Pulkovo Airport

Pulkovo Airport (Russian: Аэропорт Пулково, IPA: [ˈpulkəvə]) (IATA: LED, ICAO: ULLI) is an international airport serving St. Petersburg, Russia. It consists of one terminal, Terminal 1 which is located 23 km (14 mi) south of the city centre.[2] The airport serves as a hub for Aeroflot[3] and as focus city for Smartavia. Pulkovo International Airport is responsible for serving the citizens of Saint Petersburg, as well as the Leningrad Oblast: a total of 6,120,000 people.

For the airport in the United States, see St. Pete–Clearwater International Airport.
Pulkovo Airport

Аэропорт Пулково
Summary
Airport typeInternational
OwnerSaint Petersburg City Administration
OperatorNorthern Capital Gateway
ServesSaint Petersburg, Russia
Hub for
Elevation AMSL79 ft / 24 m
Coordinates59°48′01″N 30°15′45″E
Websitepulkovoairport.ru
Map
LED
Location of the airport in Saint Petersburg
LED
Location of the airport in Russia
LED
Location of the airport in Europe
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
10R/28L 3,780 12,401 Cement-concrete
10L/28R 3,397 11,145 Cement-concrete
Statistics (2019)
Passengers19,581,262
Passenger change 8.1%
Sources: Russian Federal Air Transport Agency (see also provisional 2018 statistics)[1]

Description

Pulkovo Airport was officially opened on June 24, 1932, as a state-owned domestic airport. According to provisional figures for 2017, 16,125,520 passengers passed through the airport, a 21.6% increase over 2016. This makes Pulkovo the 4th busiest airport in Russia and the post-Soviet states.[2] Pulkovo is one of the largest airports in Russia and Eastern Europe.

History

1931–1986

In January 1931, construction of an aerodrome near Leningrad (Saint Petersburg's official name between 1924 and 1991 and the source of the airfield's IATA code of "LED" [2]) commenced and was completed on 24 June 1932, with the first aircraft arriving at 17:31 that day, after a two-and-a-half hour flight from Moscow carrying passengers and mail.[4] This aerodrome was at first named Shosseynaya Airport, the name coming from the nearby Shosseynaya railway station.[5] Soon after, the airport opened regular flights to Petrozavodsk, Pudozh, Arkhangelsk, and Murmansk.

In 1936, a foundation for a new terminal was laid out. Leningrad's airport was also provided with new G-2s and PS-84s.[6] In 1941, a new completely commercial passenger route between Moscow and Leningrad was opened; before it was a mixed passenger-mail route. Construction of the new terminal thrived between 1937 and 1941. The architects of the new three-story terminal were Aleksandr Ivanovich Gegello and N.E. Lansere. Construction was abruptly put on hold in July 1941, one month after Nazi Germany's invasion of the USSR on 22 June 1941. The airport was the front line in the German Siege of Leningrad. There were no flights between 1941 and 1944. The nearby Pulkovo hills were occupied by the Germans and were used by German long-range artillery for daily bombardments of Leningrad. The airport was cleared of the Germans in January 1944, and resumed cargo and mail flights after the runways were repaired in 1945. In February 1948, after the damage was completely repaired, the airport resumed scheduled passenger flights. In 1949, there were scheduled flights to 15 major cities of the USSR, and 15 more short-range flights within the north-western Russia.[7] In 1949, Shosseynaya Airport recorded a passenger traffic rate of 6,305, 333 tons of mail, and 708 tons of cargo.[8] Pulkovo was a village that is now a suburb of St Petersburg as far as the Ezhi Monument in Victory Square, Siegessaule in Das Siegesplatz, known to Germans as Wohnort, Wohnzimmer or Wohnsitz, Pulkovo means Lounge, Pulkovskaya means Lounge Suite. The Germans reached the area where the Ploshchad Pobedy Monument is now in St Petersburg (Pietari), once Leningrad (Leninari), Petrograd, or Sankt Peterburkh.

