Demographics of Hong Kong

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Hong Kong, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with an overall density of some 6,300 people per square kilometre.[1] At the same time, Hong Kong has one of the world's lowest birth rates—1.11 per woman of child-bearing age as of 2012, far below the replacement rate of 2.1. It is estimated that 26.8% of the population will be aged 65 or more in 2033, up from 12.1% in 2005. Hong Kong recorded 8.2 births per 1,000 people in 2005–2010.[2]

Ethnically, Hong Kong mainly consists of Han[3] Chinese who constitute approximately 92% of the population.[4] Of these, many originate from various regions in Guangdong. There are also a number of descendants of immigrants from elsewhere in Southern China and around the world after the end of World War II.

Terminology

Main article: Hongkongers

People from Hong Kong generally refer to themselves, in Cantonese, as Hèung Góng Yàhn (Chinese: 香港人; Cantonese Yale: Hèung Góng Yàhn; lit.: 'Hong Kong people'); however, the term is not restricted to those of Chinese descent, owing to Hong Kong's roughly 160-year colonial history that saw the civil servants and traders of British, Indian, Russian and other ethnic groups stationed in Hong Kong.

In English, the term 'Hongkongers' (or sometimes 'Hong Kongers') is also used to refer to Hong Kongese people, while the term 'Hongkongese' is sometimes used as an adjective to describe people or things related to Hong Kong.[5][6]

Population density

Population graph of Hong Kong

The following census data is available for Hong Kong between the years 1841–2011. In 2011, Hong Kong had a population of just over 7 million, with a density of approximately 6,300 people per square kilometre. This makes Hong Kong the fourth most densely populated region in the world, after Macau, Monaco, and Singapore.[1]

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1841	7,450	—
1851	32,983	+16.04%
1861	119,320	+13.72%
1871	120,124	+0.07%
1881	160,402	+2.93%
1891	221,441	+3.28%
1901	368,987	+5.24%
1911	456,739	+2.16%
1921	625,166	+3.19%
1931	840,473	+3.00%
1941	1,640,000	+6.91%
1945	600,000	−22.23%
1951	2,070,000	+22.92%
1961	3,128,648	+4.22%
1971	3,936,630	+2.32%
1981	5,183,400	+2.79%
1991	5,752,000	+1.05%
2001	6,714,300	+1.56%
2011	7,071,600	+0.52%
2017	7,409,800	+0.78%
Sources: Census and Statistics Department,[7][8][9][10] CICRED,[11] Office for National Statistics[12]

Ethnicity

Ethnic groups in Hong Kong (2016)[13]
Ethnic groups
Chinese			92.0%
Filipino			2.5%
Indonesian			2.1%
Other			3.4%

Chinese

According to the 2016 by-census, 92% of the Hong Kong population is ethnic Chinese.[14] The Hong Kong census does not categorise Han Chinese subgroups. However, the majority of Hongkongers of Chinese descent trace their ancestry to various parts of Southern China: the Guangzhou area, followed by Siyi (a region of four counties neighbouring Guangzhou), Chaoshan (a region of North Guangdong home to Teochew speakers), Fujian, and Shanghai.[15] Some Cantonese people also originate from Hakka-speaking villages in the New Territories.[16] Most Teochew-speaking migrants immigrated to Hong Kong between the late 1940s and early 1970s, while migrants from Fujian (previously Southern Min speakers, and increasingly more Central Min and Northern Min speakers) have constituted a growing number of migrants since 1978.[17] Many Taishanese and Cantonese also migrated after 1949.

Currently, the major Chinese groups include the Punti, Hakka, Cantonese (including Toishanese), Hoklo,[18] and Tanka (Chinese: 蜑家/水上; lit.: 'boat dwellers').[19] The Punti, and Tanka people in Hong Kong are largely descendants of the indigenous population, while the Hakka and Hoklo groups are composed of both indigenous groups and more recent migrants.

