Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve

Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (3 January 1756 in Chartres, France – 18 [?] June 1794 in Saint-Magne-de-Castillon (near Saint-Émilion)) was a French writer and politician who served as the second mayor of Paris, from 1791 to 1792.

This article is about the French politician. For the Haitian revolutionary leader, see Alexandre Pétion.

Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
1st President of the National Convention
In office 20 September 1792 – 4 October 1792
Preceded by	Philippe Rühl (provisional)
Succeeded by	Jean-François Delacroix
2nd Mayor of Paris
In office 18 November 1791 – 15 October 1792
Preceded by	Jean Sylvain Bailly
Succeeded by	Philibert Borie (temporary mayor)
Personal details
Born	(1756-01-03)3 January 1756 Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, France
Died	18 June 1794(1794-06-18) (aged 38) Saint-Magne-de-Castillon, near Saint-Émilion, Gironde, France
Cause of death	Suicide
Nationality	French
Political party	Girondist
Occupation	Writer, politician
Signature

Early life and work

Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve was the son of a procureur at Chartres. Though it is known that he was trained as a lawyer, very few specifics are known about Petion's early life, as he was virtually unknown prior to the French Revolution.[1] He became a lawyer in 1778, and at once began to try to make a name in literature. His first printed work was an essay, Sur les moyens de prévenir l'infanticide, which failed to gain the prize for which it was composed, but pleased Brissot so much that he printed it in vol. vii. of his Bibliothèque philosophique des législateurs.

Pétion's next works, Les Lois civiles, and Essais sur le mariage, in which he advocated the marriage of priests, confirmed his position as a bold reformer. He also attacked long-held Ancien Régime traditions such as primogeniture, accusing it of dividing the countryside into "proletarians and colossal properties."[2] Later works penned by Pétion include his account of Haiti entitled "Reflexions sur la noir et denonciation d'un crime affreux commis a Saint-Domingue" (1790)[3] and "Avis aux francois" in which he chides France for its corruption.[4]

Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, by Jean Urbain Guerin

When the elections to the Estates-General took place in 1789 he was elected a deputy to the Tiers Etat for Chartres. Both in the assembly of the Tiers Etat and in the Constituent Assembly Pétion showed himself a radical leader. Although Petion was overshadowed in the Assembly by such orators as Mirabeau and Barnave, his close relationship with Girondin leader Brissot provided him with helpful advice on political conduct.[5] He supported Mirabeau on 23 June, attacked the queen on 5 October, and was elected president on 4 December 1790. On 15 June 1791 he was elected president of the criminal tribunal of Paris. On 21 June 1791 he was chosen one of three commissioners appointed to bring back the king from Varennes, and he has left an account of the journey. After the last meeting of the assembly on 30 September 1791 Robespierre and Pétion were made the popular heroes and were crowned by the populace with civic crowns.

Mayor of Paris

From 24 October - 11 November Pétion visited London and had dinner with Thomas Paine.[6] By late 1791, administrative control of Paris was dominated by the Jacobins and mayor Jean-Sylvain Bailly had resigned due to constant political attacks from the left.[7] Pétion received a still further proof of the affection of the Parisians for him on 16 November 1791, when he was elected second mayor of Paris in succession to Bailly in a contest against Lafayette. (Only 10% of eligible citizens cast a vote, and Pétion won 60% of votes cast).[8] In his mayoralty he exhibited clearly his republican tendency and his hatred of the old monarchy, especially on 20 June 1792, when he allowed the mob to overrun the Tuileries and insult the royal family. For neglecting to protect the Tuileries he was suspended from his functions by the Directory of the Seine département, but the leaders of the Legislative Assembly felt that Pétion's cause was theirs, and rescinded the suspension on 13 July.[9] On 4 August, at the head of the municipality of Paris, Pétion demanded the deposition of the king.[10] Following news of the Duke of Brunswick's Prussian army reaching the fortress of Verdun near Paris during the late summer of 1792, fear encouraged frenzied Parisian mobs to target prisoners, royalist sympathizers, and Catholic priests in a series of acts of violence that would come to be known as the September Massacres.[11]

