Languages of Italy

There are approximately thirty-four native living spoken languages and related dialects in Italy,[6] most of which are largely independent Romance languages. Although they are sometimes colloquially referred to as dialects or regional languages, they are almost all distributed in a continuum across the regions' administrative boundaries, and speakers from one locale within a single region are typically aware of the features distinguishing their own variety from one of the other places nearby.

This article is about the languages originating or spoken in Italy. For the regional dialects of the Italian language, see Regional Italian.

Languages of Italy
Regional and minority languages of Italy [1][2][3][4]
OfficialItalian
Regionalsee "classification"
Minoritysee "historical linguistic minorities"
ImmigrantSpanish, Albanian, Arabic, Romanian, Hungarian, Polish, Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian, and Romani[5]
Foreign
SignedItalian Sign Language
Keyboard layout
Italian QWERTY
SourceSpecial Eurobarometer, Europeans and their Languages, 2006
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The official and most widely spoken language across the country is Italian, a direct descendant of Tuscan. However, in parallel, most Italians also communicate in one of the regional languages that are indigenous evolutions of Vulgar Latin.

Other Italian languages belong to other Indo-European branches, such as Cimbrian, Arbëresh, Slavomolisano and Griko. Other non-indigenous languages are spoken by a substantial percentage of the population due to immigration.[7]

Of the indigenous languages, twelve are officially recognized as linguistic minorities: Albanian, Catalan, German, Greek, Slovene, Croatian, French, Franco-Provençal, Friulian, Ladin, Occitan and Sardinian. However, full bilingualism (bilinguismo perfetto) is legally granted only to German, Slovene and French and enacted in the regions of Trentino Alto-Adige, Friuli Venezia Giulia and the Aosta Valley, respectively.[8]

Language or dialect

Almost all the Romance languages native to Italy, with the notable exception of Italian, are often colloquially referred to as "dialects", although the term may coexist with other labels like "minority languages" or "vernaculars" for some of them.[9] However, the use of the term "dialect" may erroneously imply that the native languages spoken in Italy are actual "dialects" of standard Italian in the prevailing linguistic sense of "varieties or variations of a language".[10][11] This is not the case of Italy, as the country's long-standing linguistic diversity does not actually stem from Italian. Most of Italy's Romance languages predate Italian and evolved locally from Vulgar Latin, independently of what would become the standard national language, long before the fairly recent spread of Italian throughout Italy.[12][11] In fact, Italian itself can be thought of as either a continuation of, or a dialect heavily based on, the Florentine dialect of Tuscan.

The indigenous Romance languages of Italy are therefore classified as separate languages that evolved from Latin just like Italian, rather than "dialects" or variations of the latter.[13][14][15] Conversely, with the spread of Italian throughout Italy in the 20th century, local varieties of Italian have also developed throughout the peninsula, influenced to varying extents by the underlying local languages, most noticeably at the phonological level; though regional boundaries seldom correspond to isoglosses distinguishing these varieties, these variations of Italian are commonly referred to as Regional Italian (italiano regionale).[11]

Twelve languages have been legally granted official recognition in 1999, but their selection to the exclusion of others is a matter of some controversy.[10] Daniele Bonamore argues that many regional languages were not recognized in light of their communities' historical participation in the construction of the Italian language: Giacomo da Lentini's and Cielo d'Alcamo's Sicilian, Guido Guinizelli's Bolognese, Jacopone da Todi's Umbrian, Neapolitan, Carlo Goldoni's Venetian and Dante's Tuscan are considered to be historical founders of the Italian linguistic majority; outside of such epicenters are, on the other hand, Friulian, Ladin, Sardinian, Franco-Provençal and Occitan, which are recognized as distinct languages.[16] Michele Salazar found Bonamore's explanation "new and convincing".[17]

The original Italian Constitution does not explicitly express that Italian is the official national language. Since the constitution was penned, there have been some laws and articles written on the procedures of criminal cases passed that explicitly state that Italian should be used:

