Irkutsk

Irkutsk (/ɪərˈkutsk/ eer-KOOTSK;[13] Russian: Иркутск, IPA: [ɪrˈkutsk]; Buryat and Mongolian: Эрхүү, Erhüü) is the largest city and administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. With a population of 617,473 as of the 2010 Census, Irkutsk is the 25th largest city in Russia by population, the 5th largest in the Siberian Federal District, and one of the largest cities in Siberia.

For other uses, see Irkutsk (disambiguation).
Irkutsk

Иркутск
City[1]
Clockwise, from the upper right corner: Clock Tower, Picture Gallery, Irkutsk panorama from the dam, Local Lore Museum, Khudozhestvenny Cinema, Kazan Church
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: none
Location of Irkutsk
Irkutsk
Location of Irkutsk
Irkutsk
Irkutsk (Irkutsk Oblast)
Coordinates: 52°17′N 104°17′E
CountryRussia
Federal subjectIrkutsk Oblast[2]
Founded1661[3]
Government
 • BodyDuma
 • Mayor[4]Dmitri Berdnikov[4]
Area
 • Total277 km2 (107 sq mi)
Elevation
440 m (1,440 ft)
Population
 • Total587,891
 • Estimate 
(2018)[7]
623,869 (+6.1%)
 • Rank24th in 2010
 • Density2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi)
 • Subordinated toCity of Irkutsk[2][1]
 • Capital ofIrkutsk Oblast[2], Irkutsky District[2]
 • Urban okrugIrkutsk Urban Okrug[8]
 • Capital ofIrkutsk Urban Okrug[8], Irkutsky Municipal District[9]
Time zoneUTC+8 (MSK+5 [10])
Postal code(s)[11]
664xxx
Dialing code(s)+7 3952[12]
OKTMO ID25701000001
City DayFirst Saturday of June
Websiteweb.archive.org/web/20070312014231/http://www.irkutsk.ru/

Located in the south of the eponymous oblast, the city proper lies on the Angara River, a tributary of the Yenisei, about 850 kilometres (530 mi) to the south-east of Krasnoyarsk and about 520 kilometres (320 mi) north of Ulaanbaatar. The Trans-Siberian Highway (Federal M53 and M55 Highways) and Trans-Siberian Railway connect Irkutsk to other regions in Russia and Mongolia.

Many distinguished Russians were sent into exile in Irkutsk for their part in the Decembrist revolt of 1825, and the city became an exile-post for the rest of the century. Some historic wooden houses still survive. When the railway reached Irkutsk, it had earned the nickname of "The Paris of Siberia." The city was the center of bitter fighting in the Russian Civil War of 1918–20. Afterward, in the Soviet period, its architecture was dominated by the mandatory squared-up style. The city became a major centre of aircraft manufacture. The historic centre of Irkutsk is located on UNESCO's tentative list of World Heritage Sites.

Etymology

Irkutsk was named after the Irkut River. Its name was derived from the Buryat word for "spinning," and was used as an ethnonym among local tribes, who were known as Yrkhu, Irkit, Irgit, and Irgyt. The city was formerly known as Yandashsky after the local Tuvan chief Yandasha Gorogi.[14]

The old spelling of the name of the city was «Иркуцкъ». Before the revolution, the city was called "East Paris", "Siberian Petersburg", "Siberian Athens". Locals like to think of their city as "middle of the earth".

History
Irkutsk Castle in 1735

In 1652, Ivan Pokhabov built a zimovye (winter quarters) near the site of Irkutsk for gold trading and for collecting fur taxes from the Buryats. In 1661, Yakov Pokhabov built an ostrog (a small fort) nearby.[3] The ostrog gained official town rights from the government in 1686.

