Economy of the Philippines

The economy of the Philippines is the world's 36th largest economy by nominal GDP according to the 2019 estimate of the International Monetary Fund's statistics, it is the 13th largest economy in Asia, and the 3rd largest economy in the ASEAN after Indonesia and Thailand. The Philippines is one of the emerging markets and is the sixth richest in Southeast Asia by GDP per capita values, after the regional countries of Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.

Economy of the Philippines

Three major business districts of the Philippines (All within Metro Manila; from top to bottom: Bonifacio Global City, Ortigas Center, Makati Central Business District)
Currency	Philippine peso (Filipino: piso; sign: ₱; code: PHP)
Fiscal year	Calendar year
Trade organizations	APEC, ASEAN, WTO, EAS, AFTA, ADB, and others
Country group	Developing/Emerging[1] Lower-middle income economy[2] Newly industrialized country
Statistics
Population	109,180,815 (2020 est.)[3]
GDP	$356.814 billion (nominal, 2019 est.)[4] $1.027 trillion (PPP, 2019)[5]
GDP rank	36th (nominal, 2019) 26th (PPP, 2020)
GDP growth	6.3% (2018) 6.0% (2019) [6] −1.9% (2020f) 6.2% (2021f)[7]
GDP per capita	$3,484 (nominal, 2019 est.)[4] $10,094 (PPP, 2019 est.)[4]
GDP per capita rank	123rd (nominal, 2019) 110th (PPP, 2019)
GDP by sector	agriculture: 7.4% industry: 34% services: 58.6% (2018)[8]
Inflation (CPI)	1.7% (2020 est.)[5]
Population below poverty line	16.6% below poverty line (2018)[9] 26.0% on less than $3.20/day (2015)[10]
Gini coefficient	42.7 medium (2018)[11]
Human Development Index	0.712 high (2018)[12] (106th) 0.582 medium IHDI (2018)[13]
Labor force	45,049,086 (2019)[14] ~10 million Filipinos work abroad[3] 57.6% employment rate (2018)[15]
Labor force by occupation	services: 58.0% agriculture: 22.9% industry: 19.1% (2019 est.)[16]
Unemployment	17.7% (April 2020)[17] 31.5% youth unemployment (15 to 24 year-olds; April 2020)[18] 7.3 million unemployed (April 2020)[17]
Main industries	electronics assembly, aerospace, business process outsourcing, food manufacturing, shipbuilding, chemicals, textiles, garments, metals, petroleum refining, fishing, steel, rice[19]
Ease-of-doing-business rank	95th (easy, 2020)[20]
External
Exports	$70.3 billion (2019)[21]
Export goods	semiconductors and electronic products, machinery and transport equipment, wood manufactures, chemicals, processed food and beverages, garments, coconut oil, copper concentrates, seafood, bananas/fruits[22]
Main export partners	United States 15.6%  Hong Kong 14.2%  Japan 14%  China 12.9%  Singapore 6.3%  Germany 4.2%  Thailand 4% (2018)[23]
Imports	$107.4 billion (2019)[21]
Import goods	electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and transport equipment, iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains, chemicals, plastic[22]
Main import partners	China 18.6%  Japan 11.8%  United States 9%  Thailand 7.3%  South Korea 6.1%  Singapore 6.1%  Indonesia 5.1% (2016 est.)[24]
FDI stock	$78.79 billion (December 31, 2017 est.)[3] Abroad: $47.82 billion (December 31, 2017 est.)[3]
Current account	−$2.518 billion (2017 est.)[3]
Gross external debt	$72.36 billion (2017)[25]
Public finances
Public debt	37.6% of GDP (Q2 2019)[26]
Budget balance	−2.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)[3]
Revenues	49.07 billion (2017 est.)[3]
Expenses	56.02 billion (2017 est.)[3]
Economic aid	$1.67 billion[27]
Credit rating	Standard & Poor's:[28][29] BBB+ (Domestic) BBB+ (Foreign) BBB+ (T&C Assessment) Outlook: Positive Moody's:[30] Baa2 Outlook: Stable Fitch:[31][32] BBB Outlook: Positive Japan Credit Rating Agency: A- Outlook: Stable
Foreign reserves	$93.319 billion (June 2020) [33]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The Philippines is primarily considered a newly industrialized country, which has an economy in transition from one based on agriculture to one based more on services and manufacturing. As of 2017, GDP by purchasing power parity was estimated to be at $1.980 trillion.[34]

Primary exports include semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, and fruits. Major trading partners include Japan, China, the United States, Singapore, South Korea, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Germany, Taiwan and Thailand. The Philippines has been named as one of the Tiger Cub Economies together with Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Thailand. It is currently one of Asia's fastest growing economies. However, major problems remain, mainly having to do with alleviating the wide income and growth disparities between the country's different regions and socioeconomic classes, reducing corruption, and investing in the infrastructure necessary to ensure future growth.

The Philippine economy is projected to be the 5th largest in Asia and 16th biggest in the world by 2050.[35] According to the PricewaterhouseCoopers, it estimates that it will be the 12th to 14th richest economy in the world by 2060. While this opposes other reports from HSBC Holdings PLC, that by the year 2050, the Philippines will have been stated to surpass the economy of Indonesia due to its yearly higher GDP growth rate of 6.5% (Second, after China). However, the economic statistics may still vary depending on the performance of the government every year.[36]

Historical and Future Annual GDP Growth Rates [37]

Date range	Official rate[38]	Calculated rate[lower-alpha 1]
18th century	–	0.1%
19th century	–	0.6%
20th century	–	2.7%
1900–1939	–	1.4%
1940–1949	4.6%	4.0%
1950–1959	6.7%	5.9%
1960–1969	5.06%	4.7%
1970–1979	5.79%	5.6%
1980–1989	2.01%	9.9%
1990–1999	2.75%	3.0%
2000–2009	4.46%	4.8%
	Projected rate	Calculated rate
2010–2019	6.36%	6.0%
2020–2029	6.8%	6.5%
2030–2039	6.9%	6.7%
2040–2049	7.1%	6.8%

1. The calculated figures express the change in the rate of creation of "real wealth".[39]

Pre-Colonial Era (900s–1565)

Chinese traders living in the Philippines in the mid-16th century, as depicted in the Boxer Codex

Japanese traders living in the Philippines in the mid-16th century, as depicted in the Boxer Codex

Traditional tapayan jar, used as a lawn ornament, water jar, or for bread baking, from the Philippines

Painted Tea-leaf jar, used as a tea cannister, with wisteria designs by Nonomura Ninsei, Edo period Japan

Tagalog nobles (c. 1590 Boxer Codex)

Visayan nobles (c. 1590 Boxer Codex)

A Binukot lady (c. 1590 Boxer Codex)

Muslim women in Pre-colonial Maynila (c. 1590 Boxer Codex)

A collection of Piloncitos in Manila Mint Museum

Barter rings along with Piloncitos

The economic history of the Philippine Islands had been traced back to the pre-colonial times. The country which was then composed of different kingdoms and thalassocracies oversaw the large number of merchants coming to the islands for trade. Indian, Arab, Chinese and Japanese merchants were welcomed by these kingdoms, which were mostly located by riverbanks, coastal ports and central plains. The merchants traded for goods such as gold, rice, pots and other products. The barter system was implemented at that time and the pre-colonial people enjoyed a life filled with imported goods which reflected their fashion and lifestyle.

From the 12th century, a huge industry centred around the manufacture and trade of burnay clay pots, used for the storage of tea and other perishables, was set up in the northern Philippines with Japanese and Okinawan traders. These pots were known as 'Ruson-tsukuri' (Luzon-made) in Japanese, and were considered among the best storage vessels used for the purpose of keeping tea leaves and rice wine fresh. Hence, Ruson-Tsukuri pots became sought after in Northeast Asia. Each Philippine kiln had its own branding symbol, marked on the bottom of the Ruson-tsukuri by a single baybayin letter.

