solid fish paste or fermented krill terasi, the Cambodian prahok and the Malay fermented krill brick belacan or budu from liquid anchovies are other popular variations of fish sauces.

Laos

In Lao/Isan, it is called nam pa. A chunkier, more aromatic version known as padaek is also used.

Philippines

The Philippine fish sauce is known as patis. It is one of the most important ingredients in Filipino cuisine.[17] Patis is a by-product of bagoong production, which include bagoong isda (fermented fish) and bagoong alamang (fermented krill), as well as the rarer bagoong macabebe (fermented oysters) and bagoong sisi (fermented clams). The fish used are typically small like sardines, anchovies, ambassids, and the fry of larger fish. Unlike other fish sauce variants, the fermented solids are not discarded but are sold as separate products. The patis is skimmed from the upper layers of fermenting bagoong and is not pressed. As such, patis usually takes longer to produce than other types of fish sauce as it is reliant on the readiness of bagoong.[18][19][20]

Patis is nearly always cooked prior to consumption, even when used as an accent to salads or other raw dishes. Patis is also used as an ingredient in cooked dishes, including a rice porridge called arroz caldo, and as a condiment for fried fish. Patis is also used in place of table salt in meals to enhance the flavor of the food, where it can either be dashed from a dispensing bottle onto the food, or poured into a saucer and mixed with calamansi and labuyo chilis and used as a dipping sauce.[21][20][22][18]

Thailand

Fish sauce in Thailand is called nam pla (Thai: น้ำปลา). In Isan, it is called nam pa. Similar to the Laotian padaek is pla ra (Thai: ปลาร้า), also used in Thai cuisine. In Thailand, fish sauce is used both in cooking and also served at the table as a condiment, for instance in noodle soups. Nearly every Thai meal is served with phrik nam pla as a condiment: a mixture of fish sauce, lime juice, and chopped bird's eye chilies. Sliced garlic is often added to this sauce.

Historically, there were two types of fish sauce made in Thailand: that made with a fresh-water fish, pla soi, and sauce made from a salt-water fish, pla kratak. Either fish is fermented for at least eight months, three parts fish to two parts salt. The resulting mash is filtered. This yields the best fish sauce, called the "base". The dregs are then mixed with water and salt and again fermented for three to four months. This yields a second-grade fish sauce, mostly used in cooking.[23]

In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned the import of Thai fish sauces due to lack of information about tests for botulinum toxin. The toxin can cause death if more than 0.5 microgram is consumed. The Thai Office of Food Safety and Quality then tested 48 brands of fish sauce to determine the content of botulinum toxin in the products. Of 48 brands tested, 28 were genuine fish sauce from 18 production sites in 12 provinces. Twenty samples from production sites in eight provinces were adulterated fish sauce. Tests showed that none were contaminated with botulinum toxin types A, B, E and F and were free of clostridium botulinum bacteria.[24] In 2018, rumours again surfaced concerning banned Thai fish sauce.[25]

  • Nam pla phrik ("fish sauce with chili") is served with nearly every Thai meal
  • Prepared fish sauces in Thailand

Vietnam

The variety from Vietnam is called nước mắm.[26] Two areas in Vietnam are most famous for producing fish sauce: Phú Quốc and Phan Thiết. Popular brands in the US include Mega Chef, Red Boat, 3 Crabs, Golden Boy, and Hòn Phan Thiết.[27]

Vietnamese fish sauces are made with anchovies, mackerel, scabbard fish and salt. High mercury concentration can be found in larger fish, especially if predator fish like scabbard fish. They do not have any additives like sugar, hydrolyzed protein, or preservatives.[28] Vietnamese prefer sauces without a strong smell, and transparent with a deep golden amber color. "First press" fish sauce, meaning the sauce is bottled from the first time the fermenting barrels are drained, also indicates quality. Lastly, when measuring the nitrogen level of fish sauces (N), most fish sauce on the market falls within the mid 20N range. Anything over 30N is considered high-grade, and 40N is optimal.[29]

Nước chấm is a Vietnamese prepared fish-based condiment (also referred to as a "sauce") that is savory, lightly sweet and salty tasting, and can be sour and spicy if lime and chili peppers are added. The main components are fish sauce, water, and sugar.

Mắm is made much like fish sauce, except that it is not fermented as long, and the fish is kept along with its liquid extract, not just the extract. Mắm can be used as a base condiment in dipping sauces with additional ingredients or used in soups or stir-fries.

In January 2016, the Institute of Food Technologists published a study asserting that the "Vietnamese fish sauce added to chicken broth, tomato sauce and coconut curry reduced the amount of sodium chloride by 10–25 percent while still maintaining the perceived deliciousness, saltiness and overall flavor intensity."[30]

  • Fishing boats in Phú Quốc, where the most prized fish sauce is made
  • A fish sauce factory in Phú Quốc
  • Nước mắm
  • Nước chấm

East Asia

China

In China, fish sauce is called yúlù (Chinese: 鱼露, literally "fish dew") and is native to the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian. In Chaoshan cuisine, fish sauce is made with Reeve's shad (Tenualosa reevesii), which is unsuitable for direct eating due to being fatty, boney, and odorous. [31]

Japan

In Japan, fish sauce is called gyoshō (魚醤); another name is uoshōyu (魚醤油), literally 'fish soy sauce'. There are several variations used in regional cuisines. Ishiru in the Noto Peninsula is made from sardine and squid. Shottsuru, the best known type of Japanese fish sauce and often used as a synonym for all gyoshō, is from Akita Prefecture and is mainly made from sailfin sandfish. Ikanago shoyu of Kagawa Prefecture is made from sand lance. They are used in nabemono, in salad dressings, and as a flavoring ingredient in ramen soups.

