Shirvanshah

Shirvanshah (Persian: شروانشاه‎), also spelled as Shīrwān Shāh or Sharwān Shāh, was the title of the rulers of Shirvan, located in modern Azerbaijan, from the mid-9th century to the early 16th century. The title remained in a single family, the Yazidids, an originally Arab but speedily Persianized dynasty, although the later Shirvanshahs are also known as the Kasranids or Kaqanids.[2][3] The Shirvanshah established a native state in Shirvan (located in modern Azerbaijan Republic).[4]

Mazyadi/Kasrani/Darbandi
Coat of arms of the Shirvanshahs[1]
Country Azerbaijan
 Russia
Founded861
FounderYazid b. Mazyad al-Shaybani
Final rulerAbu Bakr Mirza
TitlesShah of Shirvan
Shah of Layzan
Emir of Derbent
Dissolution1538
Cadet branchesShervashidze
House of Black Monk
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The Shirvanshahs dynasty, existing as independent or a vassal state, from 861 until 1538; longer than any other dynasty in Islamic world, are known for their support of culture. There were two periods of an independent and strong Shirvan state: first in the 12th century, under kings Manuchehr and his son, Akhsitan I who built the stronghold of Baku, and second in the 15th century under Derbendid dynasty.

Origins
See also: Shirvan § Medieval history and etymology

The title 'Shirvanshah' appears to date back to the period before Islam's emergence in the Arabian peninsula. Ibn Khordadbeh mentions the Shirvanshah as one of the local rulers who received their title from the first Sassanid emperor, Ardashir I.[2][3] Al-Baladhuri also mentions that a Shirvanshah, together with the neighbouring Layzanshah, were encountered by the Arabs during their conquest of Persia, and submitted to the Arab commander Salman ibn Rab'ia al-Bahili.[2][3]

History

Rise of the Shirvanshahs

From the late 8th century, Shirvan was under the rule of the members of the Arab family of Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani (d. 801), who was named governor of the region by the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid.[3][5] His descendants, the Yazidids, would rule Shirvan as independent princes until the 14th century.[3] By origin, the Yazidids were Arabs of the Shayban tribe and belonged to high ranking generals and governors of the Abbasid army.[5] In the chaos that engulfed the Abbasid Caliphate after the death of the Caliph al-Mutawakkil in 861, the great-grandson of Yazid b. Mazyad Shaybani, Haytham ibn Khalid, declared himself independent and assumed the ancient title of Shirvanshah. The dynasty continuously ruled the area of Shirvan either as an independent state or a vassal state until the Safavid times.[2]

One of the important books in the early history of this dynasty is the anonymous Taʾrikh Bab al-Abwab ("History of Darband"), preserved by the Ottoman historian Münejjim Bashi (Chief Astronomer), the last date of which concerning the dynasty is 468/1075. A translation of this important work into English language was published by the orientalist Vladimir Minorsky in 1958.[5][6] We know from this book that the history of the Shirvan Shahs was closely tied with that of the Arab Hashimid family in Darband (Bab al-Abwab) and intermarriage between the two Arab families was common with Yazidids often ruling for various periods in the latter town.[2]

By the time of the anonymous work Hodud al-Alam (c. 982 AD), the Shirvan Shahs, from their capital of Yazīdiyya (the later Shamakhi), had absorbed neighbouring kingdoms north of the Kur river and thus acquired the additional titles of Layzan Shah and Khursan Shah.[2] We can also discern the progressive Persianisation of this originally Arab family.[2] According to Encyclopedia of Islam: After the Shah Yazid b. Ahmad (381-418/991-1028), Arab names give way to Persian ones like Manūčihr, Ḳubādh, Farīdūn, etc., very likely as a reflection of marriage links with local families, and possibly with that of the ancient rulers in Shābarān, the former capital, and the Yazidids now began to claim a nasab (lineage) going back to Sassanid kings Bahrām Gūr or to Khusraw Anushirwan.[2] According to Vladimir Minorsky, the most likely explanation of the Iranicisation of this Arab family could be marriage link with the family of the ancient rulers of Shabaran.[5] He further states: The attraction of a Sassanian pedigree proved stronger than the recollection of Shaybani lineage.[5] The coat of arms with two lions could be a reminder of the story of Bahrām Gur in Shahnama where Bahrām had to claim the crown from between two lions to be recognized as the king.

Seljuqid rule

In the mid-11th century, Seljuk Turks ended Abbasid control by invading Shirvan from Central Asia and asserting political dominance. The Seljuks brought with them the Turkish language and Turkish customs. The Seljuqs became the main rulers of a vast empire that included all of Iran and Azerbaijan until the end of the 12th century. During the Seljuq period, the influential vizier of the Seljuq sultans, Nizam ul-Mulk is noted for having helped introduce numerous educational and bureaucratic reforms. His death in 1092 marked the beginning of the decline of the once well-organized Seljuq state that further deteriorated following the death of Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in 1153.

At the end of 11th and at the beginning of 12th centuries, the Seljuqid state entered to the period of collapse at the result of interior fought for throne among the representatives of Seljuqid dynasty. Utilizing from this circumstance, several governors, who were under the subordination of seljukid state, refused to accept the authority of Sultans.

Georgian rule
Expansion of Kingdom of Georgia under David IV's reign.

In the beginning of the 12th century Shirvan attracted the attention of its expanding Georgian neighbours who on several occasions raided its territory. Shirvanshahs were in position of power shifting between Georgia and Seljuqid states. In 1112 David IV of Georgia gave his daughter Tamar in marriage to son of Shirvanshah Afridun I, Manuchihr III. Afridun lost many castles, including Qabala to David IV of Georgia in 1117 and 1120. After the death of Afridun I, who was murdered in the battle for Derbent, the throne in Shirvan passed to his son, Manuchir III (1120-1160). Manuchir III was under the influence of his wife, Georgian princess Tamar and maintained pro-Georgian orientation. After decisive victory of Battle of Didgori Manuchir rejected to pay tribute to Eldiguzids. Depriving from the tributes in the amount of 40 thousand dinars, the Seljuqid Sultan Mahmud directed to Shirvan at the beginning of 1123, captured Shamakhi and took Shah as hostage contrary to Manuchehr's betrayal.

In June, 1123 David IV attacked and defeated Sultan again and captured the cities and fortresses of Shamakhi, Bughurd, Gulustan, Shabran. Manuchehr restored his own power upon David's death in 1125 and started friendly relations with his brother-in-law Demetrius. After her husband's death, Tamar found herself involved in a power struggle among her sons, favoring the younger, who joined her in an attempt to unite Shirvan with Georgia with the help of Kipchak mercenaries. Manuchehr's older son Akhsitan I was able to secure support from the Eldiguzids of Azerbaijan, winning the contest for the throne and forcing Tamar and his younger brother into flight to Georgia.

Ahsitan conducted independent policy, created close relations with Georgians, as well as with the Eldiguzids in the presence of Shams al-Din Ildeniz and Jahan Pahlavan. In 1173 Akhsitan I came to the aid of his father-in-law, George III by putting down the revolt of Prince Demna. Akhsitan reign saw raids of Rus' with 73 ships in 1174 which sailed from Volga and threatening shores of river Kura and a Kipchak hordes who sacked Derbent and captured Shabran in the same year. Akhsitan called his ally Georgia, which proved to be successful in siege of Derbent. George III subjugated city and turned it over to shah and strengthened the Georgian dominance in the area. They also defeated and burned Rus' navy.

