Muscovado

Muscovado, also khandsari and khand, is a type of partially refined to unrefined sugar with a strong molasses content and flavour. It is technically considered either a non-centrifugal cane sugar or a centrifuged, partially refined sugar according to the process used by the manufacturer.[1][2] Muscovado contains higher levels of various minerals than processed white sugar, and is considered by some to be healthier.[3][4][5] Its main uses are in food and confectionery, and the manufacture of rum and other forms of alcohol. The largest producer and consumer of muscovado is India.[6][7]

Brown sugar types: muscovado (top), dark brown (left), light brown (right)

Terminology

The English name "muscovado" is derived from a corruption of Portuguese açúcar mascavado (unrefined sugar).[8][9] The Indian English names for this type of sugar are khandsari and khand (sometimes spelled khaand).

There is no legal definition of muscovado, and no international standards for it such as Codex Alimentarius or Protected Designation of Origin. This has led to manufacturers calling various sugar products "muscovado", and has led to confusion between muscovado and brown sugar, and even with jaggery.

History
See also: History of sugar and Triangular trade

The earliest known production of crystalline sugar began in northern India, after the introduction of sugarcane by Austronesian traders from Island Southeast Asia at around 1000 BCE. However, the exact date of the first cane sugar production is unclear.[10] The earliest evidence of sugar production comes from ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts.[11] Around the 8th century, Muslim and Arab traders introduced sugar from medieval India to the other parts of the Abbasid Caliphate in the Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, and Andalusia. By the 10th century, sources state that every village in Mesopotamia grew sugarcane.[12]

Sugar production was an important trade in the British Empire. Sugarcane was produced in British colonies in the West Indies, India, Mauritius and Fiji, and in other territories including Cuba, the French West Indies, Java, Brazil, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Réunion and Louisiana. Sugarcane production often involved slavery or exploitative indentured servitude.[13] Raw sugar was shipped to Europe or to New England where it was refined or distilled into rum, much of which was re-exported at higher prices.[14] Sugar refineries were also established in Bihar, in eastern India.[15]

Raw sugar was brought to port in a variety of purities that could be sold either as raw sugar direct to market for making alcohol, or as muscovado exported sugar refineries such as those in Glasgow or London.[16] In the British Empire, raw sugars that had been refined enough to lose most of the molasses content were termed raw and deemed higher quality, while poor quality sugars with a high molasses content were referred to as muscovado, though the term brown sugar was sometimes used interchangeably.[16]

Production
Traditional non-centrifugal sugar production
Boiling sugarcane juice to make molasses
Pouring molasses for granulation by shearing

Production methods

Muscovado is made from the juice of sugar cane that is evaporated until crystallisation occurs. The viscous suspension of crystals and mother liquor (molasses) is called massecuite. In the 19th century several techniques were used for sugar production.[17][18][19][2][1][20] Muscovado is today produced by three main methods:[21][22]

  • The manual production method is to crystallise (granulate) massecuite by cooling it in pans and continuously shearing it by stirring with a large spatula (typically used in India) or by pressing it with the feet (typically used in Africa).
  • The industrial centrifuge method invented in late 18th to early 19th century, in which massecuite is crystallised using a centrifuge to separate a crystal-rich mush that is drained of its molasses in a vessel under gravity.
  • Modern industrial methods using a spray drier.

Massecuite is also used in the production of jaggery, in which it is set into moulds directly.[21]

Producer nations

Total global production is 10 to 11 million tons annually by 20 nations. The largest producer is India (58%), followed by Colombia (14%), Myanmar (9%), Pakistan (6%), Brazil (4%), Bangladesh (3%) and China (3%).[6][7]

In India, most khand (muscovado) is produced by 150 small to medium scale private manufacturers overseen by the Khadi and Village Industries Commission. These producers use traditional chemical-free organic manual shearing methods, each operating between 100 and 120 days per year with a typical capacity of between 200 and 350 tons of sugar cane per day.[6] The largest producing states in India are Maharashtra (58%), Bihar (6%), Karnataka (5%), Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh (6%).[6]

In Mauritius muscovado is produced by centrifuging massecuite, from which the molasses is left to drain naturally.[2]

In the Philippines muscovado may be generated by any of the three methods.[1][20][21][22] In the past, muscovado was one of the prominent export commodities of the Philippines, especially from the Negros region from the 19th century until the late 1970s.[23]

The production of muscovado in the Philippines, Barbados, and elsewhere had experienced a long period of decline when large mills took over sugar production from small farmers with small mills. In recent years an increased consumer interest in healthy and organic foods has revived interest in muscovado, creating a new market for small mills.[24]

Nutrition

When produced under regulated conditions muscovado is nutritionally richer than sugars,[25] and retains more of the natural minerals in sugar cane juice, as shown in the following nutritional analysis (per 100 g):[26]

  • Total mineral salts 740 mg max.
  • Phosphorus (P) 3.9 mg max.
  • Calcium (Ca) 85 mg max.
  • Magnesium (Mg) 23 mg max.
  • Potassium (K) 100 mg max.
  • Iron (Fe) 1.3 mg max.
  • Calories 383 kCal[5]

Uses
Besan laddu, Indian sweets prepared with khand
Masala tea and Indian filter coffee are sweetened with gur khaand (muscovado).