The people also were great agriculturists and the islands especifically Luzon has great abundance of rice, fowls, wine as well as great numbers of carabaos, deer, wild boar and goats. In addition, there were also great quantities of cotton and colored clothes, wax, honey and date palms produced by the natives. The precolonial state of Caboloan in Pangasinan often exported deer-skins to Japan and Okinawa. The Nation of Ma-i produced beeswax, cotton, true pearls, tortoise shell, medicinal betel nuts and yuta cloth in their trade with East Asia. By the early sixteenth century, the two largest polities of the Pasig River delta, Maynila and Tondo, established a shared monopoly on the trade of Chinese goods throughout the rest of the Philippine archipelago.[40]

The Visayas islands which is home to the Kedatuan of Madja-as, the Kedatuan of Dapitan and the Rajahnate of Cebu on the other hand were abundant in rice, fish, cotton, swine, fowls, wax and honey. Leyte was said to produce two rice crops a year, and Pedro Chirino commented on the great rice and cotton harvests that were sufficient to feed and clothe the people.

In Mindanao, the Rajahnate of Butuan specialized in the mining of gold and the manufacture of jewelry. The Sultanate of Maguindanao was known for the raising and harvesting of cinnamon. The Sultanate of Lanao had a fishing industry by lake Lanao and the Sultanate of Sulu had lively pearl-diving operations.

The kingdoms of ancient Philippines were active in international trade, and they used the ocean as natural highways.[41] Ancient peoples were engaged in long-range trading with their Asian neighbors as far as west as Maldives and as far as north as Japan.

Some historians even proposed that they also had regular contacts with other Austronesian people in Western Micronesia because it was the only area in the Oceania that had rice crops, tuba (fermented coconut sap), and tradition of betel nut chewing when the first Europeans arrived there. The uncanny resemblance of complex body tattoos among the Visayans and those of Borneo also proved some interesting connection between Borneo and ancient Philippines.[42] Magellan's chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta, mentioned that merchants and ambassadors from all surrounding areas came to pay tribute to the rajah of Sugbu (Cebu) for the purpose of trade. While Magellan's crew were with the rajah, a representative from Siam was paying tribute to the rajah.[42] Miguel López de Legazpi also wrote how merchants from Luzon and Mindoro had come to Cebu for trade, and he also mentioned how the Chinese merchants regularly came to Luzon for the same purpose.[42] The Visayan Islands had earlier encounters with Greek traders in 21 AD.[43] Its people enjoyed extensive trade contacts with other cultures. Indians, Japanese, Arabs, Vietnamese, Cambodians, Thais, Malays and Indonesians as traders or immigrants.[44][45]

Aside from trade relations, the natives were also involved in aquaculture and fishing. The natives make use of the salambao, which is a type of raft that utilizes a large fishing net which is lowered into the water via a type of lever made of two criss-crossed poles. Night fishing was accomplished with the help of candles made from a particular type of resin similar to the copal of Mexico. Use of safe pens for incubation and protection of the small fry from predators was also observed, and this method astonished the Spaniards at that time.[42] During fishing, large mesh nets were also used by the natives to protect the young and ensure future good catches.

From the early 1500s to as late as the 1560s, people from Luzon, Philippines; were referred to in Portuguese Malacca as Luções, and they set up many overseas communities across Southeast Asia where they participated in trading ventures and military campaigns in Burma, Malacca and Eastern Timor[46][47][48] as traders and mercenaries.[49][50][51] One prominent Luções was Regimo de Raja, who was a spice magnate and a Temenggung (Jawi: تمڠݢوڠ)[52] (Governor and Chief General) in Portuguese Malacca. He was also the head of an armada which traded and protected commerce between the Indian Ocean, the Strait of Malacca, the South China Sea,[53] and the medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines.[54][55]

Spanish Era

New Spain (1565–1815)

Sample of goods brought via Manila Galleon in Acapulco

Manila Galleon (c. 1590 Boxer Codex)

Indios (Native Filipinos) (Tipos del País Watercolor by José Honorato Lozano)

A Scene of Economic Life in Spanish Colonial Philippines (Tipos del País Watercolor by José Honorato Lozano)

Ilocano Merchants in Spanish Colonial Philippines (Tipos del País Watercolor by José Honorato Lozano)

The natives were slavered among them by other tribes like Lapu-Lapu which forced other islands to pay taxes. The arrival of the Spanish removed this slavering system. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi with Tlaxcaltecs from Mexico conquered and unified the islands. The conquered was possible thanks to the discovery of the trip back to Mexico coast by Agustino Urdaneta. The administration of Islas Filipinas was done through the Capitania General and depended on Mexico Capital which formed the New Spain Viceroyalty. The economy of Islas Filipinas grew further when the Spanish government inaugurated the Manila Galleon trade system. Trading ships, settlers[56] and military reinforcements[57] made voyages once or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean from the port of Acapulco in Mexico to Manila in the Philippines. Both cities were part of the then Province of New Spain.

This trade made the city of Manila one of the major global cities in the world, improving the growth of the Philippine economy in the succeeding years. Trade also introduced foodstuffs such as maize, tomatoes, potatoes, chili peppers, chocolate and pineapples from Mexico and Peru. Tobacco, first domesticated in Latin-America, and then introduced to the Philippines, became an important cash crop for Filipinos. The Philippines also became the distribution center of silver mined in the Americas, which was in high demand in Asia, during the period.[58] In exchange for this silver, Manila gathered Indonesian spices, Chinese silks and Indian gems to be exported to Mexico.[59]

The Manila Galleon system operated until 1815, when Mexico got its independence. Nevertheless, it didn't affect the economy of the islands.

On March 10, 1785, King Charles III of Spain confirmed the establishment of the Royal Philippine Company with a 25-year charter. The Basque-based company was granted a monopoly on the importation of Chinese and Indian goods into the Philippines, as well as the shipping of the goods directly to Spain via the Cape of Good Hope.[60]

Spanish East Indies (1815–98)

La Yndia del Campo tiendera (A Native Filipina Rural Merchant) by Justiniano Asuncion

La Yndia del Campo Tendedora (A Native Filipina Field Tender / Farmer) by Justiniano Asuncion

Calle Escolta, the economic center of 19th-century Manila

El Banco Español-Filipino, 10 pesos bank note (1896)

After Spain lost Mexico as a territory, New Spain was dissolved making the Philippines and other Pacific islands to form the Spanish East Indies. This resulted in the Philippines being governed directly by the King of Spain and the Captaincy General of the Philippines while the Pacific islands of Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Micronesia and Palau was governed by the Real Audiencia of Manila and was part of the Philippine territorial governance.

It made the economy of the Philippines grow further as people saw the rise of opportunities. Agriculture remained the largest contributor to economy, being the largest producer of coffee in Asia as well as a large produce of tobacco.

In Europe, the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain during the period known as the Victorian Age. The industrialization of Europe created great demands for raw materials from the colonies, bringing with it investment and wealth, although this was very unevenly distributed. Governor-General Basco had opened the Philippines to this trade. Previously, the Philippines was seen as a trading post for international trade but in the nineteenth century it was developed both as a source of raw materials and as a market for manufactured goods. The economy of the Philippines rose rapidly and its local industries developed to satisfy the rising demands of an industrializing Europe. A small flow of European immigrants came with the opening of the Suez Canal, which cut the travel time between Europe and the Philippines by half. New ideas about government and society, which the friars and colonial authorities found dangerous, quickly found their way into the Philippines, notably through the Freemasons, who along with others, spread the ideals of the American, French and other revolutions, including Spanish liberalism.