In 1951, the construction of the new terminal was complete. In the mid-1950s the new extended runway was completed, allowing to handle larger aircraft such as Ilyushin-18 and Tupolev-104.[9] in that same time period the exploitation of jet engine planes began in Shosseynaya Airport. On 15 March 1959, the USSR-42419 Tu-104 was the first commercial jet airplane to take off from the Shosseynaya Airport.

In the early 1960s, modern regional airplanes such as the An-24 and Yak-40 began to appear in the airport. Flights to Vladivostok began to emerge in the flight lists. ICAO category 1 standards were implemented in 1965, making way for international operations. By the late 1960s, over 60 airlines had flights to and from Saint Petersburg's airport. On 8 February 1971, Shosseynaya was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.[10] The airport was renamed Pulkovo Airport on 24 April 1973. In May 1973, the new Pulkovo 1 terminal was opened. The famous 5-cup Pulkovo 1 was designed by Alexandr Zyk. The 5 cups on top were put intentionally to give the terminal a more spacious feeling, as well as to allow more natural sunlight to pass through. This terminal is regarded as a masterpiece of Soviet postmodern architecture.[11] Pulkovo 1 was a domestic-only terminal. Domestic air traffic increased approximately 45% every decade between the 1970-1990s. The old pre-war building of the airport was renamed to Pulkovo 2 and the terminal was exploited for international flights only.[12]

On 11 April 1986, the new departure and arrival zones for the international terminal were completed, doubling the passenger traffic rate capacity of Pulkovo 1.

1986–2007

In 1990, Pulkovo Airport reached its passenger traffic rate peak of over 10,000,000 passengers. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the number of passengers declined. In 2005, Pulkovo Airport gained independence as it separated from the Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise. Also in 2005, Rosavia declares that Pulkovo Airport (still state-owned) is to have an open tender on an investment project of the new terminal construction. This allowed it to sell shares and begin working on investment bidding projects. In 2006, Pulkovo Airport served just over 5,000,000 passengers: only 50% of the number from 1990.

2007–present

In 2007, Grimshaw Architects was announced as the winner of the construction contract. In 2009, The Saint Petersburg Transportation Ministry requested that an operating company for Pulkovo Airport be created, and a consortium known as NCG (Northern Capital Gateway) was set up by Russian VTB Capital Bank, international Fraport AG Company, and the Greek Copelouzos Group. On 29 April 2010, NCG won the tender for a 30-year operating lease over Pulkovo Airport. On 24 November 2010, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin attended a ceremony celebrating the beginning of construction on the new 150,000 m² Terminal 1.

From 2020, the number of destinations are expected to increase rapidly, with up to 75% increase in passenger numbers forecast. This follows a five-year test agreement permitting non-Russian airlines to operate flights from multiple European destinations into the airport under an OpenSkies/Seventh-freedom traffic right[13] The test follows an easing of visa requirements for many European nationals wishing to visit the St Petersburg region designed to increase tourism to the city through the airport.[14]

Terminals

Pulkovo 2

Pulkovo 2 is approximately 25,000 m2 (270,000 sq ft). The terminal used to serve as the international departures and arrivals zone. It was last renovated in 2009. Today, Pulkovo 2 is used as a second-hand terminal for government officials and VIP members.

Pulkovo 1

This terminal is 43,000 m2 (460,000 sq ft).[15] Pulkovo 1 was built for 6,500,000 passengers annually, but by 2008 it surpassed its maximum capacity.[16] Since its reconstruction was completed in 2014, this terminal is now used for all passenger flights, domestic and international. It has several duty-free shops, restaurants, and 6 jet bridges. It was reported that when the reconstruction of Pulkovo 1 is completed, Pulkovo Airport's capacity would increase to 17,000,000 passengers annually.