Food and confectionery

Muscovado is used as an ingredient in food and confectionery,[27][28] and as a sweetener in hot beverages. It is very dark brown and is slightly coarser and stickier than most brown sugars. Muscovado takes its flavor and color from its source, sugarcane juice. It offers good resistance to high temperatures and has a reasonably long shelf life.

Muscovado sugar can be substituted for brown sugar in most recipes by slightly reducing the liquid content of the recipe.

The use of khand in India in making sweets has been traced to at least 500 BC, when both raw and refined sugar were used.[27]

Along with gur, khandsari unrefined sugar is India's traditional sweetener,[28] commonly used in traditional recipes for masala chai (spiced Indian tea), eating with roti by mixing with melted ghee, traditional Indian sweets that require sugar such as kheer (Indian rice pudding), gur or khand chawal (sweetened rice) or laddu.

Muscovado is often used to sweeten coffee.

An ayurvedic pharmacy in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. Khandsari is used in Indian ayurveda medicine.

Alcohol

A significant proportion of India's production of Khandsari (muscovado) is used for the illicit production of desi daru, a distilled alcoholic drink.[6]

Ayurveda medicine

Khandsari (muscovado) is used in traditional Ayurveda medicine to aid blood purification, digestion, bone health and the lungs.[29]

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See also

References
  1. "Muscovado Sugar". Archived from the original on 17 April 2015.
  2. Prince, Rose (9 November 2011). "The sweetest flames: Brown sugar from Mauritius". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  3. Education World: The Human Development Magazine. 2004. Volume 6, Issues 7-12, p.78
  4. Souvenir, Silver Jubilee Celebrations and 22nd Annual Convention, Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers, 29-31 Oct. 1985 Held at Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, pp.116
  5. Jaggery Nutritional Value, Nutrition Facts & Analysis, Ayur Times, Dr. Jagdev Singh, 27 Nov 2014
  6. "The gur and khaandsri industry & its practical impact on Indian Sugar Consumption level", World Association of Cane and Beet Growers, New Delhi. 23 March 2013, www.indiansugar.com
  7. Dhawan, B. D. (April 15, 1967). "The Traditional versus the Modern: Case of Indian Sugar Industry". Economic and Political Weekly. 2 (15): 723, 725–7. JSTOR 4357817.
  8. "muscovado". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  9. "muscovado". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  10. Daniels, Christian; Menzies, Nicholas K. (1996). Needham, Joseph (ed.). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–185. ISBN 9780521419994.
  11. See:
    • George Watt (1893), The Economic Products of India, W. H. Allen & Co., Vol 6, Part II, pages 29–30;
    • J.A. Hill (1902), The Anglo-American Encyclopedia', Volume 7, page 725;
    • Thomas E. Furia (1973), CRC Handbook of Food Additives, Second Edition, Volume 1, ISBN 978-0849305429, page 7 (Chapter 1, by Thomas D. Luckey);
    • Mary Ellen Snodgrass (2004), Encyclopedia of Kitchen History, ISBN 978-1579583804, Routledge, pages 145–146
  12. Watson, Andrew. Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world. Cambridge University Press. p. 26–7.
  13. "Triangular Trade". National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011.
  14. "Slavery in Rhode Island". Slavery in the North.
  15. "Early Sugar Industry of Bihar" – Bihargatha Archived 2011-09-10 at the Wayback Machine. Bihargatha.in. Retrieved on 2012-01-07.
  16. Accum, Fredrick Christian, Culinary Chemistry Exhibiting the Scientific Principles of Cookery (1821), London, p. 289.
  17. Orr, W. (1844), The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. 5, p. 107.
  18. Reed, W. (1866), The History of Sugar and Sugar Producing Plants, pp. 82–89.
  19. Martineau, G. (1918), "Sugar from several points of view", in The Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science, 117.
  20. "Muscovado Sugar" (PDF). Datupagles.com. Retrieved 2016-07-30.
  21. Larkin, W. (1993). "Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society". pp. 55–58.
  22. Roger Knight, G. (2013), Commodities and Colonialism: The Story of Big Sugar in Indonesia, 1880–1942, p. 4.
  23. Larkin, John A. "Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society". Escholarship.org. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
  24. Agriculture Business Week. "Muscovado Sugar : A New Sunshine Industry". Agribusinessweek.com. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
  25. Zhu, Agnes (24 October 2014). "Refined sugar vs. unrefined sugar". The Daily Californian. Berkeley, CA, USA.
  26. "Muscovado Sugar". Sugarindia.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016.
  27. Michael Krondl, Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert, Chicago Review Press, ISBN 978-1556529542, pp. 34–35
  28. "Jaggery – A Traditional Indian Sweetener", P. V. K. Rao, M. Das S. K. Das, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 2004, vol. 2007 6(1), January 2007, p. 95
  29. "Policy Brief – Technological and Policy Options for Modernization of Jaggery Industry in India", Indian Council of Agricultural Research, L. S. Gangwar, S. Solomon & S. I. Anwar, p .2
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