In 1834 the Royal Company of the Philippines was abolished, and free trade was formally recognized. With its excellent harbor, Manila became an open port for Asian, European, and North American traders. European merchants alongside the Chinese immigrants opened stores selling goods from all parts of the world. The El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II (now the Bank of the Philippine Islands) was the first bank opened in the Philippines in 1851.

In 1873 additional ports were opened to foreign commerce, and by the late nineteenth century three crops—tobacco, abaca, and sugar—dominated Philippine exports.

First Philippine Republic (1899–1901)

The economy of the Philippines during the insurgency of the First Philippine Republic remained the same throughout its early years but was halted due to the break out of the Philippine–American War. Nevertheless, during the era of the First Republic, the estimated GDP per capita for the Philippines in 1900 was of $1,033.00. That made it the second richest place in all of Asia, just a little behind Japan ($1,135.00), and far ahead of China ($652.00) or India ($625.00).[61]

American Era (1901–40)

Manila in the 1900s

The results of the economy under the Americans were mixed. An initial high growth phase occurred during the 1910s due to the recovery from the wars with Spain and the US, and investment in agriculture. The Philippines would at first briefly outpace its neighbors. This would not last as growth fell behind in the later years. Stagnation in the late 1920s and beyond took place as access to US markets became restricted by protectionist quotas and fiscal restraints forestalled any further development in agriculture.[62]

The growth period can be attributed to the results of a crash program in agricultural modernization undertaken in 1910–1920. This in turn was done in order to address the growing shortfall in the supply of rice. The Philippines once a net exporter became an importer of rice as a result of the wars with the Spanish and later the Americans and by the reallocation of labour to export crops.[63]

The 1930s would mark the end to this period of relative prosperity. The Sugar Act of 1934 capped Philippines sugar exports to the US at 921,000 tons per year. Expenditure on public infrastructure for agriculture was reduced as the Payne–Aldridge Act stripped the government of customs revenue. Manila hemp was now competing against the newly invented Nylon. Although the area of land cultivated for agriculture was still increasing, the rate was reduced to 1% per annum.[64]

1930s Manila overlooking the Pasig River and Manila Central Post Office

The policy with the most far reaching consequences of this period was the peg between the peso and dollar. This was enforced by law until 1975. It provided monetary stability for foreign investment inflows, which lead to 40% of all capital invested in manufacturing and commercial enterprises to be owned by foreign entities by 1938. On the other hand, this overvaluation of the peso would have a negative impact with foreign trade with the rest of Asia. Economic policy leading to independence would have necessitated loosening trade links with the US. In order to achieve an internationally competitive exchange rate, the peso dollar link would have to be broken. The much belated move to a true floating exchange rate led to uncompetitive exports as such an import substitution strategy remained until significant currency devaluation opened up the opportunity for reorienting towards exports.[65]

Per capita GDP in 1990 Geary-Khamis dollars[66]

	1900	1913	1929	1938	1950	1970	1990
Burma	647	635	NA	685	393	602	687
India	625	663	665	619	597	878	1316
Indonesia	745	917	1207	1136	916	1239	2525
Japan	1135	1334	1949	2356	1873	9448	18548
Philippines	1033	1418	1564	1497	1293	1766	2300
South Korea	850	948	1164	1649	876	2208	8977
Taiwan	759	794	1107	1320	922	2692	10324
Thailand	812	846	799	832	882	1596	4173

Annual growth rate of GDP per capita in 1990 Geary-Khamis dollars[66]

	1900–13	1913–29	1929–38	1938–50	1950–70	1970–90
Burma	1.19	2.42	−0.45	−3.65	4.12	2.82
India	0.96	0.59	0.49	0.93	3.98	4.27
Indonesia	2.79	2.85	0.77	−0.40	3.34	5.73
Japan	2.46	3.63	3.53	−0.66	9.20	4.22
Philippines	2.44	0.61	−0.47	−1.23	2.40	1.32
South Korea	2.05	3.10	5.04	−2.80	6.82	8.48
Taiwan	1.83	3.69	4.56	−0.26	8.43	8.36
Thailand	1.64	1.69	2.86	2.33	6.21	7.03

World War II (1941–45)

Due to the Japanese invasion establishing the unofficial Second Philippine Republic, the economic growth receded and food shortages occurred. Prioritizing the shortages of food, Jose Laurel, the appointed President, organized an agency to distribute rice, even though most of the rice was confiscated by Japanese soldiers. Manila was one of the many places in the country that suffered from severe shortages, due mainly to a typhoon that struck the country in November 1943. The people were forced to cultivate private plots which produced root crops like kangkong. The Japanese, in order to raise rice production in the country, brought a quick-maturing horai rice, which was first used in Taiwan. Horai rice was expected to make the Philippines self-sufficient in rice by 1943, but rains during 1942 prevented this.

Japanese Invasion Money – Philippines 500 Pesos

Also during World War II in the Philippines, the occupying Japanese government issued fiat currency in several denominations; this is known as the Japanese government-issued Philippine fiat peso.

The first issue in 1942 consisted of denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 50 centavos and 1, 5, and 10 Pesos. The next year brought "replacement notes" of the 1, 5 and 10 Pesos while 1944 ushered in a 100 Peso note and soon after an inflationary 500 Pesos note. In 1945, the Japanese issued a 1,000 Pesos note. This set of new money, which was printed even before the war, became known in the Philippines as Mickey Mouse money due to its very low value caused by severe inflation. Anti-Japanese newspapers portrayed stories of going to the market laden with suitcases or "bayong" (native bags made of woven coconut or buri leaf strips) overflowing with the Japanese-issued bills.[67] In 1944, a box of matches cost more than 100 Mickey Mouse pesos.[68] In 1945, a kilogram of camote cost around 1000 Mickey Mouse pesos.[69] Inflation plagued the country with the devaluation of the Japanese money, evidenced by a 60% inflation experienced in January 1944.[70]

Third Philippine Republic (1946–65)

After the re-establishment of the Commonwealth in 1945, the country was left with a devastated city, food crisis and financial crisis. A year later in 1946, the Philippines got its independence in America, creating the Third Philippine Republic.

In an effort to solve the massive socio-economic problems of the period, newly elected President Manuel Roxas reorganized the government, and proposed a wide-sweeping legislative program. Among the undertakings of the Third Republic's initial year were: The establishment of the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (which would be reorganized in 1958 as the Development Bank of the Philippines);[71] the creation of the Department of Foreign Affairs and the organization of the foreign service through Executive Order No. 18; the GI Bill of Rights for Filipino veterans; and the revision of taxation laws to increase government revenues.[72]

President Roxas moved to strengthen sovereignty by proposing a Central Bank for the Philippines to administer the Philippine banking system[73] which was established by Republic Act No. 265.

In leading a "cash-starved[74] government" that needed to attend a battered nation, President Roxas campaigned for the parity amendment to the 1935 Constitution. This amendment, demanded by the Philippine Trade Relations Act or the Bell Trade Act,[75] would give American citizens and industries the right to utilize the country's natural resources in return for rehabilitation support from the United States. The President, with the approval of Congress, proposed this move to the nation through a plebiscite.

The Roxas administration also pioneered the foreign policy of the Republic. Vice President Elpidio Quirino was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs. General Carlos P. Romulo, as permanent representative[76] of the Philippines to the United Nations, helped shape the country's international identity in the newly established stage for international diplomacy and relations. During the Roxas administration, the Philippines established diplomatic ties with foreign countries and gained membership to international entities, such as the United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labor Organization (ILO), etc.