Terminal 1

Construction of Terminal 1 was delayed several times and began in 2010. In November 2013, the airport was tested for errors by over 5,200 residents of Saint Petersburg who partook in the process. Several days after the test the new Terminal 1 opened on December 3, 2013. On February 14, 2014, all operations were consolidated into the new terminal as the old Pulkovo 1 and Pulkovo 2 terminals have been shut down.[15] The new terminal contains several business lounges, restaurants, pharmacies. Terminal 1 is 147,000 m² and has 400,000 m² airport dock in front of it. The airport has 88 check-in counters, 110 passport booths, 7 baggage carousels, 110 parking stands, 17 gates, and 17 escalators. The interior of the new airport was designed by Grimshaw Architects and directly correlates with the designs and style of Saint Petersburg city. The new Terminal also sought many artistic sculptures and paintings to give a sense of thriving culture to passengers. Four sculptures from Dmitry Shorin's project named I Believe in Angels decorate the departure hall.[17][18]

The current Pulkovo-1 terminal includes new terminal and old Soviet terminal that was re-constructed and fully converted into departure area.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger
AirlinesDestinations
Aegean Airlines Seasonal: Athens, Rhodes, Thessaloniki
Aeroflot Moscow–Sheremetyevo
Air Astana Almaty, Nur-Sultan
airBaltic Riga
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Air Malta Seasonal: Malta[19]
Air Moldova Chișinău
Air Serbia Seasonal: Belgrade
Alitalia Seasonal: Catania,[20] Rome–Fiumicino[20]
Alrosa Mirny, Novosibirsk, Polyarny, Yakutsk
Austrian Airlines Seasonal: Vienna
Avia Traffic Company Bishkek, Osh
Azerbaijan Airlines Baku, Ganja
Azimuth Bryansk,[21] Elista,[22] Grozny, Kaluga,[23] Krasnodar,[24] Rostov-on-Don,[24] Stavropol
Azur Air[25] Seasonal charter: Antalya, Barcelona, Colombo–Bandaranaike,[26] Dalaman, Enfidha, Larnaca, Phuket, Sanya[26]
Belavia Minsk
Bulgaria Air Sofia[27][28]
Buta Airways Baku[29]
China Eastern Airlines Shanghai–Pudong, Xi'an[30]
China Southern Airlines Lanzhou, Ürümqi [31]
Croatia Airlines Seasonal: Zagreb
Ellinair Seasonal: Corfu,[32] Heraklion,[32] Thessaloniki
Emirates Dubai–International
Finnair Helsinki
FlyOne Seasonal: Chișinău [33]
Hainan Airlines Beijing–Capital (suspended)
Iberia Seasonal: Madrid
I-Fly Shenzhen
IrAero Barnaul,[34] Irkutsk, Karshi,[35] Nizhny Novgorod
Iran Air Tehran–Imam Khomeini[36]
Iran Aseman Airlines Seasonal: Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Izhavia Izhevsk
KLM Amsterdam
Komiaviatrans Belgorod, Nizhnekamsk, Perm, Syktyvkar, Usinsk, Vladimir
Korean Air Seasonal: Seoul–Incheon
Kostroma Air Enterprise Kostroma
LOT Polish Airlines Warsaw–Chopin
Lucky Air Chengdu,[37] Kunming (both suspended)[38]
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich
Mahan Air Seasonal: Tehran–Imam Khomeini[39]
Seasonal charter: Mashhad
Montenegro Airlines Seasonal: Tivat
NordStar Moscow–Domodedovo,[40] Norilsk
Nordwind Airlines Baku,[41] Krasnodar,[41] Moscow–Sheremetyevo, Rostov-on-Don,[41] Yekaterinburg
Seasonal charter: Antalya,[42] Burgas,[42] Cam Ranh,[42] Djerba,[42] Heraklion,[42] Monastir,[42] Pattaya–U-Tapao,[42] Phuket[42]
Pegas Fly Yerevan[43]
Pobeda Astrakhan,[44] Cheboksary,[45] Chelyabinsk,[44] Kaliningrad,[46] Magas, Moscow–Vnukovo, Nalchik,[47] Novosibirsk,[44] Perm,[44][48] Saratov,[49] Ufa,[44] Vladikavkaz,[50] Volgograd,[50] Voronezh,[51] Yekaterinburg
Seasonal: Anapa,[52] Kirov, Makhachkala
Qatar Airways Doha[53]