Korea

In Korea, fish sauce is called eojang (어장).

Across the Korean Peninsula, aekjeot (액젓, literally "liquid jeotgal"), a type of fish sauce usually made from fermented anchovies or sand lances, is used as a crucial ingredient in many types of kimchi, both for taste and fermentation.[32][33]

In Jeju island, eoganjang (어간장), made of fermented godori (young chub mackerels) or horse mackerels, is used in place of soy sauce.

Europe

Colatura di Alici is an Italian fish sauce.

Worcestershire sauce contains fermented anchovies among other ingredients.

Nutrition contents

Common commercial brands of fish sauce generally contain about 50% to 60% of the FDA's daily recommended amount of sodium per tablespoon serving. Most commercial brands of reasonable quality contain 1 or 2 grams of protein per serving however higher quality brands may have 4 grams of protein or more while lower quality brands may have less than 1 gram of protein per serving. Protein content is the source of the umami taste which fish sauce provides to a dish so a higher protein content is preferred. Fish sauce has an insignificant amount of carbohydrates and fats. Vitamin B12, Vitamin B-6, and Magnesium are present in small amounts.

As with all seafood, due to anthropogenic ocean pollution, mercury is present, though in very small amounts as krill and other fish used to make the sauce are low on the food chain and food have less due to bioaccumulation.

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See also

References
  1. McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen (Kindle ed.). Scribners.
  2. Abe, Kenji; Suzuki, Kenji; Hashimoto, Kanehisa (1979). "Utilization of Krill as a Fish Sauce Material". Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 45 (8): 1013–1017. doi:10.2331/suisan.45.1013.
  3. "Seashore Foraging & Fishing Study: From Poot-Poot to Fish Sauce to Umami to MSG". Archived from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2009.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  4. Butler, Stephanie (20 July 2012). "Ketchup: A Saucy History". History. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  5. "调料文化：酱油的由来". Big5.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  6. zh:酱
  7. Hsing-Tsung, Huang (2000). Joseph Needham: Science and Civilisation in China, Vol.6, Part 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521652707.
  8. Kurlansky, Mark (2002). Salt: A World History. New York: Walker and Co. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8027-1373-5.
  9. Lakshmi Gandhi (3 December 2013). "Ketchup: The All-American Condiment That Comes From Asia". NPR. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  10. Lim, Lisa (21 July 2017). "When China invented ketchup in 300BC, and how it morphed from a preserved fish sauce to sweet tomato gloop". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  11. Farnworth, Edward R. (2003). Handbook of Fermented Functional Foods. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 22. ISBN 0849313724.
  12. Grainger, Sally. "Fish Sauce: An Ancient Condiment". Good Food SAT 1 OCT 2011. National Public Radio. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  13. Natural History Pliny, the Elder. LoebClassics.com
  14. Wilkinson, Paul (2003). "Introduction". Pompeii: The Last Day. London: BBC. ISBN 9780563487708.
  15. Curtis, Robert I. (1 January 1983). "In Defense of Garum". The Classical Journal. 78 (3): 232–240. JSTOR 3297180.
  16. Diderot, Denis. "Fish Sauce". The Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  17. "Patis / Fish Sauce". Market Manila. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  18. "Filipino Icon: Bagoong". For Filipinos in Europe. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  19. Van Veen, A.G. (1953). "Fish Preservation in Southeast Asia". In Mrak, E.M.; Stewart, G.F. (eds.). Advances in Food Research. 4. Academic Press. p. 217. ISBN 9780080567495.
  20. "Patis - Filipino Fishy Goodness". Oyster Food and Culture. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  21. Olympia, Minerva SD (1992). "Fermented Fish Products in the Philippines". In National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on the Applications of Biotechnology to Traditional Fermented Foods (ed.). Applications of Biotechnology to Fermented Foods: Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development. National Academies Press.
  22. "Patis". TagalogLang. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  23. Sukphisit, Suthon (25 November 2018). "Fish Tails". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  24. "21 brands of Thai fish sauce free from botulinum toxin". Thai PBS. 6 February 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  25. "FDA denies US ban on fish sauce from Thailand". The Nation. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  26. Robuchon, Joël (2009). Larousse Gastronomique (Updated ed.). London: Hamlyn. p. 714. ISBN 9780600620426.
  27. Kyle Hildebrant (17 February 2014). "Fish Sauce Taste Test, 13 Brands Compared – Our Daily Brine". Ourdailybrine.com. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  28. Stanton, J. (2 May 2012). "What Are "Hydrolyzed Soy Protein" And "Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein," And Why Are They in Everything?". Gnolls.org. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  29. "Everything you want to know about Phu Quoc Fish Sauce". Phuquocislandguide.com. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  30. "A New Alternative to Sodium: Fish Sauce". Institute of Food Technologists. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  31. Flavorful Origins, Season 1, Episode
  32. The Confidentials (1 November 2016). "REVIEW | Seoul Kimchi, Upper Brook Street | Confidentials Manchester". Manchester: Manchester Confidential. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  33. "Thousands prepare kimchi feast for Seoul's poor". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.

Further reading
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