Battle of Benavente

The Battle of Benavente (29 December 1808) was a cavalry clash in which the British cavalry of Lord Paget defeated the elite Chasseurs à cheval of the French Imperial Guard during the Corunna Campaign of the Peninsular War. The French chasseurs were broken and forced into the River Esla; their commanding officer, General Lefebvre-Desnouettes, was captured. The action was the first major incident in the British army's harrowing retreat to the coast and ultimate evacuation by sea.

Battle of Benavente
Part of the Peninsular War
British hussars at the battle of Benavente, 29 December 1808, by William Barnes Wollen.
Date 29 December 1808 Location Zamora, Spain Result British defensive victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom	France
Commanders and leaders
Henry, Lord Paget	Lefebvre-Desnouettes  (POW).
Strength
600	550
Casualties and losses
50 killed and wounded	55 killed and wounded, 3 officers and 70 other ranks captured.[1]

Background

An officer of the Chasseurs à cheval of the Guard by Théodore Géricault, c.1812

Copy of an 1808 French map which shows the relative position of river Esla, Benavente and Castrogonzalo.

Henry, Lord Paget, commander of the British cavalry

General Lefebvre-Desnouettes.

Brigadier General Charles Stewart

Sir John Moore led a British army into the heart of northwestern Spain with the aim of aiding the Spanish in their struggle against the French occupation. However, Napoleon had entered Spain at the head of a large army in order to retrieve French fortunes. This, together with the fall of Madrid to the French, made the position of the British army untenable. The British army had begun their retreat and were being pursued by the main French army led by Napoleon; the cavalry under Henry, Lord Paget were performing an effective screening role to cover them. On Christmas Day the 10th Hussars had taken 100 enemy cavalrymen prisoner, and on 27 December the 18th Hussars had been attacked no less than six times, on each occasion they countercharged successfully. On the 28th the British cavalry were acting as a rearguard posted on the River Esla, to cover the army's withdrawal to Astorga.[2]

Forces

The French force consisted of four squadrons of the Chasseurs à cheval of the Imperial Guard, plus a number of Mamelukes of the Imperial Guard.[3]

The British forces were drawn from the brigades of John Slade: 10th Hussars and the 18th Hussars and of Charles Stewart (later took the surname Vane): pickets of the 7th Hussars and 3rd Hussars of the King's German Legion (KGL).[4]

Battle

Outlying pickets of the British cavalry were stationed along the western bank of the River Esla, which was swollen with rain. The bridge at Castrogonzalo had been demolished by British engineers early on the 29th, and it was not until about 9:00 in the morning that Lefebvre-Desnouettes, a noted favourite of Napoleon, was able to ford the river with three strong squadrons of his chasseurs and a small detachment of Mamelukes.[5] The French forced the outlying pickets of the British cavalry back onto the inlying picket commanded by Loftus Otway (18th Hussars). Otway charged, despite heavy odds, but was driven back for 2 miles towards the town of Benavente. In an area where their flanks were covered by walls the British, now reinforced by a troop or squadron of the 3rd Hussars KGL and commanded by Brigadier-General Stewart, counter-attacked and a confused melee ensued.[6] The French, though temporarily driven back, had superior numbers and forced the British hussars to retreat once more, almost back to Benavente. Stewart knew he was drawing the French towards Paget and substantial numbers of British reserves.[7]

The French had gained the upper hand in the fight and were preparing to deliver a final charge when Lord Paget made a decisive intervention. He led the 10th Hussars, with squadrons of the 18th in support, around the southern outskirts of Benavente. Paget managed to conceal his squadrons from French view until he could fall on their left flank.[8][9] The British swords, often dulled by their iron scabbards, were very sharp on this occasion. An eyewitness stated that he saw the arms of French troopers cut off cleanly "like Berlin sausages." Other French soldiers were killed by blows to the head, blows which divided the head down to the chin.[10]

The French made a fighting withdrawal back to the river, though their squadrons were eventually broken and a running fight ensued. The chasseurs were forced into and across the river, those who were left on the western bank were either cut down or made prisoner. Lefebvre-Desnouettes' horse was injured and he could not cross the river; he was then made prisoner, either by Levi Grisdale of the 10th Hussars or Johann Bergmann of the King's German Legion hussars, opinions differed at the time.[11] As the chasseurs swam their horses across the river the British troopers fired on them with their carbines and pistols. The French cavalry re-formed on their side of the river and opened carbine fire on the British, though they were subsequently dispersed by the fire of British horse artillery.[12]

Aftermath

The victory gained over the elite of the French light cavalry raised the morale of the British hussars; it underlined the moral ascendancy they had achieved over the French cavalry at the earlier Battle of Sahagún. The retreat of the British army, however, continued. Napoleon had viewed the action from a height overlooking the river;[13] his reactions were rather muted and he made light of the losses to, and humbling of, his "Cherished Children." That evening Lefebvre-Desnouettes, who had suffered a superficial head wound, was entertained at the table of the British commander-in-chief Sir John Moore; Moore gave him his own sword to replace the one taken when he surrendered.[14] The French general was imprisoned in England where he eventually broke his parole, an unpardonable sin according to English public opinion, and escaped back to France, whereupon Napoleon reinstated him to his former command of the guard chasseurs.[15]

References and sources

References

1. Smith p.273 - all strength and casualty figures
2. Anglesey, p.84.
3. Fletcher, p. 96
4. Fletcher, p. 97
5. Anglesey, p.85.
6. Vane 1828, p. 207-208.
7. Fletcher, p.97.
8. Haythornthwaite, p. 46.
9. Anglesey, p. 86.
10. Hibbert, p. 78.
11. Haythornthwaite p. 47.
12. Anglesey, pp. 86-87.
13. Fletcher, p. 97
14. Hibbert, pp. 78-79
15. Within the social code of the time a "gentleman", when giving his parole, pledged his honour not to escape. In return for this he was not incarcerated and allowed very considerable freedoms. According to this code, when he escaped, Lefebvre-Desnouettes dishonoured himself. In addition, Napoleon became a party to the dishonour when he did not send Lefebvre-Desnouettes back to face imprisonment. See:Summerville, pp. 246-248

Sources

• Marquess of Anglesey, F.S.A. (1961) One-Leg : The Life and Letters of Henry William Paget, First Marquess of Anglesey, KG, 1768–1854, Jonathan Cape, republished in 1996 by Leo Cooper, London. ISBN 0850525187
• Fletcher, I. (1999) Galloping at Everything: The British Cavalry in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808-15, Spellmount, Staplehurst. ISBN 1-86227-016-3.
• Haythornthwaite, P.J. (illustrated by Hook, C.) (2001) Corunna 1809: Sir John Moore's Fighting Retreat Osprey Publishing, Oxford. ISBN 1-85532-968-9
• Hibbert, C. (1961) Corunna, Batsford, London ISBN 8486040477
• Smith, D. (1998) The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. Greenhill, London. ISBN 1-85367-276-9
• Summerville, C.J. (2007) Who was who at Waterloo: A Biography of the Battle, Pearson Education, London. ISBN 0582784050.
• Vane, Charles William (1828), Narrative of the Peninsular War from 1808 to 1813, London: Henry Colburn