Akhsitan attempted to intervene the interior affairs of the Eldiguzids and opposed Qizil Arslans aspiration to the throne, but he was defeated. In the response to this, Qizil Arslan invaded Shirvan in 1191, reached to Derbent and subordinated the whole Shirvan to his authority. A year later, in 1192, Shamakhi was destroyed by a terrible earthquake, and Akhsitan I moved the Shirvan capital to the city of Baku. Early in the 1190s, the Georgian government under the Tamar the Great began to interfere in the affairs of the Eldiguzids and of the Shirvanshahs, aiding rivaling local princes and reducing Shirvan to a tributary state. The Eldiguzid atabeg Abu Bakr attempted to stem the Georgian advance, but suffered a defeat at the hands of David Soslan at the Battle of Shamkor[7] and lost his capital to a Georgian protégé in 1195. Although Abu Bakr was able to resume his reign a year later, the Eldiguzids were only barely able to contain further Georgian forays.[8][9]

Nomadic invasions

Shirvan was greatly devastated by Mongol invasion in 1235, from which it was not able to fully recover for the next century. In the 13th and 14th centuries Shirvan was a vassal of stronger Mongol and Timurid empires. Shirvanshah Ibrahim I revived the country's fortunes, and through his cunning politics managed to resist Timurid conquest, letting the state go with paying a tribute.

Safavid rule
The battle between Shah Farrukh Yassar of Shirvan and Shah Ismail of Persia

The Shirvanshah rulers were more or less Sunni. In 1462 Sheykh Junayd, the leader of Safavids, was killed in a battle against Shirvanishans near the town of Khachmaz – an event that Safavids never forgot. In 1500-1, with the intention to avenge his murdered ancestors, the first Safavid king Ismail I invaded Shirvan, and, despite heavily outnumbered, defeated then incumbent Shirvanshah Farrukh Yassar in a pitched battle, in which the latter and his entire army were killed. He then proceeded towards Baku which was sacked, and the mausoleum of the Shirvanshahs exhumed and burned. Most of Baku population was forcibly converted to Shi'ism thereafter.

The vassal Shirvan state managed to hang on for a few more years, until 1538, when Ismail's son and successor Tahmasp I (r. 1524-1576) appointed its first Safavid governor, and made it a fully functioning Safavid province.[10]

Persian poetry

The Shirvanshah dynasty are known for their patronage of Persian poetry. Amongst famous poets who either appeared at their court or dedicated poetry to them are Khaghani and Nizami. Nizami composed in Persian poetry epic Leylea and Majnoon for Abul-Muzaffar Jalal ad-din Shirvanshah Akhsatan. He also sent his son to be educated with the son of Shirvanshah. Khaghani himself in his youth used the poetic title Haqiqi. After dedicating himself to the court of Fakhr ad-din Manuchehr Fereydoon Shirvanshah (also known as the Khaghan Akbar), he chose the pen name Khaghani and also served as a court poet for Akhsatan, the son of Fakhr ad-din Manuchehr Fereydoon. Other poets and writers who appeared during the rule of the Shirvanshahs include Falaki Shirvani, Aziz Shirvani, Jamal Khalil Shirvani, Bakhtiyar Shirvani and multitude of others mentioned in the book Nozhat al-Majales, an anthology compiled by Jamal Khalil Shirvani.

Architecture
Main article: Palace of the Shirvanshahs

The Palace of the Shirvanshahs (or Shirvanshahs' Palace) is the biggest monument of the Shirvan-Absheron branch of architecture, situated in the Inner City of Baku. The complex contains the main building of the palace, Divanhane, the burial-vaults, the shah's mosque with a minaret, Seyid Yahya Bakuvi's mausoleum, a portal in the east – Murad's gate, a reservoir and the remnants of the bath-house. Shirvanshahs built many defensive castles across all of Shirvan to resist many foreign invasions. From the walled city of Baku with its Maiden Tower (XII) and many medieval castles in Absheron to impregnable strongholds all over mountains of Shirvan and Shaki, there are many great examples of medieval military architecture. Shirvanshahs Khalilullah I and Farrukh Yassar presided over most successful period in a history of Shirvan. Architectural complex of the Palace of the Shirvanshahs in Baku that was also a burial site of the dynasty and Halwatiyya Sufi khaneqa, was built during the reign of those two rulers in mid 15th centuries.

