Fried rice

Fried rice is a dish of cooked rice that has been stir-fried in a wok or a frying pan and is usually mixed with other ingredients such as eggs, vegetables, seafood, or meat. It is often eaten by itself or as an accompaniment to another dish. Fried rice is a popular component of East Asian, Southeast Asian and certain South Asian cuisines. As a homemade dish, fried rice is typically made with ingredients left over from other dishes, leading to countless variations. Fried rice first developed during the Sui Dynasty in China and as such all fried rice dishes can trace their origins to Chinese fried rice.[1]

Fried rice
Chicken fried-rice
Alternative names
TypeRice dish
CourseMain course
Place of originChina
Region or stateWorldwide
Main ingredientsCooked rice, cooking oil
VariationsBokkeum-bap
Chāhan
Chǎo fàn
Khao phat
Nasi goreng
Arroz chaufa, Peruvian-Chinese fried rice
Korean kimchi-bokkeum-bap

Many varieties of fried rice have their own specific list of ingredients. In Greater China, common varieties include Yangzhou fried rice and Hokkien fried rice. Japanese chāhan is considered a Japanese Chinese dish, having derived from Chinese fried rice dishes. In Southeast Asia, similarly constructed Indonesian, Malaysian, and Singaporean nasi goreng and Thai khao phat are popular dishes. In the West, most restaurants catering to vegetarians have invented their own varieties of fried rice, including egg fried rice. Fried rice is also seen on the menus of American restaurants offering cuisines with no native tradition of the dish. Additionally, the cuisine of some Latin American countries includes variations on fried rice, including Ecuadorian chaulafan, Peruvian arroz chaufa, Cuban arroz frito, and Puerto Rican arroz mamposteao.

Fried rice is a common street food in Asia. In some Asian countries, small restaurants, street vendors and traveling hawkers specialize in serving fried rice. In Indonesian cities it is common to find fried rice street hawkers moving through the streets with their food cart and stationing it in busy streets or residential areas. Many Southeast Asian street food stands offer fried rice with a selection of optional garnishes and side dishes.

Preparation

Cooked rice is the primary ingredient, with myriad additional ingredients, such as vegetables, eggs, meat (chicken, beef, pork, lamb, mutton), preserved meat (bacon, ham, sausage), seafood (fish, shrimp, crab), mushrooms, among others. Aromatics such as onions, shallots, scallions, and garlic are often added for extra flavor. Various cooking oils, such as vegetable oil, sesame oil, clarified butter, or lard can be used to grease the wok or frying pan to prevent sticking, as well as for flavor. Fried rice dishes can be seasoned with salt, different types of soy sauce, oyster sauce and many other sauces and spices. Popular garnishes include chopped scallions, sliced chili, fried shallots, sprigs of parsley or coriander leaves, toasted sesame seeds, seaweed flakes (gim or nori), sliced cucumber, tomato, lime, or pickled vegetables.

History
Main article: Chinese fried rice § History

The earliest record of fried rice is in the Sui dynasty (589–618 CE).[2] Fried rice is believed to have started as a way of reusing leftover rice.

Varieties

East Asia

China
Yángzhōu chǎofàn in Hong Kong, the most popular Chinese fried rice
Main article: Chinese fried rice
    • Canton (or Wui Fan 燴飯) is a Cantonese style fried rice, typically served with a thick gravy poured on it.
    • Hokkien (or Fujian) fried rice, a variation of Chinese fried rice, is from the Fujian region of China; it has a thick sauce poured and mixed over it which can include mushrooms, meat, vegetables, etc.
    • Szechwan fried rice is a spicy stir-fried rice from Sichuan which uses doubanjiang chili sauce with garlic, green onions, and red onion.[3]
    • Yin Yang Fried Rice is topped with two different types of sauce, typically a savory white sauce on one-half and a red tomato-based sauce on the other half. Elaborate versions use the sauces to create a yin-yang symbol.
    • Yeung chow (or Yangzhou) fried rice consists of generous portions of shrimp and scrambled egg, along with barbecued pork. This is the most popular fried rice served in Chinese restaurants, commonly referred to simply as "special fried rice" or "house fried rice".