  • Statute of the Trentino-South Tyrol, (constitutional law of the northern region of Italy around Trento) – "[...] [la lingua] italiana [...] è la lingua ufficiale dello Stato." (Statuto Speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Art. 99, "[...] [the language] Italian [...] is the official language of the State.")
  • Code for civil procedure – "In tutto il processo è prescritto l'uso della lingua italiana. (Codice di procedura civile, Art. 122, "In all procedures, it is required that the Italian language is used.")
  • Code for criminal procedure – "Gli atti del procedimento penale sono compiuti in lingua italiana." (Codice di procedura penale, Art. 109 [169-3; 63, 201 att.], "The acts of the criminal proceedings are carried out in the Italian language.")
  • Article 1 of law 482/1999 – "La lingua ufficiale della Repubblica è l'italiano." (Legge 482/1999, Art. 1 Comma 1, "The official language of the Republic is Italian.")[18]

Historical linguistic minorities

Recognition by the Italian state
Communities recognized by Italy as historical linguistic minorities.[19]

The Republic safeguards linguistic minorities by means of appropriate measures.

— Italian Constitution, Art. 6

The Art. 6 of the Italian Constitution was drafted by the Founding Fathers to show sympathy for the country's historical linguistic minorities, in a way for the newly-founded Republic to let them become part of the national fabric and distance itself from the Italianization policies promoted earlier because of nationalism, especially during Fascism.[20][21][22]

However, more than a half century passed before the Art. 6 was followed by any of the above-mentioned "appropriate measures".[23] Italy applied in fact the Article for the first time in 1999, by means of the national law N.482/99.[8]

Before said legal framework entered into force, only four linguistic minorities (the French-speaking community in the Aosta Valley; the German-speaking community and, to a limited extent, the Ladin one in the Province of Bolzano; the Slovene-speaking community in the Province of Trieste and, with less rights, the Province of Gorizia) enjoyed some kind of acknowledgment and protection, stemming from specific clauses within international treaties.[20] The other eight linguistic minorities were to be recognized only in 1999, including the Slovene-speaking minority in the Province of Udine and the Germanic populations (Walser, Mocheni and Cimbri) residing in provinces different from Bolzano. Some now-recognized minority groups, namely in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Sardinia, already provided themselves with regional laws of their own. It has been estimated that less than 400.000 people, out of the two million people belonging to the twelve historical minorities (with Sardinian being the numerically biggest one[24][25][26]), enjoyed state-wide protection.[27]

Around the 1960s, the Italian Parliament eventually resolved to apply the previously neglected article of the country's fundamental Charter. The Parliament thus appointed a "Committee of three Sages" to single out the groups that were to be recognized as linguistic minorities, and further elaborate the reason for their inclusion. The nominated people were Tullio de Mauro, Giovan Battista Pellegrini and Alessandro Pizzorusso, three notable figures who distinguished themselves with their life-long activity of research in the field of both linguistics and legal theory. Based on linguistic, historical as well as anthropological considerations, the experts eventually selected thirteen groups, corresponding to the currently recognized twelve with the further addition of the Sinti and Romani-speaking populations.[28] The original list was approved, with the only exception of the nomadic peoples, who lacked the territoriality requisite and therefore needed a separate law. However, the draft was presented to the law-making bodies when the legislature was about to run its course, and had to be passed another time. The bill was met with resistance by all the subsequent legislatures, being reluctant to challenge the widely-held myth of "Italian linguistic homogeneity",[23] and only in 1999 did it eventually pass, becoming a law. In the end, the historical linguistic minorities have been recognized by the Law no. 482/1999 (Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482, Art. 2, comma 1).[8][29]

Some interpretations of said law seem to divide the twelve minority languages into two groups, with the first including the non-Latin speaking populations (with the exception of the Catalan-speaking one) and the second including only the Romance-speaking populations. Some other interpretations state that a further distinction is implied, considering only some groups to be "national minorities".[23][30] Regardless of the ambiguous phrasing, all the twelve groups are technically supposed to be allowed the same measures of protection;[31] furthermore, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, signed and ratified by Italy in 1997, applies to all the twelve groups mentioned by the 1999 national law, therefore including the Friulians, the Sardinians,[32][33][34] the Occitans, the Ladins etc., with the addition of the Romani.