House of Shirvanshah
Portrait or Coat of arms Name From Until Relationship with predecessor
Haytham I861?appointed by Caliph Al-Mutawakkil as governor of Shirvan
Muhammad I??son of predecessor
Haytham II?around 913son of predecessor
Ali I913?son of predecessor
Muhammad II
Also Shah of Layzan		?917nephew of Haytham I
Abu Tahir Yazid
Also Shah of Layzan		917948son of predecessor

Coin of Muhammad III		Muhammad III
Also Shah of Layzan and Shah of Tabarsaran in 917–948		948956son of predecessor
Ahmad I
Also Shah of Layzan in 948–956		956981son of predecessor
Muhammad IV
Also Shah of Layzan in 956–981		986991son of predecessor
Yazid III9911027brother of predecessor
Manuchehr I10271034son of predecessor
Ali II10341043brother of predecessor
Kubad10431049brother of predecessor
Ali III Bukhtnassar10491050nephew of predecessor
Salar10501063uncle of predecessor
Fariburz I10631096son of predecessor
Manuchehr II10961106son of predecessor

Artwork of Afridun I		Afridun I the Martyr11061120brother of predecessor
Manuchehr III11201160son of predecessor
Afridun II11601160son of predecessor
Akhsitan I11601197brother of predecessor
Shahanshah11971200brother of predecessor
Fariburz II12001204nephew of predecessor
Farrukhzad12041204uncle of predecessor
Gushtasb I12041225son of predecessor
Fariburz III12251243son of predecessor
Akhsitan II12431260son of predecessor
Farrukhzad II12601282son of predecessor
Akhsitan III12821294son of predecessor
Keykavus I12941317son of predecessor
Keykubad I13171348uncle of predecessor
Kavus I13481372son of predecessor
Hushang I13721382son of predecessor
Ibrahim I13821417cousin of predecessor
Khalilullah I14171465son of predecessor

Coin of Farrukh Yassar I		Farrukh Yassar I14651500son of predecessor
Bahram15011501son of predecessor
Gazi Beg15011501brother of predecessor
Sultan Mahmud15011502son of predecessor
Ibrahim II Sheykhshah15021524brother of predecessor
Khalilullah II15241535son of predecessor
Farrukh Yassar II15351535brother of predecessor
Shahrukh of Shirvan15351539son of predecessor
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See also

References
  1. State historical architecture museum "The Shirvanshahs’ Palace" Archived 4 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine – "Two lions and the head of the bull between them was the symbol of the Shirvanshahs. Lions symbolized the power and strength of the Shirvanshahs, the head of the bull symbolized abundance."
  2. Barthold, W., C.E. Bosworth "Shirwan Shah, Sharwan Shah. "Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2nd edition
  3. Bosworth, C.E. (11 February 2011). "ŠERVĀNŠAHS". Archived copy. Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition, Columbia University, 1995, p. 2, ISBN 0231070683: "In the fifteenth century a native Azeri state of Shirvanshahs flourished north of the Araxes."
  5. V. Minorsky, A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th–11th Centuries, Cambridge, 1958.
  6. Encyclopedia Iranica, "Minorsky, Vladimir Fedorovich", C. E. BOSWORTH Archived 16 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  7. Suny 1994, p. 39.
  8. Luther, Kenneth Allin. "Atābākan-e Adārbāyĵān Archived 17 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine", in: Encyclopædia Iranica (Online edition). Retrieved on 2006-06-26.
  9. Lordkipanidze & Hewitt 1987, p. 148.
  10. Fisher et al. 1986, pp. 212, 245.

Sources
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