Stanley Market

Ethnic minorities

8% of the population of Hong Kong are categorised as "ethnic minorities", including a large number of Filipinos and Indonesians, who together make up approximately 4.6% of the population.[20][21][22]

Census data from 2006, 2011, and 2016.[13]

Ethnic group	2006 By-census		2011 Census		2016 By-census
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Chinese	6,522,148	95.0	6,620,393	93.6	6,752,202	92.0
Filipino	112,453	1.6	133,018	1.9	184,081	2.5
Indonesian	87,840	1.3	133,377	1.9	153,299	2.1
White	36,384	0.5	55,236	0.8	58,209	0.8
Indian	20,444	0.3	28,616	0.4	36,462	0.5
Nepalese	15,950	0.2	16,518	0.2	25,472	0.3
Pakistani	11,111	0.2	18,042	0.3	18,094	0.2
Thai	11,900	0.2	11,213	0.2	10,215	0.1
Japanese	13,189	0.2	12,580	0.2	9,976	0.1
Other Asian	12,663	0.2	12,247	0.2	19,589	0.3
Others	20,264	0.3	30,336	0.4	68,986	0.9
Total	6,864,346		7,071,576		7,336,585

Circa 2018 there were about 2,000 people of African origins with about 800-1,000 in Yuen Long.[23] Chungking Mansions is another area of settlement and employment. Some Africans seeking to asylum travelled to Hong Kong as of June 2020.[24] According to Lingnan University professor Lisa Leung Yuk-ming, African settlement began in the 1990s. The Hong Kong African Association (香港非洲人協會) is an ethnic association for those people.[25]

Nationality

Due to its history as a trading, business, and tourism hub, a large number of expatriates live in Hong Kong, representing 9.4% of the population.[26] The following lists ethnic groups with significant presence in Hong Kong in alphabetical order by category:

• Africa
• East Asia
  • Japan
  • Korea
• Europe
  • Britain
  • France
  • Russia
• North America
  • America
  • Canada
• Oceania
  • Australia
• South Asia
  • India
  • Nepal
  • Pakistan
• Southeast Asia
  • The Philippines
  • Indonesia (mainly Javanese)
  • Thailand
  • Vietnam

Age groups

Population pyramid 2016

United Nations data

According to United Nations estimates from 1 July 2013, Hong Kong's population is distributed in the following age ranges, with the largest age group represented being 50–54 years:[27]

Population by age group

Age group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	3,330,700	3,856,800	7,187,500	100
0–4	134,500	125,700	260,200	3.62
5–9	128,000	120,200	248,200	3.45
10–14	149,100	139,600	288,700	4.02
15–19	208,000	196,300	404,300	5.63
20–24	226,400	230,700	457,100	6.36
25–29	221,800	295,800	517,600	7.20
30–34	231,900	343,200	575,100	8.00
35–39	229,500	331,000	560,500	7.80
40–44	239,800	338,700	578,500	8.05
45–49	271,000	337,900	608,900	8.47
50–54	313,500	341,100	654,600	9.11
55–59	281,300	287,900	569,200	7.92
60–64	220,000	223,100	443,100	6.16
65–69	148,800	146,400	295,200	4.11
70–74	109,600	103,700	213,300	2.97
75–79	100,600	109,900	210,500	2.93
80–84	69,500	88,400	157,900	2.20
85+	47,400	97,200	144,600	2.01

Population by wider age groups

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	411,600	385,500	797,100	11.09
15–64	2,443,200	2,925,700	5,368,900	74.70
65+	475,900	545,600	1,021,500	14.21

Hong Kong government data

The Hong Kong government provides the following estimates for mid-2013:[28]

 0–14 years: 11.0% (male 408,000; female 382,600)

15–24 years: 11.7% (male 424,500; female 417,900)

25–34 years: 15.2% (male 454,900; female 639,700)

35–44 years: 15.9% (male 471,500; female 671,800)

45–54 years: 17.7% (male 587,900; female 681,700)

55–64 years: 14.2% (male 503,700; female 512,600)

65 and over: 14.3% (male 479,500; female 547,700)

Median age: 45.0 (2013 est.)

Language

Main article: Languages of Hong Kong

As a former British colony, Hong Kong has 2 official languages: English, and Chinese, although the specific variety of Chinese is not specified. The majority of the population uses Cantonese as their usual spoken language. However, due to Hong Kong's role as an international trade and finance hub, there are also a wide variety of minority groups speaking dozens of languages present in the territory.

