Royal Moroccan Armed Forces

The Royal Moroccan Armed Forces (Berber: Idwasen Urbiben Igeldanen n Murakuc; Arabic: القوات المسلحة الملكية المغربية, Al-Quwwat al-Musallaha al-Malakiyah al-Maghribiyah) are the military forces of the Kingdom of Morocco. They consist of the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, the Royal Gendarmerie, and the Royal Guard

Royal Moroccan Armed Forces
القوات المسلحة الملكية المغربية
Founded	First Moorish armies: 225 BCE[1] active: 1088 CE[2]
Service branches	Royal Moroccan Army Royal Moroccan Air Force Royal Moroccan Navy Branches under the Ministry of the Interior during peacetime: Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie Moroccan Royal Guard
Headquarters	Rabat
Leadership
Commander-in-chief and Chief-of-Staff	King Mohammed VI
Minister Delegate for the Administration of National Defense	Abdellatif Loudiyi
Inspector General	Général de corps d'armée Abdelfattah Lourak[3]
Manpower
Military age	18
Conscription	Yes[4]
Active personnel	195,800[5]
Reserve personnel	150,000[5]
Expenditures
Budget	$3.6 Billion
Percent of GDP	3.47%
Industry
Foreign suppliers	United States  France  Russia  China  Spain  Netherlands  United Kingdom  South Africa  Italy  Germany  Turkey
Related articles
History	Military history of Morocco Ifni War Sand War Yom Kippur War Western Sahara War Shaba I Gulf War Perejil Island crisis Intervention against ISIL Intervention in Yemen
Ranks	Military ranks of the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces

The Royal Moroccan Armed Forces are large, expensive and well-trained with extensive experience in counter-insurgency, desert warfare and combined air-land operations. Further experience has come from participating in peace-keeping operations.[6] However, as Morocco has not fought a conventional interstate war since the Algerian-Moroccan war of 1963, they have little experience in state-on-state warfare.[7]

But this force still faces many challenges. The U.S. Embassy in Rabat commented in 2008 that: "The military remains plagued by corruption, an inefficient bureaucracy, low levels of education in the ranks, periodic threats of radicalization of some of its soldiers, political marginalization, and the deployment of most of its forces in Western Sahara".[8]

History

Main article: Military history of Morocco

The oldest "Moroccan" military forces are those of the Mauri Berber Kingdoms from around 225 BCE.[1] The Moroccan army has existed continuously since the rising of Almoravid Empire in the 11th-century. During the protectorates period (1912–1956),[9] large numbers of Moroccans were recruited for service in the Spahi and Tirailleur regiments of the French Army of Africa (French: Armée d'Afrique). Many served during World War I. During World War II more than 300,000 Moroccan troops (including goumier auxiliaries) served with the Free French forces in North Africa, Italy, France and Austria. The two world conflicts saw Moroccan units earning the nickname of "Todesschwalben" (death swallows) by German soldiers as they showed particular toughness on the battlefield. After the end of World War II, Moroccan troops formed part of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps engaged in the First Indochina War from 1946 to 1954.

The Spanish Army also made extensive use of Moroccan troops recruited in the Spanish Protectorate, during both the Rif War of 1921–26 and the Spanish Civil War of 1936–39. Moroccan Regulares, together with the Spanish Legion, made up Spain's elite Spanish Army of Africa. A para-military gendarmerie, known as the "Mehal-la Jalifianas" and modelled on the French goumieres, was employed within the Spanish Zone.

The Royal Armed Forces were created on 14 May 1956, after the French Protectorate was dissolved.[10] 14,000 Moroccan personnel from the French Army and 10,000 from the Spanish Armed Forces transferred into the newly formed armed forces, this number was augmented by approximately 5,000 former guerrillas from the "Army of Liberation", About 2,000 French officers and NCOs remained in Morocco on short term contracts until the training programs at the military academies of St-Cyr, Toledo and Dar al Bayda produced sufficient numbers of Moroccan commissioned officers.

Four years later, the Royal Moroccan Navy was established in 1960.