The first road connection between Moscow and Irkutsk, the Siberian Route, was built in 1760, and benefited the town economy. Many new products, often imported from China via Kyakhta, became widely available in Irkutsk for the first time, including gold, diamonds, fur, wood, silk, and tea. In 1821, as part of the Mikhail Speransky's reforms, Siberia was administratively divided at the Yenisei River. Irkutsk became the seat of the Governor-General of East Siberia.

Irkutsk Assembly of the Nobility in the early 1900s

In the early 19th century, many Russian artists, officers, and nobles were sent into exile in Siberia for their part in the Decembrist revolt against Tsar Nicholas I. Irkutsk became the major center of intellectual and social life for these exiles, and they developed much of the city's cultural heritage. They had wooden houses built that were adorned with ornate, hand-carved decorations. Many still survive today, in stark contrast with the standard Soviet apartment blocks that surround them.

Epiphany Cathedral and central Irkutsk in 1865

By the end of the 19th century, the population consisted of one exiled man for every two locals. People of varying backgrounds, from members of the Decembrist uprising to Bolsheviks, had been in Irkutsk for many years and had greatly influenced the culture and development of the city. As a result, Irkutsk became a prosperous cultural and educational center in Eastern Siberia.

In 1879, on July 4 and 6, a fire burned out of control, destroying the palace of the Governor General, and the principal administrative and municipal offices. Many of the other public buildings, including the government archives, the library, and the museum of the Siberian section of the Russian Geographical Society, were completely ruined.[15] Three-quarters of the city was destroyed, including approximately 4,000 houses.[16] The city quickly rebounded, installing electricity in 1896. The first theater was built in 1897 and a major train station opened in 1898. The first train arrived in Irkutsk on August 16 of that year. By 1900, the city had earned the nickname of "The Paris of Siberia."

Irkutsk in 1918

During the Russian Civil War, which broke out after the October Revolution, Irkutsk became the site of many furious, bloody clashes between the "White movement" and the "Bolsheviks", known as the "Reds". In 1920, Aleksandr Kolchak, the once-feared commander of the largest contingent of anti-Bolshevik forces, was executed in Irkutsk. This effectively destroyed the anti-Bolshevik resistance.

Irkutsk was the administrative center of the short-lived East Siberian Oblast, from 1936 to 1937. The city subsequently became the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, after East Siberian Oblast was divided into Chita Oblast and Irkutsk Oblast.

During the communist years, the industrialization of Irkutsk and Siberia in general was strongly encouraged. The large Irkutsk Reservoir was built on the Angara River between 1950 and 1959 in order to generate hydroelectric power and facilitate industrial development.

Epiphany Cathedral (built in 1718–1746)

The Epiphany Cathedral, the governor's palace, a school of medicine, a museum, a military hospital and the crown factories are among the public institutions and buildings.[15] The Aleksandr Kolchak monument, designed by Vyacheslav Klykov, was unveiled in 2004. On July 27, 2004, the Irkutsk Synagogue (1881) was gutted by a fire.

In December 2016, 74 people in Irkutsk died in a mass methanol poisoning, after drinking this toxic alcohol substitute.[17][18]

In 2018, the BBC reported that men in Irkutsk had an average life span of only 63. The society had declined and their health had suffered markedly[19]

Geography

Irkutsk is located about 850 kilometres (530 mi) to the south-east of Krasnoyarsk, and about 520 kilometres (320 mi) north of Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. The city proper lies on the Angara River, a tributary of the Yenisei, 72 kilometers (45 mi) below its outflow from Lake Baikal and on the bank opposite the suburb of Glaskovsk.[15] The river, 580-meter (1,900 ft) wide, is crossed by the Irkutsk Hydroelectric Dam and three other bridges downstream.

The Irkut River, from which the town takes its name, is a smaller river that joins the Angara directly opposite the city.[15] The main portion of the city is separated from several landmarks—the monastery, the fort and the port, as well as its suburbs—by another tributary, the Ida (or Ushakovka) River. The two main parts of Irkutsk are customarily referred to as the "left bank" and the "right bank", with respect to the flow of the Angara River.