In actual practice, not each of the twelve historical linguistic minorities is given the same consideration.[23] In fact, the discrimination lies in the urgent need to award the highest degree of protection only to the French-speaking minority in the Aosta Valley and the German one in South Tyrol, owing to international treaties.[35] For example, the institutional websites are only in Italian with a few exceptions, like a French version of the Italian Chamber of Deputies.[36] A bill proposed by former prime minister Mario Monti's cabinet formally introduced a differential treatment between the twelve historical linguistic minorities, distinguishing between those with a "foreign mother tongue" (the groups protected by agreements with Austria, France and Slovenia) and those with a "peculiar dialect" (all the others). The bill was later implemented, but deemed unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court.[37][38]

Recognition at the European level

Italy is a signatory of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, but has not ratified the treaty, and therefore its provisions protecting regional languages do not apply in the country.[39]

The Charter does not, however, establish at what point differences in expression result in a separate language, deeming it an "often controversial issue", and citing the necessity to take into account, other than purely linguistic criteria, also "psychological, sociological and political considerations".[40]

Regional recognition of the local languages
  • Aosta Valley:
    • French is co-official (enjoying the same dignity and standing of Italian) in the whole region (Le Statut spécial de la Vallée d'Aoste, Title VIe, Article 38);[41]
    • Franco-Provencal is unofficial, but protected and promoted according to federal and regional laws.[41][42]
    • German is unofficial but recognised in the Lys Valley (Lystal) (Le Statut spécial de la Vallée d'Aoste, Title VIe, Art. 40 - bis).[41]
  • Apulia:
  • Friuli-Venezia Giulia:
    • Friulian and Slovene are "promoted", but not recognised, by the region (Legge regionale 18 dicembre 2007, n. 29, Art. 1, comma 1);[44] (Legge regionale 16 novembre 2007, n. 26, Art. 16).[45]
  • Lombardy:
    • Lombard is unofficial but recognised as the regional language (Legge regionale 25/2016).[46]
  • Piedmont:
    • Piedmontese is unofficial but recognised as the regional language (Consiglio Regionale del Piemonte, Ordine del Giorno n. 1118, Presentato il 30 November 1999);[47][48]
    • the region "promotes", without recognising, the Occitan, Franco-Provençal, French and Walser languages (Legge regionale 7 aprile 2009, n. 11, Art. 1).[49]
  • Sardinia:
  • Sicily:
    • Sicilian is unofficial but recognised as the regional language (Legge regionale 9/2011).[52]
  • South Tyrol:
    • German is co-official (enjoying the same dignity and standing of Italian) in the province of South Tyrol (Statuto speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige, Titolo XI, Articolo 99);[53]
  • Trentino:
    • Ladin, Cimbrian and Mòcheno are unofficial but recognised in (Statuto speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige, Titolo XI, Articolo 102).[53]
  • Veneto:
    • Venetian is unofficial but recognised (Legge regionale 13 aprile 2007, n. 8, Art. 2, comma 2).[54]

Conservation status
Frequency of use of regional languages in Italy, as the sole or principal languages at home, based on ISTAT data from 2015.

According to the UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, there are 31 endangered languages in Italy.[55] The degree of endangerment is classified in different categories ranging from 'safe' (safe languages are not included in the atlas) to 'extinct' (when there are no speakers left).[56]

The source for the languages' distribution is the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[55] unless otherwise stated, and refers to Italy exclusively.

Vulnerable

Definitely endangered

Severely endangered

Classification

All living languages indigenous to Italy are part of the Indo-European language family.

They can be divided into Romance languages and non-Romance languages. The classification of the Romance languages of Italy is controversial, and we report here two different classification systems.

Romance languages (Ethnologue)

The source is the SIL's Ethnologue unless otherwise stated.[58] Language classification can be a controversial issue, when a classification is contested by academic sources, this is reported in the 'notes' column.