Red Wings Airlines Moscow–Domodedovo, Simferopol, Sochi
Seasonal: Krasnodar,[54] Tivat[54]
Rossiya Airlines Almaty, Arkhangelsk, Barcelona, Berlin–Schönefeld, Chelyabinsk, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Istanbul,[55] Kaliningrad, Kazan, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk–International, Larnaca, London–Gatwick,[56] Milan–Malpensa, Mineralnye Vody, Moscow–Sheremetyevo, Moscow–Vnukovo, Munich, Murmansk, Nice, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Perm, Prague, Rome–Fiumicino, Rostov-on-Don, Samara, Samarkand, Simferopol, Sochi, Surgut, Syktyvkar, Tashkent, Tel Aviv, Tyumen, Ufa, Vienna, Yekaterinburg
Seasonal: Anapa, Antalya, Burgas, Chișinău, Gelendzhik, Rimini, Tivat, Varna
Seasonal charter: Sharjah
RusLine Belgorod,[57] Bergen,[58] Ivanovo, Kaliningrad,[59] Kirov, Kursk, Lipetsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Saratov, Tambov, Ufa, Vilnius, Voronezh, Yoshkar-Ola
Seasonal: Gelendzhik[60]
S7 Airlines Apatity/Kirovsk, Kaluga, Lipetsk,[61] Moscow–Domodedovo, Novosibirsk, Penza, Ulyanovsk–Baratayevka,[62] Yaroslavl
Seasonal: Innsbruck, Irkutsk,[63] Salzburg
Scandinavian Airlines Stockholm–Arlanda[64]
Seasonal: Copenhagen
Severstal Air Company Apatity/Kirovsk, Cherepovets, Sovetsky, Ukhta, Veliky Ustyug
Sichuan Airlines Chengdu,[65] Taiyuan (both suspended)
Smartavia Arkhangelsk, Baku,[66] Chelyabinsk, Kaliningrad, Kazan, Murmansk, Naryan-Mar, Rostov-on-Don,[67] Samara, Syktyvkar, Ufa, Voronezh[43]
Seasonal: Anapa, Simferopol, Sochi
Smartwings Prague[68]
Somon Air Dushanbe, Khujand
SunExpress Seasonal: Izmir[69]
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich
Taban Air Seasonal: Tehran–Imam Khomeini
Tunisair Seasonal: Monastir
Turkish Airlines Antalya,[70] Istanbul[71]
Turkmenistan Airlines Ashgabat
Ural Airlines Almaty,[72] Barnaul, Bishkek, Chita, Dushanbe, Frankfurt,[73] Kaliningrad, Kemerovo, Khabarovsk, Mineralnye Vody, Moscow–Domodedovo,[74] Namangan, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Osh, Rostov-on-Don, Shymkent,[72][75] Tel Aviv, Vladivostok, Yakutsk, Yekaterinburg, Yerevan
Seasonal: Barcelona, Larnaca, Simferopol, Sochi, Tenerife–South,[76] Tomsk
Seasonal charter: Antalya,[25] Palma de Mallorca,[42] Tivat[25]
Utair Krasnodar, Mineralnye Vody, Moscow–Vnukovo, Nizhny Novgorod, Noyabrsk, Samara, Surgut, Vladikavkaz
Seasonal: Anapa, Novy Urengoy
UVT Aero Bugulma, Kazan, Nizhnevartovsk, Salekhard
Uzbekistan Airways Andizhan, Bukhara, Fergana, Karshi, Namangan, Navoi, Samarkand, Tashkent, Termez, Urgench
Vologda Aviation Enterprise Vologda
Vueling Barcelona
Wizz Air Bergamo (begins 14 December 2020),[77] Bologna (begins 17 December 2020),[78] Bratislava,[79] Bucharest,[79] Budapest, Copenhagen (begins 18 September 2020),[80] Malta (begins 19 September 2020),[81] Oslo–Gardermoen (begins 19 September 2020),[82] Salzburg (begins 18 September 2020),[83] Stockholm–Skavsta (begins 19 September 2020),[84] Sofia,[85] Treviso (begins 14 December 2020),[86] Vilnius[79]
Seasonal: Catania (begins 30 March 2021),[87] Turin (begins 19 December 2020)[88]
Wizz Air UK London–Luton
Yakutia Airlines Yakutsk
Seasonal: Magadan, Novosibirsk
Yamal Airlines Apatity/Kirovsk, Novy Urengoy,[89] Tyumen
Seasonal: Simferopol
Seasonal charter: Corfu [25]
Zagros Airlines Seasonal: Isfahan

Cargo
AirlinesDestinations
Asiana Cargo Gothenburg, Vienna

Statistics
Exterior of old terminal 1.
View of the taxiways
Duty free area of terminal 1
New terminal exterior.
New departure hall interior.
Terminal 1 interior after renovation.