When President Carlos P. Garcia won the elections, his administration promoted the "Filipino First" policy, whose focal point was to regain economic independence; a national effort by Filipinos to "obtain major and dominant participation in their economy."[77] The administration campaigned for the citizens' support in patronizing Filipino products and services, and implemented import and currency controls favorable for Filipino industries.[78] In connection with the government's goal of self-sufficiency was the "Austerity Program," which President Garcia described in his first State of the NatIon Address as "more work, more thrift, more productive investment, and more efficiency" that aimed to mobilize national savings.[79] The Anti Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, through Republic Act No. 301, aimed to prevent corruption, and promote honesty and public trust. Another achievement of the Garcia administration was the Bohlen–Serrano Agreement of 1959, which shortened the term of lease of the US military bases in the country from the previous 99 to 25 years.[80]

President Diosdado Macapagal, during his inaugural address on December 30, 1961, emphasized the responsibilities and goals to be attained in the "new era" that was the Macapagal administration. He reiterated his resolve to eradicate corruption, and assured the public that honesty would prevail in his presidency. President Macapagal, too, aimed at self-sufficiency and the promotion of every citizen's welfare, through the partnership of the government and private sector, and to alleviate poverty by providing solutions for unemployment.

Among the laws passed during the Macapagal administration were: Republic Act No. 3844 or the Agricultural Land Reform Code (an act that established the Land Bank of the Philippines);[81] Republic Act No. 3466, which established the Emergency Employment Administration; Republic Act No. 3518, which established the Philippine Veterans Bank; Republic Act No. 3470, which established the National Cottage Industries Development Authority (NACIDA) to organize, revive, and promote the establishment of local cottage industries; and Republic Act No. 4156, which established the Philippine National Railways (PNR) to operate the national railroad and tramways. The administration lifted foreign exchange controls as part of the decontrol program in an attempt to promote national economic stability and growth.

Marcos Era (1965–86)

Main articles: Economic history of the Philippines (1965–86) and Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos

President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared martial law in the midst of rising student movements and an increasing number communist and socialist groups lobbying for reforms in their respective sectors. Leftists held rallies to express their frustrations to the government, this restiveness culminating in the First Quarter Storm, where activists stormed Malacañang Palace only to be turned back by the Philippine Constabulary. This event in particular left four people dead and many injured after heavy exchanges of gunfire. There was further unrest, and in the middle of the disorder on September 21, 1972, Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1081, effectively installing martial law in the Philippines, a declaration that suspended civil rights and imposed military rule in the country.

The GDP of the Philippines rose during the martial law, rising from P55 million to P193 million in about 8 years. This growth was spurred by massive lending from commercial banks, accounting for about 62% percent of external debt.[82] As a developing country, the Philippines during the martial law was one of the heaviest borrowers. These aggressive moves were seen by critics as a means of legitimizing martial law by purportedly enhancing the chances of the country in the global market. Much of the money was spent on pump-priming to improve infrastructure and promote tourism. However, despite the aggressive borrowing and spending policies, the Philippines lagged behind its Southeast Asia counterparts in GDP growth rate per capita. The country, in 1970–1980, only registered an average 5.73 percent growth, while its counterparts like Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia garnered a mean growth of 7.97 percent. This lag, which became very apparent at the end of the Marcos Regime, can be attributed to the failures of economic management that was brought upon by State-run monopolies, mismanaged exchange rates, imprudent monetary policy and debt management, all underpinned by rampant corruption and cronyism. As said by Emannuel de Dios “[…]main characteristics distinguishing the Marcos years from other periods of our history has been the trend towards the concentration of power in the hands of the government, and the use of governmental functions to dispense economic privileges to some small factions in the private sector.”[82]

There are few more palpable and glaring examples of the economic mismanagement of the time than the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP) located in Morong, Bataan. Started in the 1970s, the BNPP was supposed to boost the country's competitiveness by providing affordable electricity to fuel industrialization and job creation in the country. Far from this, the US$2.3 billion nuclear plant suffered from cost over-runs and engineering and structural issues which eventually led to its mothballing—without generating a single watt of electricity.

Income inequality grew during the era of martial law, as the poorest 60 percent of the nation were able to contribute only 22.5 percent of the income at 1980, down from 25.0 percent in 1970. The richest 10 percent, meanwhile, took a larger share of the income at 41.7 percent at 1980, up from 37.1 percent at 1970.[82] These trends coincided with accusations of cronyism in the Marcos administration, as the administration faced questions of favoring certain companies that were close to the ruling family.

According to the FIES (Family Income and Expenditure Survey) conducted from 1965 to 1985, poverty incidence in the Philippines rose from 41 percent in 1965 to 58.9 percent in 1985. This can be attributed to lower real agricultural wages and lesser real wages for unskilled and skilled laborers. Real agricultural wages fell about 25 percent from their 1962 level, while real wages for unskilled and skilled laborers decreased by about one-third of their 1962 level. It was observed that higher labor force participation and higher incomes of the rich helped cushion the blow of the mentioned problems.

Aquino Administration (1986–92)

Main article: Presidency of Corazon Aquino

The Aquino administration took over an economy that had gone through socio-political disasters during the People Power revolution, where there was financial and commodity collapse caused by an overall consumer cynicism, a result of the propaganda against cronies, social economic unrest resulting from numerous global shortages, massive protests, lack of government transparency, the opposition's speculations, and various assassination attempts and failed coups. At that point in time, the country's incurred debt from the Marcos Era's debt-driven development began crippling the country, which slowly made the Philippines the "Latin-American in East Asia" as it started to experience the worst recession since the post-war era.

Most of the immediate efforts of the Aquino administration was directed in reforming the image of the country and paying off all debts, including those that some governments were ready to write-off, as possible. This resulted in budget cuts and further aggravated the plight of the lower class because the jobs offered to them by the government was now gone. Infrastructure projects, including repairs, were halted in secluded provinces turning concrete roads into asphalt. Privatization of many government corporations, most catering utilities, was the priority of the Aquino administration which led to massive lay-offs and inflation. The Aquino administration was persistent in its belief that the problems that arose from the removal of the previous administration can be solved by the decentralization of power.

Growth gradually began in the next few years of the administration. Somehow, there was still a short-lived, patchy, and erratic recovery from 1987 to 1991 as the political situation stabilized a bit. With this, the peso became more competitive, confidence of investors was gradually regained, positive movements in terms of trade were realized, and regional growth gradually strengthened.

Ramos Administration (1992–98)

Main article: Presidency of Fidel Ramos

The Ramos administration basically served its role as the carrier of the momentum of reform and as an important vehicle in "hastening the pace of liberalization and openness in the country".[83] The administration was a proponent of capital account liberalization, which made the country more open to foreign trade, investments, and relations. It was during the term of the administration when the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas was established, and the Philippines joined the World Trade Organization and other free trade associations such as the APEC. Also, debt reduction was considered and as such, the issuance of certain government bonds called Brady Bonds also came to fruition in 1992. Key negotiations with conflicting forces in Mindanao actually became more successful during the administration, with Jose Almonte as one of the key adviser of the administration.

By the time Ramos succeeded Corazon Aquino in 1992, the Philippine economy was already burdened with a heavy budget deficit. This was largely the result of austerity measures imposed by a standard credit arrangement with the International Monetary Fund and the destruction caused by natural disasters such as the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. Hence, according to Canlas, pump priming through government spending was immediately ruled out due to the deficit. Ramos therefore resorted to institutional changes through structural policy reforms, of which included privatization and deregulation. He sanctioned the formation of the Legislative-Executive Development Advisory Council (LEDAC), which served as a forum for consensus building, on the part of the Executive and the Legislative branches, on important bills on economic policy reform measures (4).

