SNAP25

Synaptosomal-Associated Protein, 25kDa (SNAP-25) is a t-SNARE protein that is encoded by the SNAP25 gene in humans.[5] SNAP-25 is a component of the trans-SNARE complex, which is proposed to account for the specificity of membrane fusion and to directly execute fusion by forming a tight complex that brings the synaptic vesicle and plasma membranes together.[6]

SNAP25
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1KIL, 1XTG, 3DDA, 3RK2, 3RK3, 3RL0, 3ZUR, 2N1T, 3DDB
Identifiers
Aliases	SNAP25, CMS18, RIC-4, RIC4, SEC9, SNAP, SNAP-25, bA416N4.2, dJ1068F16.2, SUP, synaptosome associated protein 25kDa, synaptosome associated protein 25
External IDs	OMIM: 600322 MGI: 98331 HomoloGene: 13311 GeneCards: SNAP25
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 20 (human)[1] Band 20p12.2 Start 10,218,830 bp[1] End 10,307,418 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 2 (mouse)[2] Band 2 F3|2 67.56 cM Start 136,713,453 bp[2] End 136,782,428 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • SNAP receptor activity • calcium-dependent protein binding • GO:0001948 protein binding • SNARE binding • syntaxin-1 binding • voltage-gated potassium channel activity • syntaxin binding Cellular component • cytoplasm • vesicle • cytosol • membrane • growth cone • myelin • BLOC-1 complex • voltage-gated potassium channel complex • cell membrane • synapse • synaptobrevin 2-SNAP-25-syntaxin-1a-complexin I complex • cell junction • trans-Golgi network • SNARE complex • perinuclear region of cytoplasm • neuron projection • synaptic vesicle • presynaptic membrane • axon • specific granule membrane • somatodendritic compartment • tertiary granule membrane • postsynapse • extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane • cytoskeleton • glutamatergic synapse Biological process • associative learning • regulation of neuron projection development • synaptic vesicle docking • locomotory behavior • regulation of insulin secretion • synaptic vesicle exocytosis • synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic active zone membrane • glutamate secretion • neurotransmitter uptake • synaptic vesicle priming • regulation of establishment of protein localization • GO:0010554 neurotransmitter secretion • long-term synaptic potentiation • chemical synaptic transmission • positive regulation of synaptic plasticity • neutrophil degranulation • short-term synaptic potentiation • exocytic insertion of neurotransmitter receptor to postsynaptic membrane • neurotransmitter receptor internalization • exocytosis • vesicle fusion • potassium ion transmembrane transport Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	6616	20614
Ensembl	ENSG00000132639	ENSMUSG00000027273
UniProt	P60880	P60879
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_003081 NM_130811 NM_001322902 NM_001322903 NM_001322904 NM_001322905 NM_001322906 NM_001322907 NM_001322908 NM_001322909 NM_001322910	NM_011428 NM_001291056 NM_001355254 NM_001355255
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001309831 NP_001309832 NP_001309833 NP_001309834 NP_001309835 NP_001309836 NP_001309837 NP_001309838 NP_001309839 NP_003072 NP_570824	NP_001277985 NP_035558 NP_001342183 NP_001342184
Location (UCSC)	Chr 20: 10.22 – 10.31 Mb	Chr 2: 136.71 – 136.78 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Structure and function

Molecular machinery driving exocytosis in neuromediator release. The core SNARE complex is formed by four α-helices contributed by synaptobrevin, syntaxin and SNAP-25, synaptotagmin serves as a Ca²⁺ sensor and regulates intimately the SNARE zipping.[7]

SNAP-25, a Q-SNARE protein, is anchored to the cytosolic face of membranes via palmitoyl side chains covalently bound to cysteine amino acid residues in the middle of the molecule. This means that SNAP-25 does not contain a trans-membrane domain.[8]

SNAP-25 has been identified in contributing two α-helices to the SNARE complex, a four-α-helix domain complex.[9] The SNARE complex participates in vesicle fusion, which involves the docking and merging of a vesicle with the cell membrane to bring about an exocytotic event. Synaptobrevin, a protein that is a part of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) family, and syntaxin-1 also help form the SNARE complex by each contributing one α-helix. SNAP-25 assembles with synaptobrevin and syntaxin-1 and the selective binding of these proteins enables vesicle docking and fusion to occur at the correct location.[10]