Irkutsk is situated in a landscape of rolling hills within the thick taiga that is typical in Eastern Siberia.

The population has been shrinking since the late 1980s: 587,891 (2010 Census);[6] 593,604 (2002 Census);[20] 622,301 (1989 Census).[21]. According to the regional plan, Irkutsk city will be combined with its neighboring industrial towns of Shelekhov and Angarsk to form a metropolitan area with a total population of over a million.

Climate

Irkutsk originally had a borderline subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dwc). Since 2000, the temperatures have resembled a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwb). Snow cover has disappeared earlier, from late April in the 1930s to late March in the 1980s. Discontinuous permafrost depth had decreased from 200 m to 100 m during the same period.

Irkutsk is characterized by an extreme variation of temperatures between seasons. It can be very warm in the summer, and very cold in the winter. However, Lake Baikal has a tempering effect, giving Irkutsk temperatures that are less extreme than elsewhere in Siberia. The warmest month of the year is July, when the average temperature is +18 °C (64 °F); the highest temperature recorded being +37.2 °C (99.0 °F). The coldest month of the year is January, when the average temperature is −18 °C (0 °F), and record low of −49.7 °C (−57.5 °F). Precipitation varies widely throughout the year, with July being the wettest month, when precipitation averages 113 millimeters (4.4 in). The driest month is February, when precipitation averages only 7.6 millimeters (0.30 in). Almost all precipitation during the Siberian winter falls as flurry, dry snow.

Climate data for Irkutsk (normals 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1)		 10.2
(50.4)		 20.0
(68.0)		 29.2
(84.6)		 34.5
(94.1)		 35.6
(96.1)		 37.2
(99.0)		 34.7
(94.5)		 29.7
(85.5)		 25.6
(78.1)		 14.4
(57.9)		 5.3
(41.5)		 37.2
(99.0)
Average high °C (°F) −12.8
(9.0)		 −7.8
(18.0)		 0.3
(32.5)		 9.4
(48.9)		 18.1
(64.6)		 22.7
(72.9)		 24.8
(76.6)		 22.2
(72.0)		 15.7
(60.3)		 7.7
(45.9)		 −2.7
(27.1)		 −10.6
(12.9)		 7.3
(45.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −17.8
(0.0)		 −14.4
(6.1)		 −6.4
(20.5)		 2.5
(36.5)		 10.2
(50.4)		 15.4
(59.7)		 18.3
(64.9)		 15.8
(60.4)		 9.1
(48.4)		 1.8
(35.2)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 −15.3
(4.5)		 1.0
(33.8)
Average low °C (°F) −21.8
(−7.2)		 −19.6
(−3.3)		 −12.2
(10.0)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 3.6
(38.5)		 9.3
(48.7)		 13.0
(55.4)		 10.9
(51.6)		 4.3
(39.7)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 −11.6
(11.1)		 −19.2
(−2.6)		 −4.1
(24.6)
Record low °C (°F) −49.7
(−57.5)		 −44.7
(−48.5)		 −37.3
(−35.1)		 −31.8
(−25.2)		 −14.3
(6.3)		 −6
(21)		 0.4
(32.7)		 −2.7
(27.1)		 −11.9
(10.6)		 −30.5
(−22.9)		 −40.4
(−40.7)		 −46.3
(−51.3)		 −49.7
(−57.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 13
(0.5)		 8
(0.3)		 12
(0.5)		 18
(0.7)		 37
(1.5)		 78
(3.1)		 114
(4.5)		 91
(3.6)		 52
(2.0)		 21
(0.8)		 20
(0.8)		 16
(0.6)		 480
(18.9)
Average rainy days 0 0.04 1 9 15 18 18 17 16 9 2 0 105
Average snowy days 21 16 13 11 3 0.2 0 0 2 10 20 23 119
Average relative humidity (%) 82 76 65 56 55 67 74 78 76 73 79 85 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours 93 149 207 223 266 264 243 218 182 152 93 62 2,142
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[22]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[23]