The daily brownouts that plagued the economy were also addressed through the enactment of policies that placed guaranteed rates. The economy during the first year of Ramos administration suffered from severe power shortage, with frequent brownouts, each lasting from 8 to 12 hours. To resolve this problem, the Electric Power Crisis Act was made into law together with the Build-Operate-Transfer Law. Twenty power plants were built because of these, and in effect, the administration was able to eliminate the power shortage problems in December 1993 and sustained economic growth for some time.[84]

The economy seemed to be all set for long-run growth, as shown by sustainable and promising growth rates from 1994 to 1997. However, the Asian Crisis contagion which started from Thailand and Korea started affecting the Philippines. This prompted the Philippine economy to plunge into continuous devaluation and very risky ventures, resulting in property busts and a negative growth rate. The remarkable feat of the administration, however, was that it was able to withstand the contagion effect of the Asian Crisis better than anybody else in the neighboring countries. Most important in the administration was that it made clear the important tenets of reform, which included economic liberalization, stronger institutional foundations for development, redistribution, and political reform.[85]

Perhaps some of the most important policies and breakthroughs of the administration are the Capital Account Liberalization and the subsequent commitments to free trade associations such as APEC, AFTA, GATT, and WTO. The liberalization and opening of the capital opening culminated in full-peso convertibility in 1992.[86] And then another breakthrough is again, the establishment of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, which also involved the reduction of debts in that the debts of the old central bank were taken off its books.

Estrada Administration (1998–2001)

Main article: Presidency of Joseph Estrada

Although Estrada's administration had to endure the continued shocks of the Asian Crisis contagion, the administration was also characterized by the administration's economic mismanagement and "midnight cabinets." As if the pro-poor rhetoric, promises and drama were not really appalling enough, the administration also had "midnight cabinets composed of 'drinking buddies' influencing the decisions of the "daytime cabinet'".[87] Cronyism and other big issues caused the country's image of economic stability to change towards the worse. And instead of adjustments happening, further deterioration of the economy occurred. Targeted revenues were not reached, implementation of policies became very slow, and fiscal adjustments were not efficiently conceptualized and implemented. All those disasters caused by numerous mistakes were made worse by the sudden entrance of the Jueteng controversy, which gave rise to the succeeding EDSA Revolutions.

Despite all these controversies, the administration still had some meaningful and profound policies to applaud. The administration presents a reprise of the population policy, which involved the assisting of married couples to achieve their fertility goals, reduce unwanted fertility and match their unmet need for contraception. The administration also pushed for budget appropriations for family planning and contraceptives, an effort that was eventually stopped due to the fact that the church condemned it.[88] The administration was also able to implement a piece of its overall Poverty Alleviation Plan, which involved the delivery of social services, basic needs, and assistance to the poor families. The Estrada administration also had limited contributions to Agrarian Reform, perhaps spurred by the acknowledgement that indeed, Agrarian Reform can also address poverty and inequitable control over resources. In that regard, the administration establishes the program "Sustainable Agrarian Reform Communities-Technical Support to Agrarian and Rural Development".[89] As for regional development, however, the administration had no notable contributions or breakthroughs.

Macapagal-Arroyo's Administration (2001–10)

Main article: Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

The Arroyo administration, in an economical standpoint, was a period of good growth rates simultaneous with the US, due perhaps to the emergence of the Overseas Filipino workers (OFW) and the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). The emergence of the OFW and the BPO improved the contributions of OFW remittances and investments to growth. In 2004, however, fiscal deficits grew and grew as tax collections fell, perhaps due to rampant and wide scale tax avoidance and tax evasion incidences. Fearing that a doomsday prophecy featuring the [Argentina default] in 2002 might come to fruition, perhaps due to the same sort of fiscal crisis, the administration pushed for the enactment of the 12% VAT and the E-VAT to increase tax revenue and address the large fiscal deficits. This boosted fiscal policy confidence and brought the economy back on track once again.

Soon afterwards, political instability afflicted the country and the economy anew with Abu Sayyaf terrors intensifying. The administration's Legitimacy Crisis also became a hot issue and threat to the authority of the Arroyo administration. Moreover, the Arroyo administration went through many raps and charges because of some controversial deals such as the NBN-ZTE Broadband Deal. Due however to the support of local leaders and the majority of the House of Representatives, political stability was restored and threats to the administration were quelled and subdued. Towards the end of the administration, high inflation rates for rice and oil in 2008 started to plague the country anew, and this led to another fiscal crisis, which actually came along with the major recession that the United States and the rest of the world were actually experiencing.

The important policies of the Arroyo administration highlighted the importance of regional development, tourism, and foreign investments into the country. Therefore, apart from the enactment and establishment of the E-VAT policy to address the worsening fiscal deficits, the administration also pushed for regional development studies in order to address certain regional issues such as disparities in regional per capita income and the effects of commercial communities on rural growth.[90] The administration also advocated for investments to improve tourism, especially in other unexplored regions that actually need development touches as well. To further improve tourism, the administration launched the policy touching on Holiday Economics, which involves the changing of days in which we would celebrate certain holidays. Indeed, through the Holiday Economics approach, investments and tourism really improved. As for investment, the Arroyo administration would normally go through lots of trips to other countries in order to encourage foreign investments for the betterment of the Philippine economy and its development.

Benigno Aquino III's Administration (2010–16)

Main article: Presidency of Benigno Aquino III

Philippine GDP growth 2000–2016

The Philippines consistently coined as one of the Newly Industrialized Countries has had a fair gain during the latter years under the Arroyo Presidency to the current administration. The government managed foreign debts falling from 58% in 2008 to 47% of total government borrowings. According to the 2012 World Wealth Report, the Philippines was the fastest growing economy in the world in 2010 with a GDP growth of 7.3% driven by the growing business process outsourcing and overseas remittances.[91]

The country markedly slipped to 3.6% in 2011 after the government placed less emphasis on exports, as well as spending less on infrastructure. In addition, the disruption of the flow of imports for raw materials as a result from floods in Thailand and the tsunami in Japan affected the manufacturing sector in the same year. "The Philippines contributed more than $125 million as of end-2011 to the pool of money disbursed by the International Monetary Fund to help address the financial crisis confronting economies in Europe. This was according to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, which reported Tuesday that the Philippines, which enjoys growing foreign exchange reserves, has made available about $251.5 million to the IMF to finance the assistance program—the Financial Transactions Plan (FTP)—for crisis-stricken countries."[92]

The economy saw continuous real GDP growth of at least 5% since 2012. The Philippine Stock Exchange index ended 2012 with 5,812.73 points a 32.95% growth from the 4,371.96-finish in 2011.[93]

Macroeconomic trends

See also: Economy of Asia, Economic history of the Philippines (1973–1986), Post-EDSA macroeconomic history of the Philippines, and Economic Crisis and Response in the Philippines

Historical growth of the Philippine economy from 1961–2015

The Philippine economy has been growing steadily over decades and the International Monetary Fund in 2014 reported it as the 39th largest economy in the world. However its growth has been behind that of many of its Asian neighbors, the so-called Asian Tigers, and it is not a part of the Group of 20 nations. Instead it is grouped in a second tier for emerging markets or newly industrialized countries. Depending on the analyst, this second tier can go by the name the Next Eleven or the Tiger Cub Economies.