To form the SNARE complex, synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25 associate and begin to wrap around each other to form a coiled coil quaternary structure. The α-helices of both synaptobrevin and syntaxin-1 bind to those of SNAP-25. Synaptobrevin binds the α-helix near SNAP-25's C-terminal side, while syntaxin-1 binds the α-helix near the N-terminus.[8]

SNAP-25 inhibits presynaptic P-, Q-, and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels[11] and interacts with the synaptotagmin C2B domain in Ca²⁺-independent fashion.[12] In glutamatergic synapses, SNAP-25 decreases the Ca²⁺ responsiveness, while it is naturally absent in GABAergic synapses.[13]

Two isoforms (mRNA splice variants) of SNAP-25 exist, which are labeled A and B. There are nine amino acid residue differences between the two isoforms, including a re-localization of one of the four cysteine residues.[14] The major characteristics of these two forms are outlined in the table below.

	SNAP25A	SNAP25B
Structure	N-terminal α-helix Random coil linker region with four cysteines clustered towards the center C-terminal α-helix	N-terminal α-helix Random coil linker region with four cysteines clustered towards the C-terminus C-terminal α-helix
Expression	Major SNAP-25 isoform in embryos and developing neural tissue Minimal expression in adult tissue except in pituitary and adrenal gland tissues	Minimal expression during development, major isoform in adult neural tissue[15]
Localization	Diffuse	Localized to terminals and varicosities[15]

Clinical significance

Consistent with the regulation of synaptic Ca²⁺ responsiveness, heterozygous deletion of the SNAP-25 gene in mice results in a hyperactive phenotype similar to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In heterozygous mice, a decrease in hyperactivity is observed with dextroamphetamine (or Dexedrine), an active ingredient in the ADHD drug Adderall. Homozygous deletions of the SNAP-25 gene are lethal. Subsequent studies have suggested that at least some of the SNAP-25 gene mutations in humans might predispose to ADHD.[16][17]

A genome wide association study pointed to the rs362584 polymorphism in the gene as possibly associated with the personality trait neuroticism.[18] Botulinum toxins A, C and E cleave SNAP-25,[19] leading to paralysis in clinically developed botulism.

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.[§ 1]

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|{{{bSize}}}px|alt=Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons edit]]

Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons edit

1. The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "NicotineDopaminergic_WP1602".

Interactions

SNAP-25 has been shown to interact with:

• CPLX1,[20][21]
• ITSN1,[22]
• KIF5B,[23]
• SNAPAP[24] and
• STX11,[25][26]
• STX1A,[20][24][25][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]
• STX2,[27][28]
• STX4,[27][28][29][35]
• SYT1,[36][37]
• Syntaxin 3,[27][28][29]
• TRIM9,[33] and
• VAMP2.[20][33][38]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000132639 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027273 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Maglott DR, Feldblyum TV, Durkin AS, Nierman WC (May 1996). "Radiation hybrid mapping of SNAP, PCSK2, and THBD (human chromosome 20p)". Mamm. Genome. 7 (5): 400–1. doi:10.1007/s003359900120. PMID 8661740.
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7. Georgiev, Danko D; James F . Glazebrook (2007). "Subneuronal processing of information by solitary waves and stochastic processes". In Lyshevski, Sergey Edward (ed.). Nano and Molecular Electronics Handbook. Nano and Microengineering Series. CRC Press. pp. 17–1–17–41. doi:10.1201/9781420008142.ch17 (inactive 2020-01-22). ISBN 978-0-8493-8528-5.
8. Chapman ER, An S, Barton N, Jahn R (1994). "SNAP-25, a t-SNARE which binds to both syntaxin and synaptobrevin via domains that may form coiled coils". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (44): 27427–32. PMID 7961655.
9. Pevsner J, Hsu SC, Braun JE, Calakos N, Ting AE, Bennett MK, Scheller RH (1994). "Specificity and regulation of a synaptic vesicle docking complex". Neuron. 13 (2): 353–61. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(94)90352-2. PMID 8060616.
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11. Hodel A (October 1998). "SNAP-25". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 30 (10): 1069–73. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00079-X. PMID 9785471.
12. Chapman ER (July 2002). "Synaptotagmin: a Ca(2+) sensor that triggers exocytosis?" (PDF). Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3 (7): 498–508. doi:10.1038/nrm855. PMID 12094216. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2006.
13. Verderio C, Pozzi D, Pravettoni E, Inverardi F, Schenk U, Coco S, Proux-Gillardeaux V, Galli T, Rossetto O, Frassoni C, Matteoli M (February 2004). "SNAP-25 modulation of calcium dynamics underlies differences in GABAergic and glutamatergic responsiveness to depolarization". Neuron. 41 (4): 599–610. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00077-7. PMID 14980208.
14. Nagy G, Milosevic I, Fasshauer D, Müller EM, de Groot BL, Lang T, Wilson MC, Sørensen JB (December 2005). "Alternative splicing of SNAP-25 regulates secretion through nonconservative substitutions in the SNARE domain". Mol. Biol. Cell. 16 (12): 5675–85. doi:10.1091/mbc.E05-07-0595. PMC 1289412. PMID 16195346.
15. Bark, Christina (February 1995). "Differential expression of SNAP-25 protein isoforms during divergent vesicle fusion events of neural development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 92 (5): 1510–1514. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.1510B. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.5.1510. PMC 42549. PMID 7878010.
16. Brophy K, Hawi Z, Kirley A, Fitzgerald M, Gill M (2002). "Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evidence of linkage and association in the Irish population". Mol. Psychiatry. 7 (8): 913–7. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001092. hdl:2262/36350. PMID 12232787.
17. Mill J, Curran S, Kent L, Gould A, Huckett L, Richards S, Taylor E, Asherson P (April 2002). "Association study of a SNAP-25 microsatellite and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Am. J. Med. Genet. 114 (3): 269–71. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10253. PMID 11920846.
18. Terracciano A, Sanna S, Uda M, Deiana B, Usala G, Busonero F, Maschio A, Scally M, Patriciu N, Chen WM, Distel MA, Slagboom EP, Boomsma DI, Villafuerte S, Sliwerska E, Burmeister M, Amin N, Janssens AC, van Duijn CM, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Costa PT (October 2008). "Genome-wide association scan for five major dimensions of personality". Mol. Psychiatry. 15 (6): 647–56. doi:10.1038/mp.2008.113. PMC 2874623. PMID 18957941.
19. Aoki KR, Guyer B (November 2001). "Botulinum toxin type A and other botulinum toxin serotypes: a comparative review of biochemical and pharmacological actions". Eur. J. Neurol. 8 Suppl 5: 21–9. doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00035.x. PMID 11851731.
20. Chen X, Tomchick DR, Kovrigin E, Araç D, Machius M, Südhof TC, Rizo J (January 2002). "Three-dimensional structure of the complexin/SNARE complex". Neuron. 33 (3): 397–409. doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00583-4. PMID 11832227.
21. Hu K, Carroll J, Rickman C, Davletov B (November 2002). "Action of complexin on SNARE complex". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (44): 41652–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M205044200. PMID 12200427.
22. Okamoto M, Schoch S, Südhof TC (June 1999). "EHSH1/intersectin, a protein that contains EH and SH3 domains and binds to dynamin and SNAP-25. A protein connection between exocytosis and endocytosis?". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (26): 18446–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.26.18446. PMID 10373452.
23. Diefenbach RJ, Diefenbach E, Douglas MW, Cunningham AL (Dec 2002). "The heavy chain of conventional kinesin interacts with the SNARE proteins SNAP25 and SNAP23". Biochemistry. 41 (50): 14906–15. doi:10.1021/bi026417u. PMID 12475239.
24. Ilardi JM, Mochida S, Sheng ZH (February 1999). "Snapin: a SNARE-associated protein implicated in synaptic transmission". Nat. Neurosci. 2 (2): 119–24. doi:10.1038/5673. PMID 10195194.
25. Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, Haenig C, Brembeck FH, Goehler H, Stroedicke M, Zenkner M, Schoenherr A, Koeppen S, Timm J, Mintzlaff S, Abraham C, Bock N, Kietzmann S, Goedde A, Toksöz E, Droege A, Krobitsch S, Korn B, Birchmeier W, Lehrach H, Wanker EE (September 2005). "A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome". Cell. 122 (6): 957–68. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-8592-0. PMID 16169070.
26. Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514.
27. Hata Y, Südhof TC (June 1995). "A novel ubiquitous form of Munc-18 interacts with multiple syntaxins. Use of the yeast two-hybrid system to study interactions between proteins involved in membrane traffic". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (22): 13022–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.22.13022. PMID 7768895.
28. Ravichandran V, Chawla A, Roche PA (June 1996). "Identification of a novel syntaxin- and synaptobrevin/VAMP-binding protein, SNAP-23, expressed in non-neuronal tissues". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (23): 13300–3. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.23.13300. PMID 8663154.
29. Steegmaier M, Yang B, Yoo JS, Huang B, Shen M, Yu S, Luo Y, Scheller RH (Dec 1998). "Three novel proteins of the syntaxin/SNAP-25 family". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (51): 34171–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.51.34171. PMID 9852078.
30. Dulubova I, Sugita S, Hill S, Hosaka M, Fernandez I, Südhof TC, Rizo J (August 1999). "A conformational switch in syntaxin during exocytosis: role of munc18". EMBO J. 18 (16): 4372–82. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.16.4372. PMC 1171512. PMID 10449403.
31. McMahon HT, Missler M, Li C, Südhof TC (October 1995). "Complexins: cytosolic proteins that regulate SNAP receptor function". Cell. 83 (1): 111–9. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90239-2. PMID 7553862.
32. Gonelle-Gispert C, Molinete M, Halban PA, Sadoul K (September 2000). "Membrane localization and biological activity of SNAP-25 cysteine mutants in insulin-secreting cells". J. Cell Sci. 113 (18): 3197–205. PMID 10954418.
33. Li Y, Chin LS, Weigel C, Li L (November 2001). "Spring, a novel RING finger protein that regulates synaptic vesicle exocytosis". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (44): 40824–33. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106141200. PMID 11524423.
34. Chapman ER, An S, Barton N, Jahn R (November 1994). "SNAP-25, a t-SNARE which binds to both syntaxin and synaptobrevin via domains that may form coiled coils". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (44): 27427–32. PMID 7961655.
35. Reed GL, Houng AK, Fitzgerald ML (April 1999). "Human platelets contain SNARE proteins and a Sec1p homologue that interacts with syntaxin 4 and is phosphorylated after thrombin activation: implications for platelet secretion". Blood. 93 (8): 2617–26. doi:10.1182/blood.V93.8.2617. PMID 10194441.
36. Gerona RR, Larsen EC, Kowalchyk JA, Martin TF (March 2000). "The C terminus of SNAP25 is essential for Ca(2+)-dependent binding of synaptotagmin to SNARE complexes". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (9): 6328–36. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.9.6328. PMID 10692432.
37. Zhang X, Kim-Miller MJ, Fukuda M, Kowalchyk JA, Martin TF (May 2002). "Ca2+-dependent synaptotagmin binding to SNAP-25 is essential for Ca2+-triggered exocytosis". Neuron. 34 (4): 599–611. doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00671-2. PMID 12062043.
38. Hao JC, Salem N, Peng XR, Kelly RB, Bennett MK (March 1997). "Effect of mutations in vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) on the assembly of multimeric protein complexes". J. Neurosci. 17 (5): 1596–603. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-05-01596.1997. PMC 6573372. PMID 9030619.