The Moroccan military first Engagement as an independent country in the 20th century was the border war of 1963 with Algeria,[11][12][13] In the early 1960s, Moroccan troops were sent to the Congo as part of the first multifunctional UN peacekeeping operation ONUC, The Royal Moroccan Armed Forces fought on the Golan front during the Yom Kippur War of 1973 (mostly in the battle for Quneitra) and intervened decisively in the 1977 conflict known as Shaba I to save Zaire's regime.[14][15][16] After Shaba II, Morocco was part of the Inter-African Force deployed on the Zaire border, contributing about 1,500 troops.[17] The Royal Moroccan Armed Forces also took a symbolic part in the Gulf War among other Arab armies.

But the Moroccan Armed Forces were mostly notable in fighting a 16-year war against the POLISARIO,[18] an Algerian backed rebel national liberation movement seeking the independence of Western Sahara from Morocco, from the mid-1980s Morocco largely managed to keep POLISARIO troops off by building a huge sand wall, staffed by an army roughly the same size as the entire Sahrawi population, enclosing within it the economically useful parts of Western Sahara (Bou Craa, El-Aaiun, Smara etc.). The Moroccan army destroyed all the posts created by the Polisario and won decisively the majority of battles, but artillery strikes and sniping attacks by the guerrillas continued, and Morocco was economically and politically strained by the war.[19]

In the 1990s, Moroccan troops went to Angola with the three UN Angola Verifications Missions, UNAVEM I, UNAVEM II, and UNAVEM III. They were also in Somalia, with UNOSOM I,[20] the U.S.-led Unified Task Force (UNITAF), known by its U.S. codename of 'Restore Hope' and the follow-on UNOSOM II, They saw fighting during the Battle of Mogadishu to rescue a U.S. anti-militia assault force. Other peace support involvement during the 1990s included United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in Cambodia, and the missions in the former Yugoslavia: IFOR, SFOR, and KFOR.

On 14 July 1999, the Moroccan Armed Forces took part in the Bastille Day parade on the Champs-Élysées, which was exceptional for a non-French armed forces, at the invitation of then French President Jacques Chirac.[21]

Branches

The modern Moroccan military is composed of the following branches:

The Royal Army

Main article: Royal Moroccan Army

The Royal Moroccan Army is the branch of the Royal Moroccan Armed Forces responsible for land-based military operations. The army is about 195,800 troops strong, In case of war or state of siege, an additional force of 150,000 Reservists and paramilitary forces, including 20,000 regulars of the Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie and 30,000 Auxiliary Forces come under the Ministry of Defense command.

Royal Guard

Main article: Moroccan Royal Guard

The Moroccan Royal Guard is officially part of the Royal Moroccan Army, However it is under the direct operational control of the Royal Military Household of His Majesty the King, The sole duty of the guard is to provide for the security and safety of the King and royal family of Morocco.

The Royal Air Force

Main article: Royal Moroccan Air Force

The Royal Moroccan Air Force is the air force branch of the Moroccan Armed Forces, It employs 13,000 personnel and is equipped with more than 300 aircraft, in the 21st century the Royal Moroccan Air Force started a progressive modernization program of its ageing fleet and their technical and operational capacities.

The Royal Navy

Main article: Royal Moroccan Navy

The Royal Navy is the branch of the Moroccan Armed Forces responsible of conducting naval operations, Its mission includes the protection of Moroccan territory and sovereignty, as well as the control of Morocco's 280,000-square-kilometre (81,000 sq nmi) Exclusive Economic Zone. Given Morocco's significant coastline (2,952 km) and strategic position overseeing the strait of Gibraltar, it (with Spain and the United Kingdom) is deeply involved in the security of this important international waterway.

Royal Gendarmerie

Main article: Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie

The Moroccan Royal Gendarmerie is the Gendarmerie body of Morocco, the legislation which founded the Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie describes it as a public force designed to guarantee public security and public order and the implementation of laws. This legislation text attaches the Gendarmerie to the Royal Moroccan Army, then constituting a military force in its structure, administration and command forms. It consists of officers and NCOs.

History of participation in peacekeeping operations

Moroccan soldiers training with United States Marines

1960–1961

Somalia 1992–1994

Somalia UNOSOM I, UNITAF, UNOSOM II

Bosnia and Herzegovina 1996–2007

Bosnia and Herzegovina IFOR, SFOR, EUFOR Althea

Main article: Kosovo Force

Morocco has deployed one company of soldiers[22] to contribute in the NATO-led international peacekeeping force which was responsible for establishing a secure environment in Kosovo.