Annual traffic
Annual Passenger Traffic
Year Passengers % Change
20044,337,749
20054,654,405 7.3%
20065,101,842 9.6%
20076,137,805 20%
20087,071,537 15.2%
20096,758,352 −4.4%
20108,443,753 25%
20119,610,767 14%
201211,154,560 16%
201312,854,366 15.2%
201414,264,732 11%
201513,500,125 −5.3%
201613,300,000 −1.4%
201716,125,520 21.2%
201818,122,286 12.4%
201919,581,262 8.1%

Route statistics
Busiest domestic routes at Pulkovo Airport (by number of passengers) 2018[90]
RankCityRegionAirportsNumber of passengers
1 Moscow Moscow
Moscow Oblast		 Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo 4,837,840
2 Simferopol  Republic of Crimea Simferopol Airport 630,677
3 Sochi  Krasnodar Krai Adler–Sochi International Airport 562,176
4 Kaliningrad  Kaliningrad Oblast Khrabrovo Airport 492,867
5 Yekaterinburg  Sverdlovsk Oblast Koltsovo Airport 422,563
6 Novosibirsk  Novosibirsk Oblast Tolmachevo Airport 317,363
7 Arkhangelsk  Arkhangelsk Oblast Talagi Airport 306,198
8 Rostov-on-Don  Rostov Oblast Rostov-on-Don Airport 303,035
9 Krasnodar  Krasnodar Krai Pashkovsky Airport 295,160
10 Murmansk  Murmansk Oblast Murmansk Airport 283,719
Busiest CIS routes at Pulkovo Airport (by number of passengers) 2018[90]
RankCityCountryAirportsNumber of passengers
1 Minsk  Belarus Minsk National Airport 274,305
2 Tashkent  Uzbekistan Tashkent International Airport 124,426
3 Chișinău  Moldova Chișinău International Airport 95,428
4 Almaty  Kazakhstan Almaty International Airport 90,258
5 Samarkand  Uzbekistan Samarkand Airport 78,569
6 Dushanbe  Tajikistan Dushanbe International Airport 72,532
7 Baku  Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev International Airport 72,197
8 Nur-Sultan  Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport 59,108
9 Osh  Kyrgyzstan Osh Airport 49,776
10 Yerevan  Armenia Zvartnots International Airport 44,349
Busiest international routes at Pulkovo Airport (by number of passengers) 2018[90]
RankCityCountryAirportsNumber of passengers
1 Antalya  Turkey Antalya International Airport 700,658
2 Frankfurt  Germany Frankfurt Airport 284,679
3 Larnaca  Cyprus Larnaca International Airport 257,605
4 Paris  France Charles de Gaulle Airport 234,208
5 Munich  Germany Munich Airport 216,808
6 Dubai  United Arab Emirates Dubai International Airport 184,427
7 Barcelona  Spain Barcelona–El Prat Airport 176,473
8 Amsterdam  Netherlands Amsterdam Airport Schiphol 168,889
9 Prague  Czech Republic Václav Havel Airport Prague 151,360
10 Riga  Latvia Riga International Airport 147,974

Investors

Northern Capital Gateway (NCG) began managing the airport in 2009.[91]

The airport's website lists the companies currently participating alongside NCG:[91]

"Russian VTB Capital, member of state-owned VTB Group, German Fraport AG, which manages and operates the airport of Frankfurt and many other international airports, and Horizon Air Investments S.A. member of the Greek Copelouzos Group".

