Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno

Claude Victor-Perrin, 1st Duke of Belluno (7 December 1764 – 1 March 1841) was a French soldier and military commander who served during both the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was made a Marshal of the Empire in 1807 by Emperor Napoleon I.

Marshal of the Empire Claude Victor-Perrin Duke of Belluno
Born	(1764-12-07)7 December 1764 Lamarche, France
Died	1 March 1841(1841-03-01) (aged 76) Paris, France
Buried	Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France
Allegiance	Kingdom of France  Kingdom of the French  First French Republic  First French Empire Bourbon Restoration
Rank	Marshal of the Empire
Battles/wars	French Revolutionary Wars, Napoleonic Wars
Awards	Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour

Life

He was born at Lamarche in the Vosges in 1764,[1] son of Charles Perrin and wife Marie Anne Floriot, paternal grandson of Charles Perrin and wife Gabrielle Guerin, born in 1696, and great-grandson of Pierre Perrin and wife Anne Louvière. At the age of 17 he enlisted in the artillery regiment in Grenoble as a private soldier,[1] and after ten years' service he applied for and received his discharge because of his disgust at the manners revolutionary army[1] and settled at Valence.[2] Soon afterwards he joined the local volunteers, and distinguishing himself in the war on the Alpine frontier, in less than a year he had risen to the command of a battalion. In Drôme, Valence, on 16 May 1791 he married Jeanne Josephine Muguet, by whom he had issue which was extinct in the male line by 1917.

Military career

Revolutionary Wars

Victor as a lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Bataillon of the Rhone in 1792

For his bravery at the siege of Toulon in 1793 he was raised to the rank of général de brigade. He afterwards served for some time with the army of the Eastern Pyrenees, and in the Italian campaign of 1796–1799 he so acquitted himself at Mondovì, Rovereto and Mantua that he was promoted to be general of the division.[3]

After commanding for some time the forces in the department of Vendée, he was again deployed to Italy, where he performed well in service against the papal troops, and took an important part in the battle of Marengo. In 1802 he was made governor of the colony of Louisiana for a short time, in 1803 he commanded the Batavian army, and afterwards he acted for eighteen months (1805–1806) as French plenipotentiary at Copenhagen.[3] In that year he married for a second time in June at 's-Hertogenbosch to Julie Vosch van Avesaat (1781–1831), by whom he had an only daughter who died unmarried and without issue.

Napoleonic Wars

On the outbreak of hostilities with Prussia (the War of the Fourth Coalition) he joined the V Army Corps under Marshal Jean Lannes as chief of the general staff. He distinguished himself at the battles of Saalfeld and Jena, and at Friedland he commanded the I Corps in such a manner that Napoleon made him a Marshal of France.[3]

After the peace of Tilsit he became governor of Berlin, and in 1808 he was created duke of Belluno (the title was extinguished in 1853). In the same year he was sent to Spain, where he took a prominent part in the Peninsular War (especially against Blake at the Battle of Espinosa, and later at the battles of Talavera, Barrosa and Cádiz), until his appointment in 1812 to a corps command in the invasion of Russia. At first his corps was posted in the east Prussia but it was later moved up to Smolensk support the invading forces.[4] from Here his most important service was in protecting the retreating army at the crossing of the Berezina River.[3]

He took an active part in the wars of 1813–1814, until in February 1814 he arrived too late at Montereau-sur-Yonne.[2] The result was a scene of violent recrimination and his supersession by the emperor,[5] who transferred his command to Gérard. Thus wounded in his amour-propre, Victor now transferred his allegiance to the Bourbon dynasty, and in December 1814 received from Louis XVIII the command of the second military division. In 1815, on the return of Napoleon from exile in Elba Victor accompanied the king to Ghent.[3]

Bourbon Restoration

When the second restoration followed the Battle of Waterloo he was made a peer of France. He became president of a commission which inquired into the conduct of the officers during the Hundred Days, and dismissed Napoleon's sympathizers. In 1821 he was appointed war minister and held this office for two years. In 1830 he was major-general of the royal guard, and after the July Revolution of that year he retired altogether into private life. He died in Paris on 1 March 1841.[3] His papers for the period 1793–1800 have been published (Paris, 1846).

Personal life

Victor first married Jeanne-Josephine Muguet in May 1791 and had four children:

• Victorine (1792–1822)
• Charles (1795–1827)
• Napoleon-Victor (1796–1853)
• Eugene (1799–1852)

His second marriage was to Julie Vosch van Avesaet in June 1803 (1781–1831), with whom he had a daughter:

• Stephanie-Josephine (1805–1832)

Evaluation

Victor had mixed military talents. He was an excellent organizer and tactician. During his time in Spain he destroyed entire Spanish armies with Cannae like envelopments and even fought Wellington to a virtual tactical draw at Talavera. However he was a timid strategist often afraid of taking risks. Nevertheless, he recognized new developments in warfare and implemented them throughout his career. At the Beresina River in 1812, he made excellent use of reverse slope defenses showing that he learned something from Wellington.

On the contrary in his book “Napoleon and His Marshals” MacDonell calls Victor a stupid soldier.[6] He claims the closest Victor ever came to victory is when he changed his name from Perrin into Victor.[6] Dunn-Pattison says of him “Not specially dowered by fortune with talents for war” but does praise his courage and sense of honor.[1]

References

1. Dunn-Pattison, Richard. Napoleon's Marshals.
2. "Claude Victor-Perrin, duke de Bellune | French general". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
3. Chisholm 1911.
4. Zamoyski, Adam. (2004). 1812 : Napoleon's fatal march on Moscow. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0007123752. OCLC 54946742.
5. "Claude Victor-Perrin, duke de Bellune | French general". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
6. MacDonell, A (2015). Napoleon and His Marshals. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1516853144.

Attribution

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Victor-Perrin, Claude". Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External Links

• Claude Perrin Victor Papers at The Historic New Orleans Collection

Political offices
Preceded by Marie Victor Nicolas de Fay, marquis de La Tour-Maubourg	Minister of War 14 December 1821 - 23 March 1823	Succeeded by Alexandre, vicomte Digeon
Preceded by Alexandre, vicomte Digeon	Minister of War 15 April 1823 - 19 October 1823	Succeeded by Ange Hyacinthe Maxence, baron de Damas