Convention, flight and death

Pétion was elected to the Convention for Eure-et-Loir and became its first president. After his election he stood down as Mayor of Paris and Nicolas Chambon de Montaux was elected to replace him.[12] L.P. Manuel proposed that the president of the Assembly should have the same authority as the president of the United States; his proposition was at once rejected, but Pétion got the nickname of "Roi Pétion," which contributed to his fall. With disagreements over such items as the necessity of the September Massacres, the Convention was a scene of large-scale political infighting between different factions.[13] The Girondins represented the moderate Right in the Convention while their more radical opponents, the Montagnards, represented the Left and were distinguished by their preference for occupying the higher rows of benches in the Convention.[14] His jealousy of Robespierre allied him to the Girondin party, with which he voted for the king's death and for the appeal to the people. He participated to the Constitution Committee that drafted the Girondin constitutional project. He was elected in March 1793 to the Commission (not the Committee) of Public Safety and attacked Robespierre, who had accused him of having known and having kept secret Dumouriez's project of restoring the French Constitution of 1791.

Pétion's name was among those of the twenty-two Girondin deputies proscribed on 2 June 1793 (see Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793). Pétion was one of those who escaped to Caen and raised the standard of provincial insurrection against the Convention; and, when the Norman rising failed, he fled with Marguerite-Élie Guadet, François Nicolas Leonard Buzot, Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux, Jean-Baptiste Salle and Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvrai to the Gironde, where they were sheltered by a wigmaker of Saint Emilion. At last, a month before Robespierre's fall in June 1794, the escaped deputies felt themselves no longer safe, and deserted their asylum. Louvet found his way to Paris, Salle and Guadet to Bordeaux, where they were soon taken. Barbaroux was guillotined after a botched suicide attempt and the bodies of Pétion and Buzot, who had killed themselves, were found in a field or forest, half eaten by wolves.[15]

See Mémoires inédits du Pétion et mémoires de Buzot et de Barbaroux, accompagnés de notes inédites de Buzot et de nombreux documents inédits sur Barbaroux, Buzot, Brissot, etc., précédés d'une introduction par C. A. Dauban (Paris, 1866); Œuvres du Pétion (3 vols., 1792); FA Aulard, Les Orateurs de la Constituante (Paris, 1882).

Notes

1. John Adolphus, Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution (T. Cadell, jun. and W. Davies, 1799), 328.
2. John Markoff, "Peasants Help Destroy an Old Regime and Defy a New One: Some Lessons from (and for) the Study of Social Movements,” The American Journal of Sociology 102, 4 (Jan 1997): 1135.
3. Glenn O. Phillips, "The Caribbean Collection at the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University," Latin American Research Review 15, 2 (1980), 168.
4. David A. Bell, "The Unbearable Lightness of Being French: Law, Republicanism and National Identity at the End of the Old Regime,” The American Historical Review 106, 4 (Oct 2001), 1231.
5. Adolphus, 330.
6. Duthille, Rémy (2010). “1688–1789. Au carrefour des révolutions : les célébrations de la révolution anglaise de 1688 en Grande-Bretagne après 1789”. In Cottret, Bernard; Henneton, Lauric (eds.). Du Bon Usage des commémorations : histoire, mémoire, identité, XVIe – XVIIIe siècles (in French). Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes. pp. 107–120.
7. David Andress, The Terror (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 61.
8. Chronicle of the French Revolution,Longman Group 1989 p.245
9. Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman Group 1989 p.271
10. Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman Group 1989 p.276
11. Andress, 96.
12. Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman Group 1989 p.305
13. Andress, 116.
14. Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984, 2004), 129.
15. Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman Group 1989 p.427

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pétion de Villeneuve, Jerôme". Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Adolphus, John. Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution. T. Cadell, jun. and W. Davies, 1799.
• Andress, David. The Terror. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.
• Bell, David A. "The Unbearable Lightness of Being French: Law, Republicanism and National Identity at the End of the Old Regime." The American Historical Review 106, 4 (Oct 2001): 1215–1235.
• Hunt, Lynn. Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984, 2004.
• Markoff, John. "Peasants Help Destroy an Old Regime and Defy a New One: Some Lessons from (and for) the Study of Social Movements." The American Journal of Sociology 102, 4 (Jan 1997): 1113–1142.
• Phillips, Glenn O. "The Caribbean Collection at the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University." Latin American Research Review 15, 2 (1980): 162–178.