Japan
Chāhan, Japanese-Chinese fried rice
  • Chāhan (チャーハン) or Yakimeshi (焼飯) is a Chinese-derived fried rice suited to Japanese tastes by the addition of katsuobushi for flavor, prepared with myriad ingredients.
  • Omurice is fried rice wrapped inside an egg omelette. The fried rice is generally mixed with a variety of vegetables and meat. Often a variant called "Chicken Rice" (チキンライス chikinraisu) is used. Ketchup or some other tomato sauce is added to make this.

Korea
  • Bokkeum-bap (볶음밥; lit. "fried rice") is made by stir-frying bap (cooked rice) with other ingredients in oil.[4] A wide range of fried rice dishes are common in Korean cuisine, often made with whichever ingredients are handy. In Korean restaurants, fried rice is a popular end-of-meal add-on.[5] After eating the main dishes cooked on a tabletop stove, cooked rice along with gimgaru (seaweed flakes) and sesame oil is often added directly into the remains of the main dishes, stir-fried, and browned.
    • Kimchi-bokkeum-bap (김치볶음밥; lit. "kimchi fried rice") is a popular variety of bokkeum-bap, prepared with kimchi and a variable list of other ingredients.

Southeast Asia

Cambodia

Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore
Indonesian nasi goreng with chicken, fried egg, prawn cracker and vegetables
  • Javanese fried rice – originating in Java, the dish commonly includes sambal ulek as a seasoning and have has a spicy flavor.[6][7]
  • Nasi goreng is an Indonesian and Malaysian version of fried rice, the main difference compared to fried rice is that it is cooked using sweet soy sauce (kecap manis). It is often accompanied by additional items such as a fried egg, fried chicken, satay, and condiments such as sambal, acar, and krupuk. It is served in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and most of the neighboring countries, and is popular in the Netherlands.
    • Nasi goreng pattaya is Malaysian fried rice wrapped inside an egg omelette. The fried rice is generally mixed with a variety of vegetables and meat. Tomato sauce is added. In Indonesia, the dish is called nasi goreng amplop.
    • Sambal fried rice found in Singapore is a variation of fried rice made with sambal, a condiment based on chilis and belachan, derived from Indonesian and Malay influences.

Myanmar
Main article: Burmese fried rice
  • Burmese fried rice (ထမင်း‌ကြော်, htamin gyaw) normally uses Burmese fragrant short grain rice (rounder and shorter than other varieties). A popular plain version consists of rice, boiled peas, onions, garlic, and dark soy sauce. An accompanying condiment could be ngapi kyaw (fried fish paste with shredded flakes) and fresh cucumber strips mixed with chopped onions, green chili, and vinegar.

Philippines
Filipino sinangag, also commonly known as "garlic fried rice"
  • Aligue rice, also known as "crab fat fried rice" or "aligue fried rice", is similar to sinangág, but with the notable addition of aligue (crab fat paste), which turns the dish a vivid orange-yellow. It can be combined with seafood like shrimp and squid and eaten as is, or eaten paired with meat dishes.[8]
  • Bagoong fried rice is a type of Filipino fried rice using bagoong alamang (shrimp paste) as its main flavoring agent. Meat, scallions, as well as green mangoes are optionally additions.
  • Sinangág, also called "garlic fried rice", is a Filipino fried rice cooked by stir-frying pre-cooked rice with garlic. The rice used is preferably stale, usually leftover cooked rice from the previous day, as it results in rice that is slightly fermented and firmer. It is garnished with toasted garlic, salt, and black pepper. The rice grains are ideally loose and not stick together.[9]
Sinangág is rarely eaten on its own, but is usually paired with a "dry" meat dish like tocino, longganisa, tapa, or spam. Unlike other types of fried rice, it does not normally use ingredients other than garlic, so it does not overwhelm the flavour of the main dish. When they do use other ingredients, the most common additions are scrambled eggs, chopped scallions, and cubed carrots. Cashews might also be added. Sinangág is a common part of a traditional Filipino breakfast, and it usually prepared with leftover rice from the dinner before. It is one of the components of the tapsilog breakfast and its derivatives.[9]

Thailand
Khao phat amerikan, American fried rice

Thai fried rice (Thai: ข้าวผัด, RTGS: Khao Phat) has a flavor radically different from that of common fried rice, mostly due to the use of jasmine rice, and it has various additions not found in Chinese versions. It is usually served with sliced cucumber and prik nam pla, a spicy sauce made of Thai chili, fish sauce, and chopped garlic. Thai fried rice is typical of central Thai cuisine. It normally contains meat (chicken, shrimp, and crab are all common), egg, onions, garlic, and sometimes tomatoes. This widespread dish has many regional variants. Examples are coconut fried rice, pineapple fried rice, and basil fried rice.

  • American fried rice (Thai: ข้าวผัดอเมริกัน, RTGS: Khao Phat Amerikan) is a Thai invention using hot dogs, fried chicken, and eggs as side dishes or mixed into fried rice with ketchup added. It was served to U.S. soldiers in Thailand during the Vietnam War, but now has become common in Thailand.[10] The Malaysian counterpart, substituting pork with chicken, is called nasi goreng USA.
  • Green curry fried rice (Thai: ข้าวผัดแกงเขียวหวาน, RTGS: Khao Phat Kaeng Khiao Wan) is a Thai dish made from green curry and fried rice by using green curry paste mixed with fried rice. Each province of Thailand may have different flavors and ingredients, but the taste is still of green curry. This dish can be purchased in general restaurants or street food in Thailand.
    Khao phat kaeng khiao wan,Green curry fried rice
  • Thai curry fried rice (Thai: ข้าวผัดผงกะหรี่, RTGS: Khao Phat Phong Kari) is a fried rice with Thai curry powder, meat or seafood, or vegetables. This dish can be purchased in countryside restaurants or as street food in Thailand.

Vietnam

South Asia

India
  • Curry fried rice is standard fried rice mixed with curry powder for a spicier flavor.
  • The Tava Pulav or Tawa Pulao is a fried rice dish from Mumbai.[11][12]

Nepal
  • Bhuteko bhat (भुटेको भात) is a Nepalese version of fried rice generally eaten with Achar; However, curry and dhal may also be served alongside it.[13]

Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan nasi goreng served with a fried egg
  • Sri Lankan fried rice (Sinhala: ෆ්රයිඩ් රයිස්) is a Sri Lankan variation of the original Chinese version. However, basmati rice is used and Sri Lankan spices are also added to it.[14][15]
  • Nasi goreng (Sinhala: නාසි ගොරේන්) is a popular fried rice dish widely eaten throughout the country. It entered Sri Lankan cuisine through cultural influences from the Malay and Indonesian cuisines.[16]

Pacific

Hawaii
  • Hawaiian fried rice this common style of fried rice in Hawaii usually contains egg, green onions, peas, cubed carrots, and either Portuguese sausage or Spam, or both, and is sometimes available with kimchi added. It is normally cooked in sesame oil.

Americas

Arroz frito is a denomination used in the Spanish speaking world, meaning "fried rice", with adjectives describing the Chinese-inspired varieties, e.g. arroz chino, arroz cantonés, or local specialties arroz chaufa/chaulafán/chaufán/chofán, arroz frito tres delicias.

Ecuador
  • Chaulafan is the name for Chinese fried rice in Ecuador. In Ecuador and Peru, dark soy sauce is preferred in fried rice. Meats typically used are pork, beef, chicken or fish/seafood (e.g. shrimp).

Cuba
Arroz frito, Cuban-Chinese fried rice
  • Arroz frito (Cuban fried rice) is very similar to "special fried rice". It can be found alongside typical criollo dishes in many Cuban restaurants. This dish features ham, grilled pork, shrimp, chicken, and eggs, along with a variety of vegetables. Some restaurants add lechón (Cuban-style suckling pig), lobster tails, or crab. Chinese Cubans are responsible for the dish's introduction.

Peru
  • Arroz chaufa is a popular name for Chinese fried rice in Peru, belonging to the chifa kitchen. In Chile, it is called arroz chaufán. The most common varieties are made using the same ingredients used in China. Some exotic versions may use dried meat, beef tongue, alligator, or lizard in place of more traditional meats. In some regions, the rice is replaced with quinoa or pearled wheat, while in others the rice is mixed with noodles. Aeropuerto is a big Peruvian arroz chaufa dish containing fried noodles and many other additions.

Puerto Rico
  • Arroz mamposteao is a kind of fried rice in Puerto Rico. It was brought to the island by Chinese immigrants and is usually made with leftover rice and typically Asian ingredients such as soy sauce, combined with popular Puerto Rican ingredients such as beans.

Europe
  • Fried Rice with Oyster Sauce – is fried rice incorporating oyster sauce.

Portugal
  • Arroz chau-chau – is fried rice in Portuguese, and in Portugal it is often served as an accompaniment to other food.

United Kingdom
  • Although it has its roots in Indian cuisine, Kedgeree is a form of fried rice unique to the United Kingdom.

Africa

Nigeria

Nigerian fried rice is made with long-grain rice, protein (such as beef liver, chicken, pork, or shrimp), vegetables (such as carrots, peas, green beans, onions, and chillies), herbs and spices (such as thyme, pepper, and curry powder), and so on.

  • Fried rice dishes
  • Beef fried rice topped with a sunny side up egg
  • Schezwan fried rice is an Indo-Chinese dish[17]
  • Cheolpan-bokkeum-bap on iron griddle
  • Kimchi-bokkeum-bap, the most popular Korean fried rice
  • Scorched bokkeum-bap as an add-on
  • Fuk gin caau faan, Hokkien fried rice
  • Jyun joeng caau faan, Hong Kong-style "mandarin ducks" fried rice
  • Khao phat, Thai fried rice
  • Khao phat kaeng khiao wan, green curry fried rice
  • Khao phat kaphrao, Thai fried rice with holy basil
  • Khao phat pu, Thai fried rice with crab meat
  • Korean-Chinese fried rice with jajang sauce
  • Nasi goreng with salted fish and egg
  • Nasi goreng istimewa, special fried rice
  • Javanese-Surinamese nasi goreng in The Netherlands
  • Nasi goreng pattaya, Malaysian omelette rice
  • Nigerian fried rice with fish, salad and steamed bean pudding
  • Omurice (Japanese omelette rice) cut open, with fried rice inside
  • Taiwanese fried rice
  • Filipino sinangág with cashews
  • Filipino tosilog breakfast with tocino and longganisa
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See also

References
  1. Bruce Kraig; Colleen Taylor Sen (2013). Street Food Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 183. ISBN 9781598849554.
  2. "Chinese Fried Rice". iFood.tv.
  3. "Szechuan Fried Rice". China Sichuan Food. 16 November 2014.
  4. (in Korean) "볶음-밥". Standard Korean Language Dictionary. National Institute of Korean Language. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  5. Kim, Keith (2012-03-29). "10 of Seoul's Most Famous and Popular Galbi Restaurants". Seoulistic. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
  6. "Resep Cara Membuat Nasi Goreng Jawa Pedas Lezat". fimela.com. September 9, 2017.
  7. "Javanese Fried Rice - Kitchenesia". kitchenesia.grid.id.
  8. "Crab Fat or Aligue Fried Rice". Kusina ni Teds. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  9. Vanjo Merano. "Sinangag Recipe". Panlasang Pinoy. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  10. Daks, N.; Greeley, A. (2015). Nong's Thai Kitchen. Tuttle Publishing. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-4629-1525-5. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  11. Goyal Siraj, Ashima (2015-06-15). "Express Recipes: How to make Mumbai style Tawa Pulao". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
  12. Gomes, Michael (2019-01-03). "How about some street food for brunch?". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
  13. "Bhuteko Bhat – We All Nepali". weallnepali.com. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  14. "Fried rice". wordpress.com. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  15. "Sri Lankan Food: 40 of the Island's Best Dishes". Migrationology.com/. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  16. Cassim, Aysha Maryam (17 August 2016). "ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ආහාර සංස්කෘතිය වර්ණවත් කළ පෙර අපර දෙදිග රජබොජුන්". roar.media (in Sinhala). Roar. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  17. "Schezwan fried rice recipe - How to make schezwan fried rice". 4 August 2015.
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