Language usually spoken at home (5+)	1961[29]		1971[29]		1991[30]		1996[31]		2001[32]		2006[33]		2011[33]		2016[33]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Cantonese	2,076,200	78.9	3,469,200	88.1	4,583,322	88.6	5,196,240	88.7	5,726,972	89.2	6,030,960	90.8	6,095,213	89.5	6,264,700	88.9
Mandarin	503,000	19.1	405,100	10.2	57,577	1.1	65,892	1.1	55,410	0.9	60,859	0.9	94,399	1.4	131,406	1.9
Other Chinese languages					364,694	7.1	340,222	5.8	352,562	5.5	289,027	4.4	273,745	4.0	221,247	3.1
English	31,800	1.2	41,100	1.1	114,084	2.2	184,308	3.1	203,598	3.2	187,281	2.8	238,288	3.5	300,417	4.3
Other languages	17,900	0.8	21,200	0.6	49,232	1.0	73,879	1.3	79,197	1.2	72,217	1.1	106,788	1.6	131,199	1.9
Total	2,628,900		3,936,600		5,168,909		5,860,541		6,417,739		6,640,344		6,808,433		7,048,969

However, a very large proportion of the population in Hong Kong are able to communicate in multiple languages. The school system is separated into English-medium and Chinese-medium school, both of which teach English and Mandarin.

Proportion of Population (5+) Able to Speak Selected Languages[33]

	2006[33]	2011[33]	2016[33]
	%	%	%
Cantonese	96.5	95.8	94.6
Mandarin	40.2	47.8	48.6
Hakka	4.7	4.7	4.2
English	44.7	46.1	53.2
Hokkien	3.4	3.5	3.6
Chiu Chow	3.9	3.8	3.4
Bahasa Indonesia	1.7	2.4	2.7
Tagalog	1.4	1.7	2.7
Japanese	1.2	1.5	1.8
Shanghainese	1.2	1.1	1.1

Sex ratio

According to The World Factbook in 2013, the Hong Kong population was divided into the following male/female ratios:

Male/female ratio by age group

At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

0–14 years: 1.09 male(s)/female

15–24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

25–54 years: 0.88 male(s)/female

55–64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female

Total population: 0.94 male(s)/female

Education level

According to The World Factbook estimates in 2002, 93.5% of the population over the age of 15 had attended schooling, including 96.9% of males and 89.6% of females.

Health and mortality

The following table shows birth rates and mortality rates in Hong Kong between 1950 and 2019.[34][35][36]

At the end of the 20th century, Hong Kong had one of the lowest birth rates in the world. However, the number of births doubled in the decade between 2001 and 2011, largely due to an increase in the number of children born in Hong Kong to women with residence in Mainland China. In 2001 there were 7,810 births to Mainland women (16%) out of a total of 48,219 births. This increased to 37,253 births to Mainland women (45%) out of a total of 82,095 births.[37]

Birth and mortality rates

	Average population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	TFR
1950	1,974,000	60,600	18,465	42,135	30.7	9.4	21.3
1951	2,044,000	68,500	20,580	47,920	34.0	10.2	23.8
1952	2,141,000	71,976	19,459	52,517	33.9	9.2	24.7
1953	2,253,000	75,544	18,300	57,244	33.7	8.2	25.5
1954	2,371,000	83,317	19,283	64,034	35.2	8.2	27.1
1955	2,490,000	90,511	19,080	71,431	36.3	7.7	28.7
1956	2,607,000	96,746	19,295	77,451	37.0	7.4	29.6
1957	2,721,000	97,834	19,365	78,469	35.8	7.1	28.7
1958	2,834,000	106,624	20,554	86,070	37.4	7.2	30.2
1959	2,951,000	104,579	20,250	84,329	35.2	6.8	28.4
1960	3,075,000	110,667	19,146	91,521	36.1	6.2	29.9	5.014
1961	3,207,000	108,726	18,738	89,988	34.3	5.9	28.4	5.030
1962	3,344,000	119,166	20,933	98,233	36.1	6.3	29.7	4.980
1963	3,477,000	118,413	20,340	98,073	34.6	5.9	28.7	4.857
1964	3,596,000	111,436	18,657	92,779	31.8	5.3	26.5	4.665
1965	3,692,000	106,362	18,160	88,202	29.6	5.0	24.5	4.422
1966	3,763,000	96,436	19,261	77,175	26.6	5.3	21.3	4.152
1967	3,812,000	94,368	20,234	74,134	25.3	5.4	19.9	3.887
1968	3,850,000	83,641	19,444	64,197	22.0	5.1	16.9	3.649
1969	3,889,000	82,482	19,256	63,226	21.3	5.0	16.4	3.448
1970	3,942,000	79,132	19,996	59,136	20.0	5.1	14.9	3.284
1971	4,009,000	79,789	20,374	59,415	19.7	5.0	14.7	3.459
1972	4,088,000	80,344	21,397	58,947	19.5	5.2	14.3	3.315
1973	4,180,000	82,252	21,251	61,001	19.5	5.0	14.5	3.177
1974	4,283,000	83,589	21,879	61,710	19.3	5.1	14.3	2.967
1975	4,396,000	79,790	21,591	58,168	17.9	4.9	13.0	2.666
1976	4,519,000	78,511	22,628	55,883	17.4	5.1	12.3	2.480
1977	4,652,000	80,022	23,331	56,691	17.5	5.1	12.4	2.376
1978	4,788,000	80,957	23,816	57,141	17.3	5.1	12.2	2.272
1979	4,919,000	81,975	25,110	56,865	16.8	5.1	11.7	2.120
1980	5,039,000	85,290	24,995	60,295	17.0	4.9	12.1	2.047
1981	5,145,000	86,751	24,822	61,929	16.8	4.8	12.0	1.933
1982	5,239,000	86,120	25,384	60,736	16.4	4.8	11.5	1.860
1983	5,322,000	83,293	26,512	56,781	15.6	5.0	10.6	1.722
1984	5,394,000	77,297	25,510	51,787	14.4	4.7	9.7	1.559
1985	5,456,000	76,126	25,248	50,878	14.0	4.6	9.3	1.491
1986	5,508,000	71,620	25,902	45,718	13.0	4.7	8.3	1.367
1987	5,551,000	69,958	26,916	43,042	12.6	4.8	7.8	1.311
1988	5,592,000	75,412	27,659	47,753	13.4	4.9	8.5	1.400
1989	5,641,000	69,621	28,745	40,876	12.3	5.1	7.2	1.296
1990	5,704,000	67,731	29,136	38,595	12.0	5.1	6.9	1.272
1991	5,786,000	68,281	28,429	39,852	12.0	4.9	7.1	1.281
1992	5,884,000	70,949	30,550	40,399	12.3	5.2	7.1	1.347
1993	5,992,000	70,451	30,571	39,880	12.0	5.1	6.9	1.342
1994	6,101,000	71,646	29,905	41,741	11.9	4.9	7.0	1.355
1995	6,206,000	68,637	31,468	37,169	11.2	5.1	6.1	1.295
1996	6,304,000	63,291	32,176	31,115	9.9	5.1	4.8	1.191
1997	6,492,000	59,250	31,738	27,512	9.1	4.9	4.2	1.127
1998	6,550,000	52,977	32,847	20,130	8.1	5.0	3.1	1.016
1999	6,611,000	51,281	33,255	18,026	7.8	5.0	2.7	0.981
2000	6,675,000	54,134	33,758	20,376	8.1	5.1	3.1	1.032
2001	6,721,000	48,219	33,378	14,841	7.2	5.0	2.2	0.931
2002	6,728,000	48,209	34,267	13,942	7.1	5.1	2.0	0.941
2003	6,745,000	46,965	36,971	9,994	7.0	5.5	1.5	0.901
2004	6,781,000	49,796	36,918	12,878	7.3	5.4	1.9	0.922
2005	6,818,000	57,098	38,830	18,268	8.4	5.7	2.7	0.959
2006	6,871,000	65,626	37,457	28,169	9.6	5.5	4.1	0.984
2007	6,921,000	70,875	39,476	31,399	10.2	5.7	4.5	1.028
2008	6,951,000	78,822	41,796	37,026	11.3	6.0	5.3	1.064
2009	6,980,000	82,095	41,175	40,920	11.8	5.9	5.9	1.055
2010	7,024,000	88,584	42,194	46,390	12.6	6.0	6.6	1.127
2011	7,072,000	95,451	42,346	53,105	13.5	5.9	7.6	1.204
2012	7,155,000	91,558	43,917	47,641	12.8	6.1	6.7	1.285
2013	7,187,000	57,084	43,397	13,687	7.9	6.0	1.9	1.125
2014	7,242,000	62,305	45,087	17,218	8.6	6.2	2.4	1.235
2015	7,306,000	59,878	46,108	13,770	8.2	6.3	1.9	1.196
2016	7,337,000	60,803	46,900	13,903	8.3	6.4	1.9	1.205
2017	7,410,000	56,890	45,883	11,007	7.7	6.3	1.4	1.126
2018	7,482,000	54,330	47,479	6,851	7.2	6.3	0.9	1.072
2019	7,507,400	53,168	48,706	4,462	7.0	6.5	0.5	1.052

Infant mortality rate

According to The World Factbook in 2013, the infant mortality rate in Hong Kong was 2.89 deaths/1,000 live births.

Life expectancy

According to The World Factbook in 2013, the average life expectancy for the total population was 82.2 years; 79.47 years for males and 85.14 years for females.

Hong Kong is the territory with the world's highest life expectancy according to the United Nations.

Period	Life expectancy in Years	Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	63.1	1985–1990	77.0
1955–1960	65.9	1990–1995	78.1
1960–1965	68.8	1995–2000	80.0
1965–1970	70.9	2000–2005	81.4
1970–1975	72.5	2005–2010	82.4
1975–1980	73.7	2010–2015	83.4
1980–1985	75.6

Source: UN World Population Prospects[38]

Marriage and fertility

According to The World Factbook in 2006, the average marriage age in Hong Kong was 30 years for males and 27 years for females, and the population was subdivided into the following categories:

Marital status

Married: 57.8% (3,423,995)

Never married: 32% (1,920,522)

Divorced: 3.2% (189,563)

Separated: 0.6% (34,722)

Fertility rate

The World Factbook in 2013 reported that the fertility rate in Hong Kong was 1.11 children born/woman.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Hong Kong

Religion in Hong Kong (2016)[39]

  Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Taoism or non-religious (82.8%)

  Protestantism (6.5%)

  Catholicism (5.1%)

  Islam (4.1%)

  Hinduism (1.3%)

  Sikhism (0.2%)

The Tian Tan Buddha on Lantau Island.

People honouring gods in a dajiao celebration, the Cheung Chau Bun Festival.

Over half of all people (56.1% as of 2010) are not religious.[40] Religious people in Hong Kong follow a diverse range of religions, among which Taoist and Buddhist (specifically Chinese Buddhism) faiths are common for people of Chinese descent.

Confucian beliefs are popular in Hong Kong, but it is arguable whether Confucianism can be considered as a religion.[41] As such, Confucianism is excluded in some studies.[40]

Christian beliefs (Protestantism and Catholicism together) are also common, as well as non-organised Chinese folk religions, whose followers may state that they are not religious.

Traditional religions including Chinese Buddhism were discouraged under British rule, which officially represented Christianity.[42] The handover of sovereignty from Britain to China has led to a resurgence of Buddhist and Chinese religions.[42]

Estimated number of adherents in Hong Kong by religion[43]

Region	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2016
Buddhists	> 1 million	> 1 million	> 1 million	> 1 million	> 1 million	> 1 million	> 1 million
Taoists	≈ 1 million	≈ 1 million	≈ 1 million	≈ 1 million	> 1 million	> 1 million	> 1 million
Protestant	320,000	320,000	480,000	480,000	480,000	≈ 500,000	500,000
Catholics	350,000	350,000	353,000	363,000	363,000	368,000	384,000
Muslims	220,000	220,000	220,000	220,000	270,000	300,000	300,000
Hindu	40,000	40,000	40,000	40,000	40,000	40,000	100,000
Sikhs	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	12,000

See also

• Hong Kong drifter
• Hong Kong Kids phenomenon
• Hong Kongers
• Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom
• Indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories (Hong Kong)
• Right of abode in Hong Kong
• Waves of mass migrations from Hong Kong

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External links

• Hong Kong Population History
• HK Facts
• TopNews.in – Baby boom pushes Hong Kong population above 7 million
• Census and Statistics Department – Latest Official HK Population Statistics
• Hong Kong African Association (香港非洲人協會)