Administrative and municipal status

Irkutsk is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Irkutsky District,[2] even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the City of Irkutsk[1]—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the City of Irkutsk is incorporated as Irkutsk Urban Okrug.[8]

Coat of arms
The original version of the coat of arms
A fountain in Kirov Square

The coat of arms of Irkutsk features an old symbol of Dauria: a Siberian tiger with a sable in his mouth. When the coat of arms was devised in 1690, the animal was described as a tiger ("babr", a bookish word of Persian derivation) with a sable in his mouth. This image had been used by the Yakutsk customs office from about 1642. It has its origin in a seal of the Siberia Khanate representing a sable and showcasing the fact that Siberia (or rather Yugra) was the main source of sable fur throughout the Middle Ages. (Actually, the English word "sable" is derived from the Russian "sobol").

By the mid-19th century, the word "babr" had fallen out of common usage, but it was still recorded in the Armorial of the Russian Empire. Furthermore, the tigers became extinct in this part of Siberia. In the 1870s, a high-placed French heraldist with a limited command of Russian assumed that "babr" was a misspelling of "bobr", the Russian word for "beaver", and changed the wording accordingly. This modification engendered a long dispute between the local authorities, who were so confused by the revised description that they started to depict the "babr" as a fabulous animal, half-tiger and half-beaver.

The Soviets abolished the image altogether, but it was restored following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Economy

Energy

The 662.4 MW Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station was the first cascade hydroelectric power station in the Irkutsk region. The construction of the dam started in 1950 and finished in 1958.[24]

Industry

The largest industry in Irkutsk is Irkut, the Irkutsk Aviation Industrial Association,[25] which was set up in 1932 in the Transbaykal region of the Soviet Union. It is best known as being the manufacturer of the Su-30 family of interceptor/ground-attack aircraft. The Russian government has merged Irkut with Ilyushin, Mikoyan, Sukhoi, Tupolev, and Yakovlev into a new company named United Aircraft Building Corporation.[26]

There is the Irkutsk Aluminium Smelter which belongs to the Rusal Company.[27]

Transportation
Irkutsk railway station
Tram in Irkutsk
See also: Trams in Irkutsk

Important roads and railways like the Trans-Siberian Highway (Federal M53 and M55 Highways) and Trans-Siberian Railway connect Irkutsk to other regions in Russia and Mongolia. The city is also served by the Irkutsk International Airport and the smaller Irkutsk Northwest Airport.

The Federal road and railway to Moscow and Vladivostok pass through the other side of the Angara River from central Irkutsk.

Trams are one major mode of public transit in Irkutsk. Other modes are trolleybus, bus, fixed-route taxi (marshrutka) and cycling.

  • Trolleybus
  • Bus on Sedov Street

Health

Despite its remoteness, Irkutsk was reported in 2004 to have the highest HIV infection rate in Russia.[28] Tens of thousands of drug addicts, mostly ethnic Russians in their mid to late teens are infected. The number of reported AIDS cases increased by more than 10,000% during the 1999-2000 period. Although the epidemic, which started in 1999, is reported to have slowed down, Irkutsk will lose tens of thousands of its working age population from 2010 onwards. This is one of the reasons Irkutsk's male life expectancy, at 53 years, is one of the lowest in all of Russia. Preventive measures are in place to prevent the spread of the epidemic to the generation which was born after the breakup of the USSR.[29][30][31][32][33]

Culture
Irkutsk Academic Drama Theater

Television and mass media

There are many state-owned and privately owned television stations in Irkutsk, including state company IGTRK[34] and private ones, such as AS Baikal TV,[35] TV company AIST,[36] TV company Gorod,[37] and also other media outlets, like the VSP Newspaper Agency.[38] There is also a live webcam broadcasting from the city center.[39]

Education

Irkutsk is home to the East Siberian Education Academy (since 1909), Irkutsk State University (1918), Irkutsk State Medical University (1918), Baykalsky State University of Economics and Law (since 1932), Irkutsk State Technical University (since 1939), Irkutsk State Academy of Agriculture, Irkutsk State Linguistic University (1948), Irkutsk State Railway Transport University (since 1975), and a number of private colleges: Siberian Institute of Law, Economics and Management (since 1993), Institute of Economics of ISTU (since 1996), and others.

Science

As Irkutsk is within the influence of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, there are nine research institutes located in the Irkutsk Academgorodok suburb: the Institute of Geography, the Energy System Institute, the Institute of Geochemistry, the Institute of System Dynamics and Control Theory, the Earth's Crust Institute, the Solar-Terrestrial Physics Institute, the Institute of Chemistry, the Limnological Institute (formerly located on Lake Baikal's shore), the Institute of Plant Physics, Laser Physics Institute (a Branch of the Institute of Laser Physics in Novosibirsk). A number of institutes conduct research within Irkutsk State University: the Institute of Biology, the Institute of Oil and Coal Chemistry and Synthesis, the Laboratory of Quantum Chemistry, the Institute of Applied Physics, the Interregional Institute of Social Studies, the Astronomical Observatory, and the Botanical Gardens. The East-Siberian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences is also located in Irkutsk and is represented by the following research organizations: the Scientific Center for Medical Ecology, the Institute for Paediatrics and Human Reproduction, the Institute for Microbiology and Epidemiology, the Institute for Medicine of the Workplace and Human Ecology, the Institute of Reconstructive and Restorative Surgery, the Institute of Surgery, and the Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics. Also, the Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Scientific and Technical Center has a branch in Irkutsk. Additionally, there are R&D institutes including GAZPROM R&D Institute (a Branch of a Moscow-based institute), the Irkutsk Institute of Rare and Precious Metals and Diamonds (Irgiredmet), part of the Petropavlovsk Group of Companies.,[40] and the Vostoksibacademcenter of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences that publishes the Project Baikal journal.

Literature

Irkutsk was home to the well-known Russian writer Valentin Rasputin; many of his novels and stories take place in the Angara Valley. An essay on the cultural history of Irkutsk (and another one about the nearby Lake Baikal) is included in Rasputin's non-fiction collection Siberia, Siberia, which is also available in an English translation. Irkutsk also figures prominently in descriptions by foreign travelers, including the so-called British "Blind Traveler" James Holman, who was suspected of spying and conducted back forcibly to the frontiers of Poland.

Museums
The Church of the Cross (1747–60) is a pinnacle of the Siberian Baroque architecture

Irkutsk[41] is a point of interest for tourists with its numerous museums and old architecture. The Taltsy Museum (Russian: Тальцы), located on the Angara 47 kilometers (29 mi) South of Irkutsk, is an open-air museum of Siberian traditional architecture. Numerous old wooden buildings from villages in the Angara valley, which have been flooded after the construction of the Bratsk Dam and Ust-Ilimsk Dam, have been transported to the museum and reassembled there. One of the centerpieces of the collection is a partial recreation of the 17th-century ostrog (fortress) of Ilimsk, which consists of the original Spasskaya Tower and the Church of Our Lady of Kazan transported from the flooded ostrog in the mid-1970s, to which an exact modern copy of another tower of the ostrog and the Southern wall of the fortress were added in the early 2000s.[42]

The Botanic Garden of the Irkutsk State University known as the "Irkutsk Botanic Garden" is the only botanic garden as a living museum in Irkutsk Oblast and Baikalian Siberia. Its mission is "to protect and enrich the flora of the Lake Baikal area and the world for people through public education, collection, propagation, research, and conservation of plants". The garden is mainly an educational and scientific tool for the Irkutsk State University and maintains the largest plant collection of living plants in Eastern Siberia (more than 5,000 plant taxa), a herbarium, and a seed bank. It occupies 27 hectares (67 acres) within Irkutsk city, 70 km (43 mi) West of Lake Baikal. It has a federal status of especially protected land and a nature memorial of Irkutsk.