Although not yet listed on the website, the latest investor is Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), which now owns a 24.99% share of the Pulkovo Airport.[92]

Qatar Investment Authority

In mid-2016, Qatari sovereign wealth fund QIA was proud to announce that it had purchased nearly a quarter-percent stake in the Russian airport.[93]

Qatar purchased a roughly 10% stake in Thalita Trading from Germany's airport operating holding, Fraport (FRAG.DE), in July 2016.[92] Thalita Trading is the parent company of NCG, manager of the airport.[94] It was reported that Fraport expected to make between €30–40 million in the sale.[93]

Qatar then bought stake from Copelouzos Group to grow its share in Thalita, and consequently the entire airport, to 24.99%.[94] As of September 2016, it was reported that QIA was to pay €239, or $269 million, for the quarter-percent stake.[95]

Commenting on the sale, Qatar's Doha News reported that:[93]

"QIA's purchase of a stake in Pulkovo increases the country's interest in foreign airports, following a big investment in London Heathrow operator Heathrow Airport Holdings".

Sheikh Ahmed Al-Thani, vice chairman of QIA and member of Qatar's ruling Al-Thani family, is now listed as a member of the Board of Directors on the Pulkovo airport's website, along with Arturo Carta of QIA.[96]

Investment background and controversy

QIA is the sovereign wealth fund of Qatar founded in 2005 by the Al-Thani family.

Since its inception, the sovereign wealth fund has been ramping up its worldwide real estate purchases, and most recently has invested heavily throughout the United States. The fund purchased stake in the Empire State Building in August 2016 and became the primary investor in one of Washington, D.C.'s larger mixed-use developments, CityCenterDC, which delivered in 2015.[97]

In December 2016, QIA together with commodities trader Glencore purchased a 19.5% share in Russia's largest oil company, Rosneft, for €10.2 billion ($10.8 billion).[98] Rosneft has been under sanctions by the European Union and United States since 2014.[99][100] A few months following the deal, Reuters reported that when asked if he was still confident about the investment, QIA CEO Sheikh Abdullah Bin Mohammed Al-Thani responded "Absolutely, no doubt".[98]

In March 2017, CEO Al-Thani announced Qatar's latest venture: "Soon we will be opening an office in the Silicon Valley in San Francisco".[101][102]

Qatar's aggressive investments, including its "interest in foreign airports", have been met with hesitation from those suspicious about the country's longstanding connections to multiple terrorist organizations and their senior-level operators.[103][104][105]

Ground transportation
Bus near Terminal 1.
  • "Marshrutka" minibuses No. K-39 run on several lines, some of them following the city bus routes (and using matching line numbers).
  • Pulkovo Airport is served by the shuttle buses(No.39 and No.39Ex). They connect the airport with metro station "Moskovskaya" on line M2.
  • Train station "Аirport" (Russian "Аэропорт") is 15 minutes walk from Pulkovo 2.

For private car travel, Pulkovo Airport is accessible via the nearby Pulkovo Highway (Pulkovskoe shosse) from Saint Petersburg city center.

Accidents and incidents
  • 27 April 1974, an Ilyushin Il-18V passenger aircraft of Aeroflot flying to Krasnodar crashed right after take off from Pulkovo after an engine fire. All 108 passengers and 10 members of crew died.
gollark: I wonder if a sufficiently low-power osmarksßssßsmartwatch could be solar charged.
gollark: [REDACTED THEN DATA REPLACED PARTLY WITH BEES]
gollark: (coming between now and the heat death of the universe unless it isn't)
gollark: Idea: hypertoaster vs osmarksßßssmartwatch.
gollark: Maybe a bunch of seriesed high discharge lithium batteries? That CANNOT go wrong.

See also

References
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  2. "About the Airport". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  3. About Us – STC Russia Archived 2009-06-29 at the Wayback Machine, Rossiya Airlines, retrieved January 2, 2009
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  14. "The prospect of open skies in St Petersburg sparks excitement around Europe". www.eurasiatimes.org. Retrieved 2020-01-19.
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  43. http://gdca.am/storage/projects/projects_5800921334_S19_16MAY_TO_30_JUN_2019.doc
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