Gallo-Rhaetian and Occitano-Romance
Language Family ISO 639-3 Dialects spoken in Italy Notes Speakers
French (français)Gallo-RomanceGallo-RhaetianOïlFrenchfra100,000
Arpitan (franco-provençal)Gallo-RomanceGallo-RhaetianOïlSouth-Easternfrp70,000
Friulian (furlan)Gallo-RomanceGallo-RhaetianRhaetianFriulianfur600,000[59]
Ladin (lingaz ladin)Gallo-RomanceGallo-RhaetianRhaetianLadinlld31,000
Catalan (català)Gallo-RomanceOccitano-Romance
or Ibero-Romance		catAlgherese20,000
Occitan (lenga d'òc)Gallo-RomanceOccitano-RomanceociProvençal; Gardiol100,000

Gallo-Italic languages
Language ISO 639-3 Dialects spoken in Italy Notes Speakers
Emiliano-Romagnolo (emiliân-rumagnōl)emlEmilian; Romagnol (Forlivese);Emilian and Romagnol have been assigned two different ISO 639-3 codes (egl and rgn, respectively).1,000,000
Ligurian (ligure)lijGenoese; Spezzino; Monegàsco; Intemelio; Brigasc; Royasc; Tabarchino; Bonifacino; Novéize500,000
Lombard (lumbàart)lmoWestern Lombard (see Western dialects of Lombard language, such as Milanese); Eastern Lombard; Gallo-Italic of Sicily3,600,000
Piedmontese (piemontèis)pmsPiedmontese varieties; Judeo-Piedmontese1,600,000
Venetian (vèneto)vecTriestine; Fiuman; Chipilo Venetian; Talian; veneziano LagunarGrouped with either Gallo-Italic or Italo-Dalmatian3,800,000

Italo-Dalmatian languages

Not included is Corsican, which is mainly spoken on the French island of Corsica. Istriot is only spoken in Croatia. Judeo-Italian is moribund.

Language ISO 639-3 Dialects spoken in Italy Notes Speakers
Italian (italiano)itaTuscan;National language60,000,000
Central Italian (italiano centrale)itaRomanesco; Sabino; Marchigiano5,700,000
Neapolitan (napulitano)napAbruzzese; Cosentino; Bari dialect3,000,000
Sicilian (sicilianu)scnSalentino; Southern Calabrian4,700,000

Sardinian language

Sardinian (sardu) is a distinct language with significant phonological differences among its own varieties (Ethnologue assigns it four separate ISO codes).[60] Some linguists, like Heinrich Lausberg, proposed that Sardinian is the sole living representative its branch of the Romance languages, which used to comprise the now extinct Afro-Romance dialects as well as the Corsican dialects before they underwent Tuscanization. UNESCO, while calling Gallurese and Sassarese "Sardinian",[55] considers them to be originally dialects of Corsican rather than Sardinian.[55] The linguistic landscape of Sardinia is in principle most accurately described as being a dialect continuum.

Language ISO 639-3 Dialects spoken in Italy Notes Speakers
Campidanese Sardinian (sardu campidanesu)sroOrthographic model of the central southern Sardinian dialects500,000
Logudorese Sardinian (sardu logudoresu)srcOrthographic model of the central northern Sardinian dialects500,000
Gallurese Sardinian (gadduresu)sdnOutlying dialect of Corsican, sometimes considered part of Sardinian100,000
Sassarese Sardinian (sassaresu)sdcOutlying dialect of Corsican, sometimes considered part of Sardinian100,000

Romance languages (Loporcaro)

Loporcaro 2009 proposes a classification of Romance languages of Italy based on Pellegrini 1977, who groups different Romance languages according to areal and some typological features. The following five linguistic areas can be identified:[61]

  • Northern varieties (dialetti settentrionali):
    • Gallo-Italic (Emilian, Piedmontese, Lombard, and Ligurian).
    • Venetian.
  • Friulian varieties.
  • Tuscan varieties.
  • Mid-Southern varieties (dialetti centro-meridionali):
    • Middle (dialetti mediani; Central Marchigiano, Umbrian, Laziale).
    • Upper Southern (dialetti alto-meridionali; Marchigiano-Abruzzese, Molisano, Apulian, Southern Laziale and Campidanian including Neapolitan, Northern Lucano-Calabrese).
    • Extreme Southern (dialetti meridionali estremi; Salentino, Calabrian, Sicilian).
  • Sardinian varieties.