Theaters

Irkutsk is also home to several theaters, including the Okhlopkov Drama Theater, one of Russia's oldest.[43]

Sports
Trud Stadium is due to be replaced by an indoor bandy and speed skating arena

Bandy is popular in the city. There are several clubs, most notably Baykal-Energiya[44] of the Russian Bandy Super League, which can draw spectator crowds of 30,000.[45] It is also the centre of women's bandy in Russia with the club Rekord,[46] which provides most players to the national team.[47] In the national championship 2019, four teams were from Irkutsk and only two from the rest of the country.[48]

In Irkutsk, there are 384 sports facilities, of which 200 are municipal ones. Among them there are 23 swimming pools, 14 ski bases, a sports palace, 154 courts, 165 gyms, an athletics arena, a racetrack, 7 stadiums—Trud, Rekord, Dynamo, Zenit, Aviator, Lokomotiv-2, sports complex of Irktusk and the main football arena—Lokomotiv for 3 thousand seats.

2012 Women's Bandy World Championship[49] was hosted in Irkutsk and received praise from Federation of International Bandy.[50] 2014 Bandy World Championship was played in the city.[51][52] The final of Russian Bandy Super League 2016 was played at Rekord Stadium.[53] The 2019 Bandy World Championship was scheduled to also be hosted in Irkutsk.[54] The decision was reconsidered, though.[55] Then it was thought that Irkutsk might get the right to host the 2020 tournament instead, if FIB was given guarantees that the planned indoor arena would be ready for use in time.[56] It will also be an indoor speed skating arena.[57] Its construction started in October 2018[58] and is expected to be ready for use by March 2020, just in time for the Bandy World Championship.[59]

Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Irkutsk is twinned with:[60]

Notable people
Main article: List of people from Irkutsk
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See also

References

Notes
  1. Charter of Irkutsk Oblast
  2. Law #49-OZ
  3. Lantzeff, George V., and Richard A. Pierce (1973). Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier, to 1750. Montreal: McGill-Queen's U.P.
  4. "Мэр – Официальный портал города Иркутска". Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  5. "Федеральная служба государственной статистики Российской Федерации – База данных показателей муниципальных образований". Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  6. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  7. "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  8. Law #88-oz
  9. Law #94-oz
  10. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  11. Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  12. "International Calling Codes – Pg2". The-acr.com. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  13. "Irkutsk". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  14. Dameshek (2002), p. 16
  15.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Irkutsk". Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 796.
  16. Kennan, George (1891). Siberia and the Exile System. London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co. pp. 1–2.
  17. Nechepurenko, Ivan (December 19, 2016). "In Russia, Dozens Dies After Drinking Alcohol Substitute". The New York Times. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
  18. "Russia bath lotion poisoning: Putin orders crackdown as death toll rises". BBC. December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  19. Sarah Rainsford (December 29, 2018). "Putin's Russia: Icy Siberia reveals cracks in society". BBC.com. Retrieved December 30, 2018.
  20. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  21. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  22. "Pogoda.ru.net- Climate Data for Irkutsk 1981–2010" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  23. "Irkutsk Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  24. "Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station History". Irkutskenergo. Retrieved September 7, 2010.
  25. John Pike (September 18, 2002). "Irkutsk Aviation Industrial Association – Russian Defense Industry". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
  26. "Russian Aircraft Industry Seeks Revival Through Merger." The New York Times. February 22, 2006
  27. "Страница не найдена". Rusal.ru. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  28. "Russia Sees an AIDS 'Explosion'" Washington Post, June 13, 2004
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