Further reading

• Hanson PI, Otto H, Barton N, Jahn R (1995). "The N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein and alpha-SNAP induce a conformational change in syntaxin". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (28): 16955–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.28.16955. PMID 7622514.
• Hata Y, Südhof TC (1995). "A novel ubiquitous form of Munc-18 interacts with multiple syntaxins. Use of the yeast two-hybrid system to study interactions between proteins involved in membrane traffic". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (22): 13022–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.22.13022. PMID 7768895.
• Chapman ER, An S, Barton N, Jahn R (1994). "SNAP-25, a t-SNARE which binds to both syntaxin and synaptobrevin via domains that may form coiled coils". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (44): 27427–32. PMID 7961655.
• Zhao N, Hashida H, Takahashi N, Sakaki Y (1994). "Cloning and sequence analysis of the human SNAP25 cDNA". Gene. 145 (2): 313–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90027-2. PMID 8056350.
• Bark IC, Wilson MC (1994). "Human cDNA clones encoding two different isoforms of the nerve terminal protein SNAP-25". Gene. 139 (2): 291–2. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90773-0. PMID 8112622.
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
• Maglott DR, Feldblyum TV, Durkin AS, Nierman WC (1996). "Radiation hybrid mapping of SNAP, PCSK2, and THBD (human chromosome 20p)". Mamm. Genome. 7 (5): 400–1. doi:10.1007/s003359900120. PMID 8661740.
• Ravichandran V, Chawla A, Roche PA (1996). "Identification of a novel syntaxin- and synaptobrevin/VAMP-binding protein, SNAP-23, expressed in non-neuronal tissues". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (23): 13300–3. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.23.13300. PMID 8663154.
• Rettig J, Sheng ZH, Kim DK, Hodson CD, Snutch TP, Catterall WA (1996). "Isoform-specific interaction of the alpha1A subunits of brain Ca2+ channels with the presynaptic proteins syntaxin and SNAP-25". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (14): 7363–8. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.7363R. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.14.7363. PMC 38990. PMID 8692999.
• Jagadish MN, Fernandez CS, Hewish DR, Macaulay SL, Gough KH, Grusovin J, Verkuylen A, Cosgrove L, Alafaci A, Frenkel MJ, Ward CW (1996). "Insulin-responsive tissues contain the core complex protein SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein 25) A and B isoforms in addition to syntaxin 4 and synaptobrevins 1 and 2". Biochem. J. 317 (3): 945–54. doi:10.1042/bj3170945. PMC 1217577. PMID 8760387.
• Betz A, Okamoto M, Benseler F, Brose N (1997). "Direct interaction of the rat unc-13 homologue Munc13-1 with the N terminus of syntaxin". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (4): 2520–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.4.2520. PMID 8999968.
• Araki S, Tamori Y, Kawanishi M, Shinoda H, Masugi J, Mori H, Niki T, Okazawa H, Kubota T, Kasuga M (1997). "Inhibition of the binding of SNAP-23 to syntaxin 4 by Munc18c". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 234 (1): 257–62. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6560. PMID 9168999.
• Lane SR, Liu Y (1997). "Characterization of the palmitoylation domain of SNAP-25". J. Neurochem. 69 (5): 1864–9. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69051864.x. PMID 9349529.
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
• Okamoto M, Südhof TC (1998). "Mints, Munc18-interacting proteins in synaptic vesicle exocytosis". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (50): 31459–64. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.50.31459. PMID 9395480.
• Low SH, Roche PA, Anderson HA, van Ijzendoorn SC, Zhang M, Mostov KE, Weimbs T (1998). "Targeting of SNAP-23 and SNAP-25 in polarized epithelial cells". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (6): 3422–30. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.6.3422. PMID 9452464.
• Poirier MA, Hao JC, Malkus PN, Chan C, Moore MF, King DS, Bennett MK (1998). "Protease resistance of syntaxin.SNAP-25.VAMP complexes. Implications for assembly and structure". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (18): 11370–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.18.11370. PMID 9556632.
• Prekeris R, Klumperman J, Chen YA, Scheller RH (1998). "Syntaxin 13 mediates cycling of plasma membrane proteins via tubulovesicular recycling endosomes". J. Cell Biol. 143 (4): 957–71. doi:10.1083/jcb.143.4.957. PMC 2132958. PMID 9817754.
• Gonelle-Gispert C, Halban PA, Niemann H, Palmer M, Catsicas S, Sadoul K (1999). "SNAP-25a and -25b isoforms are both expressed in insulin-secreting cells and can function in insulin secretion". Biochem. J. 339 (1): 159–65. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3390159. PMC 1220140. PMID 10085240.
• Ilardi JM, Mochida S, Sheng ZH (1999). "Snapin: a SNARE-associated protein implicated in synaptic transmission". Nat. Neurosci. 2 (2): 119–24. doi:10.1038/5673. PMID 10195194.

External links

• SNAP25+Protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR000928