In the years 2012 and 2013, the Philippines posted high GDP growth rates, reaching 6.8% in 2012 and 7.2% in 2013,[94][95][96] the highest GDP growth rates in Asia for the first two quarters of 2013, followed by China and Indonesia.[97]

A chart of selected statistics showing trends in the gross domestic product of the Philippines using data taken from the International Monetary Fund.[98][99]

Year	GDP growth[lower-alpha 1]	GDP in PHP Billion (current prices)	GDP in USD Billion (current prices)	GDP per capita in USD (current prices)	GDP in USD Billion (PPP)	GDP per capita in USD (PPP)	Peso vs. Dollar Exchange Rate
2018	6.20%[100]		330.9				50.00
2017	6.70%		313.6				49.90
2016	6.90%		304.9				46.90
2015[101]	5.80%	13,307.3	292.4	2,863	741.0	6,547	45.50
2014[101]	6.10%	12,645.3	284.8	2,844	642.8	6,924	44.40
2013[102]	7.20%	11,546.1	272.2	2,792	454.3	4,660	42.45
2012[103]	6.80%	10,564.9	250.2	2,611	419.6	4,380	42.23
2011	3.60%	9,706.3	224.1	2,379	386.1	4,098	43.31
2010	7.63%	9,003.5	199.6	2,155	365.3	3,945	45.11
2009	1.15%	8,026.1	168.5	1,851	335.4	3,685	47.64
2008	4.15%	7,720.9	173.6	1,919	329.0	3,636	44.47
2007	7.12%	6,892.7	149.4	1,684	309.9	3,493	46.15
2006	5.24%	6,271.2	122.2	1,405	283.5	3,255	51.31
2005	4.78%	5,677.8	103.1	1,209	261.0	3,061	55.09
2004	6.70%	5,120.4	91.4	1,093	242.7	2,905	56.04
2003	4.97%	4,548.1	83.9	1,025	222.7	2,720	54.20
2002	3.65%	4,198.3	81.4	1,014	207.8	2,591	51.60
2001	2.89%	3,888.8	76.3	971	197.3	2,511	50.99
2000	4.41%	3,580.7	81.0	1,053	187.5	2,437	44.19
1999	3.08%	3,244.2	83.0	1,110	175.8	2,352	39.09
1998	−0.58%	2,952.8	73.8	1,009	168.1	2,297	40.02
1997	5.19%	2,688.7	92.8	1,297	167.1	2,336	28.98
1996	5.85%	2,406.4	93.5	1,336	156.1	2,232	26.22
1995	4.68%	2,111.7	83.7	1,224	144.8	2,118	25.24
1994	4.39%	1,875.7	71.0	1,052	135.5	2,007	26.42
1993	2.12%	1,633.6	60.2	914	127.1	1,929	27.12
1992	0.34%	1,497.5	58.7	912	121.8	1,891	25.51
1991	−0.58%	1,379.9	50.2	797	118.6	1,882	27.48
1990	3.04%	1,190.5	48.9	796	115.2	1,873	24.33
1989	6.21%	1,025.3	47.3	786	107.6	1,791	21.70
1988	6.75%	885.5	42.0	715	97.6	1,663	21.09
1987	4.31%	756.5	36.8	641	88.4	1,540	20.57
1986	3.42%	674.6	33.1	591	82.4	1,471	20.39
1985	−7.31%	633.6	34.1	623	77.9	1,426	18.61
1984	−7.32%	581.1	34.8	652	81.6	1,530	16.70
1983	1.88%	408.9	36.8	707	84.9	1,630	11.11
1982	3.62%	351.4	41.1	810	80.1	1,578	8.54
1981	3.42%	312.0	39.5	797	72.9	1,471	7.90
1980	5.15%	270.1	35.9	744	64.4	1,334	7.51
1979	5.60%
1978	5.20%
1977	5.60%
1976	8.00%
1975	6.40%
1974	5.00%
1973	9.20%
1972	4.80%
1971	4.90%
1970	4.60%
GDP growth at constant 1985 prices in Philippine pesos:[98][104][105]

Composition by sector

Dangwa flower market in Manila

As a newly industrialized country, the Philippines is still an economy with a large agricultural sector; however, services have come to dominate the economy. Much of the industrial sector is based on processing and assembly operations in the manufacturing of electronics and other high-tech components, usually from foreign multinational corporations.

Filipinos who go abroad to work–-known as Overseas Filipino Workers or OFWs—are a significant contributor to the economy but are not reflected in the below sectoral discussion of the domestic economy. OFW remittances is also credited for the Philippines' recent economic growth resulting in investment status upgrades from credit ratings agencies such as the Fitch Group and Standard & Poor's.[106] In 1994, more than $2 billion USD worth of remittance from Overseas Filipinos were sent to the Philippines.[107] In 2012, Filipino Americans sent 43% of all remittances sent to the Philippines, totaling to US$10.6 billion.[108]

Agriculture

Further information: Agriculture in the Philippines

Vast sugarcane plantations in Bacolod, Western Visayas.

A rice field in Bulacan, Central Luzon.

Pineapples in a market in Laguna, Calabarzon.

Agriculture employs 30% of the Filipino workforce as of 2014.[109] Agriculture accounts for 11% of Philippines GDP as of 2014.[110] The type of activity ranges from small subsistence farming and fishing to large commercial ventures with significant export focus.

The Philippines is the world's largest producer of coconuts producing 19,500,000 tons in 2009. Coconut production in the Philippines is generally concentrated in medium-sized farms.[111] The Philippines is also the world's largest producer of pineapples, producing 2,458,420 million metric tons in 2013.[112]

General Santos City Fishing Port Complex

Rice production in the Philippines is important to the food supply in the country and economy. The Philippines is the 8th largest rice producer in the world, accounting for 2.8% of global rice production.[113] The Philippines was also the world's largest rice importer in 2010.[114] Rice is the most important food crop, a staple food in most of the country. It is produced extensively in Luzon (especially Central Luzon), Western Visayas, Southern Mindanao and Central Mindanao.

The Philippines is one of the largest producers of sugar in the world.[115] At least 17 provinces located in eight regions of the nation have grown sugarcane crops, of which the Negros Island Region accounts for half of the country's total production. As of Crop Year 2012–2013, 29 mills are operational divided as follows: 13 mills in Negros, 6 mills in Luzon, 4 mills in Panay, 3 mills in Eastern Visayas and 3 mills in Mindanao.[116] A range from 360,000 to 390,000 hectares are devoted to sugarcane production. The largest sugarcane areas are found in the Negros Island Region, which accounts for 51% of sugarcane areas planted. This is followed by Mindanao which accounts for 20%; Luzon by 17%; Panay by 07% and Eastern Visayas by 04%.[117]

Shipbuilding and repair

The Philippines is a major player in the global shipbuilding industry with shipyards in Subic, Cebu, General Santos City and Batangas.[118][119] It became the fourth largest shipbuilding nation in 2010.[120][121] Subic-made cargo vessels are now exported to countries where shipping operators are based. South Korea's Hanjin started production in Subic in 2007 of the 20 ships ordered by German and Greek shipping operators.[122] The country's shipyards are now building ships like bulk carriers, container ships and big passenger ferries. General Santos' shipyard is mainly for ship repair and maintenance.[123]

Being surrounded by waters, the country has abundant natural deep-sea ports ideal for development as production, construction and repair sites. On top of the current operating shipyards, two additional shipyards in Misamis Oriental and Cagayan province are being expanded to support future locators. It has a vast manpower pool of 60,000 certified welders that comprise the bulk of workers in shipbuilding.

In the ship repair sector, the Navotas complex in Metro Manila is expected to accommodate 96 vessels for repair.[124]

Automotive

The ABS used in Mercedes-Benz, BMW, and Volvo cars are made in the Philippines. Toyota,[125] Mitsubishi, Nissan and Honda are the most prominent automakers manufacturing cars in the country. Kia and Suzuki produce small cars in the country. Isuzu also produces SUVs in the country. Honda and Suzuki produce motorcycles in the country. A 2003 Canadian market research report predicted that further investments in this sector were expected to grow in the following years. Toyota sells the most vehicles in the country.[126] By 2011, China's Chery Automobile company is going to build their assembly plant in Laguna, that will serve and export cars to other countries in the region if monthly sales would reach 1,000 units.[127] Automotive sales in the Philippines moved up from 165,056 units in 2011 to over 180,000 in 2012. Japan's automotive manufacturing giant Mitsubishi Motors has announced that it will be expanding its operations in the Philippines.[128]

Aerospace

Aerospace products in the Philippines are mainly for the export market and include manufacturing parts for aircraft built by both Boeing and Airbus. Moog is the biggest aerospace manufacturer with base in Baguio in the Cordillera region. The company produces aircraft actuators in their manufacturing facility.