Romance languages (Maiden and Parry)

The following classification is proposed by Maiden 1997:

  • Northern varieties:
    • Northern Italo-Romance:
      • 'Gallo-Italian' (Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria and Emilia-Romagna).
      • Venetan.
    • Ladin.
    • Friulian.
  • Central and Southern varieties:
    • Tuscan (with Corsican).
    • 'Middle Italian' dialects (Marche, Umbria, Lazio).
    • Upper southern dialects (Abruzzo, northern Puglia, Molise, Campania, Basilicata).
    • Extreme southern dialects (Salento, southern Calabria and Sicily).
  • Sardinian.

Non-Romance languages

Albanian, Slavic, Greek and Romani languages
Language Family ISO 639-3 Dialects spoken in Italy Notes Speakers
ArbëreshAlbanianToskaaeconsidered an outlying dialect of Albanian by the UNESCO[55]100,000
Serbo-CroatianSlavicSouthWesternhbsMolise Croatian1,000
Slovene (slovenščina)SlavicSouthWesternslvGai Valley dialect; Resian; Torre Valley dialect; Natisone Valley dialect; Brda dialect; Karst dialect; Inner Carniolan dialect; Istrian dialect 100,000
Italiot GreekHellenic (Greek)AtticellGriko (Salento); Calabrian Greek20,000
RomaniIndo-IranianIndo-AryanCentral ZoneRomanirom

High German languages
Language Family ISO 639-3 Dialects spoken in Italy Notes Speakers
GermanMiddle GermanEast Middle GermandeuTyrolean dialectsAustrian German is the usual standard variety315,000
CimbrianUpper GermanBavarian-Austriancimsometimes considered a dialect of Bavarian, also considered an outlying dialect of Bavarian by the UNESCO[55]2,200
MochenoUpper GermanBavarian-Austrianmhnconsidered an outlying dialect of Bavarian by the UNESCO[55]1,000
WalserUpper GermanAlemannicwae3,400

Geographic distribution

Northern Italy

The Northern Italian languages are conventionally defined as those Romance languages spoken north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line, which runs through the northern Apennine Mountains just to the north of Tuscany; however, the dialects of Occitan and Franco-Provençal spoken in the extreme northwest of Italy (e.g. the Valdôtain in the Aosta Valley) are generally excluded. The classification of these languages is difficult and not agreed-upon, due both to the variations among the languages and to the fact that they share isoglosses of various sorts with both the Italo-Romance languages to the south and the Gallo-Romance languages to the northwest.

One common classification divides these languages into four groups:

Any such classification runs into the basic problem that there is a dialect continuum throughout northern Italy, with a continuous transition of spoken dialects between e.g. Venetian and Ladin, or Venetian and Emilio-Romagnolo (usually considered Gallo-Italian).

All of these languages are considered innovative relative to the Romance languages as a whole, with some of the Gallo-Italian languages having phonological changes nearly as extreme as standard French (usually considered the most phonologically innovative of the Romance languages). This distinguishes them significantly from standard Italian, which is extremely conservative in its phonology (and notably conservative in its morphology).[62]

Southern Italy and islands

Approximate distribution of the regional languages of Sardinia and Southern Italy according to the UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger:

One common classification divides these languages into two groups:

All of these languages are considered conservative relative to the Romance languages as a whole, with Sardinian being the most conservative of them all.

Mother-tongues of foreigners
Language (2012)[63][64]Population
Romanian798,364
Arabic476,721
Albanian380,361
Spanish255,459
Italian162,148
Chinese159,597
Russian126,849
Ukrainian119,883
French116,287
Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian93,289
Polish87,283
Others862,986

Standardised written forms

Although "[al]most all Italian dialects were being written in the Middle Ages, for administrative, religious, and often artistic purposes,"[65] use of local language gave way to stylized Tuscan, eventually labeled Italian. Local languages are still occasionally written, but only the following regional languages of Italy have a standardised written form. This may be widely accepted or used alongside more traditional written forms:

  • Piedmontese: traditional, definitely codified between the 1920s and the 1960s by Pinin Pacòt and Camillo Brero
  • Ligurian: "Grafîa ofiçiâ" created by the Académia Ligùstica do Brénno;[66]
  • Sardinian: "Limba sarda comuna" was experimentally adopted in 2006;[67]
  • Friulian: "Grafie uficiâl" created by the Osservatori Regjonâl de Lenghe e de Culture Furlanis;[68]
  • Ladin: "Grafia Ladina" created by the Istituto Ladin de la Dolomites;[69]
  • Venetian: "Grafia Veneta Unitaria", the official manual published in 1995 by the Regione Veneto local government, although written in Italian.[70] It has been recently updated on 14 December 2017, under the name of "Grafia Veneta Ufficiale".[71]
  • Detailed map of the languages and dialects in Italy, net of the recognised ethno-linguistic minorities
  • Officially recognised ethno-linguistic minorities of Italy
  • Regional languages of Italy according to Clemente Merlo and Carlo Tagliavini in 1939
  • Languages and language islands of Italy
  • Languages of Italy
  • Main dialectal groups of Italy
  • Main linguistic groups of Italy
  • Percentage of people in Italy having a command of a regional language (Doxa, 1982; Coveri's data, 1984)

Notes
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  4. AIS, Sprach-und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz, Zofingen 1928-1940
  5. https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2018/
  6. "Italy". Ethnologue. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  7. "Legge 482". Camera.it. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
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  9. Loporcaro 2009; Marcato 2007; Posner 1996; Repetti 2000:1–2; Cravens 2014.
  10. Cravens 2014
  11. Domenico Cerrato. "Che lingua parla un italiano?". Treccani.it.
  12. Tullio, de Mauro (2014). Storia linguistica dell'Italia repubblicana: dal 1946 ai nostri giorni. Editori Laterza, ISBN 9788858113622
  13. Maiden, Martin; Parry, Mair (7 March 2006). The Dialects of Italy. Routledge. p. 2. ISBN 9781134834365.
  14. Repetti, Lori (2000). Phonological Theory and the Dialects of Italy. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9027237190. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
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  16. Bonamore, Daniele (2006). Lingue minoritarie Lingue nazionali Lingue ufficiali nella legge 482/1999, Editore Franco Angeli, p.16
  17. Michele Salazar (Università di Messina, Direttore Rivista giuridica della scuola) - Presentazione: (…) La spiegazione datane nell'opera sotto analisi appare nuova e convincente (…) il siciliano (…) il bolognese (…) l'umbro (…) il toscano (…) hanno fatto l'italiano, sono l'italiano - Bonamore, Daniele (2008). Lingue minoritarie Lingue nazionali Lingue ufficiali nella legge 482/1999, Editore Franco Angeli
  18. "Legge 482". Webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
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  21. "Articolo 6 Costituzione, Dispositivo e Spiegazione".
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  23. "Schiavi Fachin, Silvana. Articolo 6, Lingue da tutelare".
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  26. "What Languages are Spoken in Italy?".
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  30. Archived 16 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
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  32. "Lingua Sarda, Legislazione Internazionale, Sardegna Cultura".
  33. "Coordinamentu sardu ufitziale, lettera a Consiglio d'Europa: "Rispettare impegni"".
  34. "Il Consiglio d'Europa: "Lingua sarda discriminata, norme non-rispettate"".
  35. See the appeal of the attorney Felice Besostri against the Italian electoral law of 2015.
  36. "Chambre des députés".
  37. "Sentenza Corte costituzionale nr. 215 del 3 luglio 2013, depositata il 18 luglio 2013 su ricorso della regione Friuli-VG".
  38. "Anche per la Consulta i friulani non-sono una minoranza di serie B" (PDF).
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  40. What is a regional or minority language?, Council of Europe, retrieved 17 October 2015
  41. Statut spécial de la Vallée d'Aoste, Title VIe, Region Vallée d'Aoste, retrieved 17 October 2015
  42. "Conseil de la Vallée - Loi régionale 1er août 2005, n. 18 - Texte en vigueur". Retrieved 25 April 2020
  43. Puglia, QUIregione - Il Sito web Istituzionale della Regione. "QUIregione - Il Sito web Istituzionale della Regione Puglia". QUIregione - Il Sito web Istituzionale della Regione Puglia. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
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gollark: Well, the underlying drivers of urbanization might go away, so things.
gollark: I see.
gollark: No, you're talking about increasing ruralization mostly.
gollark: Those are a high-density city-ish thing.
gollark: Why?

References
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