2004–2006

Haiti MINUSTAH

Democratic Republic of the Congo since 1999

Congo MONUSCO

Morocco has deployed 6 observers, one mechanised infantry battalion and one field hospital[22] to participate in the United Nations Security Council efforts to monitor the peace process of the Second Congo War .

Ivory Coast since 2004

Ivory Coast ONUCI

Main article: United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire

Morocco has deployed one infantry battalion[22] to participate in the ONUCI peacekeeping mission whose objective is "to facilitate the implementation by the Ivorian parties of the peace agreement signed by them in January 2003" (which aimed to end the Ivorian Civil War). The two main Ivorian parties here are the Ivorian Government forces who control the south of the country, and the New Forces (former rebels), who control the north. The UNOCI mission aims to control a "zone of confidence" across the centre of the country separating the two parties.

Central African Republic since 2013

Central African Republic BINUCA, MINUSCA

The Moroccan Royal Armed Forces Has sent a contingent on December 25, 2013 for the Central African Republic to be deployed in the UN Integrated Peace building Office (BINUCA). Moroccan authorities also said they stand ready to support the Central African Republic in its path toward peace and stability.[23]

Motto

The Royal Moroccan Armed Forces motto, which graces every military base, banner, and ship, is: "God, The Fatherland, and The King".[24]

• God: Creator of all destiny, by His Mercy we draw from, He ordains our choice to right path.
• The Fatherland: Land that begets our bounty, from which we sustain ourselves we protect its integrity and defend it from all enemies.
• King: Our commander and guide, he guides our renaissance and development, protector of our people's rights."

Gallery

• 
  RMA's M109A5 howitzer.
• 
  Moroccan M60A3 during a 2006 Army expo.
• 
  US Marines and Moroccan soldiers during exercise African Lion in Tan tan.
• 
  Royal Moroccan Air Force Mirage F1.
• 
  Floréal Class Mohammed V.
• 
  Royal Moroccan Air Force SA330 Puma.

References

1. Livy Ab Urbe Condita Libri 29.30
2. "La Garde royale marocaine". www.maghreb-observateur.qc.ca.
3. "SM le Roi nomme le Général de Corps d'Armée Bouchaib Arroub, Inspecteur général des FAR, Commandant la zone Sud". 2014-06-13. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
4. Fitch, Chris (26 October 2018). "Reintroduction of military conscription in Morocco". Geographical. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
5. IISS 2019, pp. 358
6. IISS 2013, pp. 394
7. "Fanack Chronicle – Morocco – The military". Retrieved 2015-02-19.
8. "MOROCCO'S MILITARY: ADEQUATE, MODERNIZING, BUT FACING BIG CHALLENGES". 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
9. "Africa :: Morocco — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
10. "57e anniversaire de la création des FAR". 2014-05-16. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
11. Ifni & After, Time Magazine, December 16, 1957
12. Algerian-Moroccan War 1963 – onwar.com
13. C. Kohn, George. Dictionary of Wars. p. 10.
14. Science, London School of Economics and Political. "404". London School of Economics and Political Science.
15. "National Intelligence Daily (Cable) : 5 June 1978" (PDF).
16. "National Intelligence Daily (Cable), 27 novembre 1978" (PDF).
17. Berman, Eric G.; Sams, Katie E. (2000). Peacekeeping In Africa: Capabilities And Culpabilities. Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. pp. 219–220. ISBN 92-9045-133-5.
18. The Sahara War 1975–1991 – onwar.com
19. "Web Page Of Facts About The Western Sahara Including Landuse, Health, Population, Economy And Human Rights". New Internationalist. December 5, 1997.
20. "United Nations Operation in Somalia I: facts and figures".
21. Le 14 juillet 1999, les Forces armées royales ont défilé sur les Champs-Élysées.
22. IISS 2013, pp. 396
23. "UN Secretary General Grateful to Morocco for Action for Stability in Central African Republic". www.moroccanembassy.sa.
24. "Constitution of Morocco, 1992".

Bibliography

• International Institute for Strategic Studies (15 February 2019). The Military Balance 2019. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781857439885.