In 2011, the total export output of aerospace products in the Philippines reached US$3 billion.[129]

Electronics

A Texas Instruments plant in Baguio has been operating for 20 years and is the largest producer of DSP chips in the world.[130] Texas Instruments' Baguio plant produces all the chips used in Nokia cell phones and 80% of chips used in Ericsson cell phones in the world.[131] Until 2005, Toshiba laptops were produced in Santa Rosa, Laguna. Presently the Philippine plant's focus is in the production of hard disk drives. Printer manufacturer Lexmark has a factory in Mactan in the Cebu region. Electronics and other light industries are concentrated in Laguna, Cavite, Batangas and other CALABARZON provinces with sizable numbers found in Southern Philippines that account for most of the country's export.

Mining and extraction

Geothermal power station in Negros Oriental

The country is rich in mineral and geothermal energy resources. In 2003, it produced 1931 MW of electricity from geothermal sources (27% of total electricity production), second only to the United States,[132] and a recent discovery of natural gas reserves in the Malampaya oil fields off the island of Palawan is already being used to generate electricity in three gas-powered plants. Philippine gold, nickel, copper, palladium and chromite deposits are among the largest in the world. Other important minerals include silver, coal, gypsum, and sulphur. Significant deposits of clay, limestone, marble, silica, and phosphate exist.

About 60% of total mining production are accounted for by non-metallic minerals, which contributed substantially to the industry's steady output growth between 1993 and 1998, with the value of production growing 58%. In 1999, however, mineral production declined 16% to $793 million. Mineral exports have generally slowed since 1996. Led by copper cathodes, Philippine mineral exports amounted to $650 million in 2000, barely up from 1999 levels. Low metal prices, high production costs, lack of investment in infrastructure, and a challenge to the new mining law have contributed to the mining industry's overall decline.

The industry rebounded starting in late 2004 when the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of an important law permitting foreign ownership of Philippines mining companies. However, the DENR has yet to approve the revised Department Administrative Order (DAO) that will provide the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Financial and Technical Assistance Agreement (FTAA), the specific part of the 1994 Mining Act that allows 100% foreign ownership of Philippines mines.

Offshoring and outsourcing

Main articles: Business process outsourcing in the Philippines and Call center industry in the Philippines

A business process outsourcing office in Bacolod

In 2008, the Philippines has surpassed India as the world leader in business process outsourcing.[133][134] The majority of the top ten BPO firms of the United States operate in the Philippines.[135] The industry generated 100,000 jobs, and total revenues were placed at $960 million for 2005. In 2012, BPO sector employment ballooned to over 700,000 people and is contributing to a growing middle class. BPO facilities are concentrated in IT parks and centers in Economic Zones across the Philippines.[136] BPO facilities are located mainly in Metro Manila and Cebu City although other regional areas such as Baguio, Bacolod, Cagayan de Oro, Clark Freeport Zone, Dagupan, Davao City, Dumaguete, Lipa, Iloilo City, and Naga City, Camarines Sur are now being promoted and developed for BPO operations.

Call centers began in the Philippines as plain providers of email response and managing services and is now a major source of employment. Call center services include customer relations, ranging from travel services, technical support, education, customer care, financial services, online business to customer support, and online business-to-business support. Business process outsourcing (BPO) is regarded as one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The Philippines is also considered as a location of choice due to its many outsourcing benefits such as less expensive operational and labor costs, the high proficiency in spoken English of a significant number of its people, and a highly educated labor pool. In 2011, the business process outsourcing industry in the Philippines generated 700 thousand jobs[137] and some US$11 billion in revenue,[138] 24 percent higher than 2010. By 2016, the industry is projected to reach US$27.4 billion in revenue with employment generation to almost double at 1.3 million workers.[139]

BPOs and the call center industry in general are also credited for the Philippines' recent economic growth resulting in investment status upgrades from credit ratings agencies such as Fitch and S&P.[106]

With the Philippines being the 34th largest economy in the world, the country continues to be a promising prospect for the BPO Industry. Just in August 2014, the Philippines hit an all-time high for employment in the BPO industry. From 101,000 workers in 2004, the labor force in the industry has grown to over 930,000 in just the first quarter of 2014.[140]

Growth in the BPO industry continues to show significant improvements with an average annual expansion rate of 20%. Figures have shown that from $1.3 Billion in 2004, export revenues from the BPO sector has increased to over $13.1 Billion in 2013. The IT and Business Process Association of the Philippines (IBPAP) also projects that the sector will have an expected total revenue of $25 Billion in 2016.[140] IBPAP projects that the industry will employ 1.8 million workers and generate US$38.9 billion of revenue by 2022.[141]

This growth in the industry is further promoted by the Philippine government. The industry is highlighted by the Philippines Development Plan as among the 10 high potential and priority development areas. To further entice investors, government programs include different incentives such as tax holidays, tax exemptions, and simplified export and import procedures. Additionally, training is also available for BPO applicants.[140]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in the Philippines

Boracay, one of the country's top tourist destinations

Tourism is an important sector for the Philippine economy, contributing 7.8% to the Philippine gross domestic product (GDP) in 2014.[142]

The tourism industry employed 3.8 million Filipinos, or 10.2 per cent of national employment in 2011, according to data gathered by the National Statistical Coordination Board. In a greater thrust by the Aquino administration to pump billion to employ 7.4 million people by 2016, or about 18.8 per cent of the total workforce, contributing 8 per cent to 9 per cent to the nation's GDP.[143]

In 2014, the tourism sector contributed 1.4 trillion pesos to the country's economy.[144]

Regional accounts

According to PSA, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) is GDP measured at regional levels. Figures below are for the year 2018:

Region	GRDP (₱B)	% of GDP	Agriculture (₱B)	% of GRDP	Industry (₱B)	% of GRDP	Services (₱B)	% of GRDP	per capita GRDP
Metro Manila	6,535	37.5	11	0.2	1,003	15.4	5,520	84.5	500,947
Cordillera	304	1.7	26	8.6	151	49.6	127	41.8	161,888
Ilocos Region	548	3.1	105	19.2	167	30.5	276	50.3	102,819
Cagayan Valley	303	1.7	101	33.4	50	16.6	152	50.0	83,158
Central Luzon	1,620	9.3	233	14.4	744	45.9	643	39.7	139,833
Calabarzon	2,571	14.8	136	5.3	1,496	58.2	939	36.5	172,310
Mimaropa	274	1.6	67	24.6	84	30.4	123	45.0	83,614
Bicol Region	374	2.1	80	21.4	93	24.8	201	53.8	58,600
Western Visayas	739	4.2	149	20.2	181	24.5	408	55.3	92,043
Central Visayas	1,157	6.6	73	6.3	407	35.2	677	58.5	148,067
Eastern Visayas	355	2.0	56	15.9	139	39.6	159	44.8	73,996
Zamboanga Peninsula	342	2.0	67	19.6	112	32.6	164	47.8	86,368
Northern Mindanao	692	4.0	156	22.6	229	33.2	306	44.3	140,224
Davao Region	817	4.7	121	14.8	289	35.3	407	49.9	155,657
Soccsksargen	473	2.7	121	25.6	156	32.9	196	41.4	97,034
Caraga	194	1.1	37	19.2	52	26.6	105	54.2	67,228
Bangsamoro	129	0.7	76	58.9	7	5.1	46	36.0	32,220
Total	17,426	100	1,618	9.3	5,358	30.7	10,450	60.0	163,475

Note: Green-colored cells indicate higher value or best performance in index, while yellow-colored cells indicate the opposite. Numbers may not add up to totals due to rounding.

International comparisons

Further information: Philippine investment climate

Organization	Report	As of	Change from previous	Ranking
Fraser Institute	Economic Freedom of the World	2014	( 5)	51 out of 144[145]
International Monetary Fund	Gross Domestic Product (PPP)	2016	(2)	29th[146]
International Monetary Fund	Gross Domestic Product (nominal)	2016	(6)	33rd[147]
International Monetary Fund	GDP per Capita (PPP)	2015	( 1)	118th[148]
International Monetary Fund	GDP per Capita (nominal)	2015	(5)	123rd[149]
International Monetary Fund	Foreign Reserves	2016	()	26th[150]
The Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal	Index of Economic Freedom	2016	( 13)	76 out of 178[151]
The World Factbook	External Debt	2014	( 3)	57th[152]
United Nations	Human Development Index	2014	( 1)	117 out of 187[153]
World Economic Forum	Global Competitiveness	2018–2019	()	56 out of 148[154]
World Economic Forum	Global Enabling Trade Report	2014	( 8)	64 out of 138[155]
World Economic Forum	Financial Development Index	2012	( 5)	49 out of 60[156]
World Bank	Ease of Doing Business	2014	( 13)	95 out of 183[157]

Statistics

Further information: Income inequality in the Philippines and Poverty in the Philippines

Percentage of population in 2007 living below poverty line, by province. Provinces with darker shades have more people living below the poverty line.

Economic growth[158][159][160]
Year	% GDP	% GNI
1999	3.1	2.7
2000	4.4	7.7
2001	2.9	3.6
2002	3.6	4.1
2003	5.0	8.5
2004	6.7	7.1
2005	4.8	7.0
2006	5.2	5.0
2007	7.1	6.2
2008	4.2	5.0
2009	1.1	6.1
2010	7.6	8.2
2011	3.7	2.6
2012[101]	6.8	6.5
2013[101]	7.2	7.5
2014[101]	6.1	5.8
2015[101]	5.8	5.4
2016
2017[161]	6.7	6.5
* Computed at Constant 2000 Prices
** Source: NEDA and NSCB

Filipino exports in 2006

Graphical depiction of Philippines' product exports in 28 color-coded categories

Most of the following statistics are sourced from the International Monetary Fund – Philippines (as of 2012; figures are in US dollars unless otherwise indicated).

• GDP – purchasing power parity: $751.770 billion (2015)
• GDP – real growth rate: 5.6% (Q2 2015)
• GDP per capita purchasing power parity: $6,985.680 (2014)
• GDP nominal: $330.9 billion (2016)
• GDP per capita: $2,913.344 (2014)[162]
• GDP – composition by sector:

  agriculture: 10.3%

  industry: 30.9%

  services: 58.8% (2015 est.)[22]

• Population below poverty line: less than $1.25 / 10.41% (2009)
  less than $2 / 25.2% (2012),[163] 26.3% (2009),[163] 32.9% (2006 est.)[22]
• Household income or consumption by percentage share:

  lowest 10%: 2.9%

  highest 10%: 30.5% (2012 est.)[22]

• Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.4% (2015 est.), 4.1% (2014 est.), 5.3% (2011 est.),[22] 3.5% (September 2010)[164]
• Labor force: 41.37 million (2015 est.)[22]
• Labor force by occupation:

  agriculture 29%

  industry 16%

  services 55% (2015 est.)[22]

• Unemployment rate: 6.3% (2015 est.), 6.8% (2014 est.)[22] 7.5% (April 2013),[165] 6.9% (April 2012),[165] 7.2% (April 2011)[166]
• Budget:

  revenues: $34.58 billion (2013),[167] $46.64 billion (2015 est.)[22]

  expenditures: $44.29 billion (2013),[167] $47.76 billion (2015 est.)[22]

• Foreign reserves: US$85.761 billion (January 2013)[168]
• Industries: electronics assembly, shipbuilding, garments, footwear, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, petroleum refining, fishing
• Industrial production growth rate: 6% (2015 est.)[22]
• Electricity – production: 75.27 billion kWh (2013 est.)[22]
• Electricity – consumption: 75.27 billion kWh (2013 est.)[22]
• Electricity – exports: 0 kWh (2013)[22]
• Electricity – imports: 0 kWh (2013)[22]
• Agriculture – products: sugarcane, coconuts, rice, corn, bananas, cassavas, pineapples, mangoes; pork, eggs, beef; fish[22]

The Port of Manila is the primary port for goods entering the country.

• Exports: $58.65 billion (Jan–Sept 2015 est.) $62.1 billion (2014) $53.98 billion (2013)[169] $54.17 billion (2011 est.); $69.46 billion (2010 est.)[22][170]
• Exports – commodities: semiconductors and electronic products, transport equipment, garments, copper products, petroleum products, coconut oil, fruits[22]
• Exports – partners: Japan 21%, United States 15%, China 11%, Hong Kong 10.6%, Singapore 6.2%, Germany 4.5%, South Korea 4.3% (2015)[22]
• Imports: $66.69 billion (2015), $65.4 billion (2014), $61.831 billion (2013),[169] $68.84 billion (2011 est.)[22]
• Imports – commodities: electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and transport equipment, iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains, chemicals, plastic[22]
• Imports – partners: China 16.2%, United States 10.8%, Japan 9.6%, Singapore 7%, South Korea 6.5%, Thailand 6.4%, Malaysia 4.7, Indonesia 4.4% (2015)[22]
• Debt – external: $75.61 billion (September 30, 2015 est.)[22]
• Currency: 1 Philippine peso (₱) = 100 centavos
• Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (PHP) per US dollar – 50.4 (2017 est), 47.493 (2016 est), 47.493 (2015 est), 45.503 (2014 est), 44.395 (2013 est),[22] 42.43 (2012 avg), 43.31 (2011 avg), 45.11 (2010 avg), 47.637 (2009 avg), 44.475 (2008 avg), 46.148 (2007 avg), 51.314 (2006 avg), 55.085 (2005 avg)[171]

Government budget

Main article: Fiscal policy of the Philippines

The national government budget for 2016 has set the following budget allocations:[172]

Budget allocation	Billions of Pesos (Php)	Billions of US dollars (USD)	%
Department of Education	435.9	9.54	14.52
Department of Public Works and Highways	394.5	8.64	13.14
Department of National Defense	172.7	3.78	5.75
Department of Interior and Local Government	154.5	3.38	5.14
Department of Health	128.4	2.81	4.28
Department of Social Welfare and Development	104.2	2.28	3.47
Department of Agriculture	93.4	2.05	3.11
Department of Finance	55.3	1.21	1.84
Department of Transportation and Communications	49.3	1.08	1.64
Department of Environment and Natural Resources	25.8	0.56	0.85
Department of Science and Technology	18.6	0.41	0.62

See also

• Bamboo network
• Economy of Asia
• Emerging markets
• List of companies of the Philippines
• Newly Industrialized countries
• Philippine Statistics Authority
• Tiger Cub Economies

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Further reading

• Balisacan, Arsenio; Hal Hill (2003). The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 496. ISBN 978-0-19-515898-4. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011.
• Balisacan, Arsenio; Hal Hill (2007). "The Dynamics of Regional Development: The Philippines in East Asia" (PDF). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Bhagwati, Jagdish and Anne Krueger. (1974). Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development. National Bureau of Economic Research.
• Kang, David C. (2002). Crony Capitalism – Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00408-4.
• Villegas, Bernardo. (2010). The Philippine Advantage (3rd ed.). Manila: University of Asia and the Pacific.
• State of the Philippine Islands A book written by a Spaniard during the early 19th century that studies the economic conditions of the Philippines which was then, a colony of Spain. An online book published by Filipiniana.net.
• Philippines – Asia's new tiger economy
• Philippines' opportunity point

External links

• Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines)
• National Statistical Coordination Board
• Department of Trade and Industry
• Department of Finance
• Philippine Stock Exchange
• National Federation of Sugarcane Planters
• Department of Tourism
• Philippines Business Brokers
• Philippine Economic Zone Authority

Trade

• World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Philippines 2012
• Tariffs applied by the Philippines as provided by ITC's Market Access Map, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements