Names of the Philippines

The name Philippines (Filipino: Pilipinas [pɪlɪˈpinɐs]; Spanish: Filipinas) derives from that of the 16th-century Spanish king Philip II, and is a truncated form of Philippine Islands. During the expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos to the region, the Spanish sailor Bernardo de la Torre bestowed the name Las Islas Filipinas on the islands of Leyte and Samar, in honor of the then Prince of Asturias (heir to the Spanish throne).[1][2] Despite the existence of other names, Filipinas ("Philippines") was eventually adopted as the name of the entire archipelago.

For a description of the island state, see Philippines.

The nation's Coat of Arms showing its official name in Filipino, one of its official languages.

The official name has, however, changed throughout the course of the Philippines' history. During the Philippine Revolution, the state officially called itself República Filipina, now referred to as the First Philippine Republic. From the period of the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War until the Commonwealth period, United States colonial authorities referred to the Philippines as the Philippine Islands, a direct translation of the original Spanish. It was during the American Period that the name Philippines began to appear, a name that was officially adopted.[3]

Historical names

The Philippines was named in the late 1500s after Philip, Prince of Asturias (1527–1598), later Philip II of Spain and other territories (1556–1598).

In addition to the Philippines, the islands have historically had numerous other names.

• Ma-i. According to the Zhao Rugua's (趙汝适) book Zhu Fan Zhi (诸蕃志) written around the 13th century during the Song Dynasty, there was a group of islands found in southern South China Sea called Ma-i (麻逸, Pinyin: Máyì). The islands groups were later invaded and renamed and identified by the Spanish to be the island of Mindoro.[4] This was further proved by Ferdinand Blumentritt in his 1882 book, Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen (An Attempt to the Study of Ethnography of the Philippines) that Ma-i was the Chinese local name of present-day Mindoro.[5] On the other hand, historians claimed that Ma-i was not an island, but all the south of South Sea islands groups and Manila itself,[6] which was known to be an overseas Chinese settlement which was in constant contact with the Chinese mainland as early as the 9th century AD.[7]

• Ma-i consists of the Sānzhōu (三洲, "Three islands") group of islands: Kia-ma-yen (卡拉棉, Calamian), Bālāwàng (巴拉望, Palawan) and Pa-ki-nung (布桑加, Busuanga).[8]

• Aside from Sānzhōu, Ma-i also consists of the islands of Pai-p'u-yen (巴布延, Babuyan), P'u-li-lu (波利略, Polillo), Lim-kia-tung (林加延, Lingayen), Liu-sung (呂宋, Luzon) and Li-ban (盧邦, Lubang).[9] It was said that these islands had contacts with Chinese traders from Canton (Guangdong) as early as 982 AD.[5][6]

• Liusung was the name given by the Chinese to the present-day island of Luzon. It originated from the Tagalog word lusong, a wooden mortar that is used to pound rice. When the Spanish produced maps of the Philippines during the early 17th century, they called the island Luçonia which was later respelled as Luzonia, then Luzon.[10]

• Las islas de San Lázaro (St. Lazarus' Islands). Named by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he reached the islands of Homonhon in Samar (now Eastern Samar) on the feast day of Saint Lazarus of Bethany.[4]
• Las islas de Poniente (Islands to the West). Another name from Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he learned that the Las islas de San Lázaro also included Cebu and Leyte islands.[11] However, various sources claimed that Magellan was not the one who renamed the area, but his chroniclers instead. The name came from the fact that the islands were reached from Spain en route approaching the left part of the globe.[4] Conversely, the Portuguese called the archipelago Ilhas do oriente (Islands to the East) because they approached the islands from the east of Portugal in the late 1540s.[12]

• The Portuguese referred the whole island of Luzon as ilhas Luções, or Luzones Islands.[12]
• Mindanao was formerly called ilhas de Liquíos Celebes because of the existence of Celebes Sea south of Mindanao.[12]

• Las islas Felipinas (Philippine Islands/Islands belonging to Philip). Named by Ruy López de Villalobos in 1543 to Samar and Leyte, honoring the Prince of Asturias, the then Philip II of Spain.[13][14]

• Caesarea Caroli was the name given by Villalobos to the island of Mindanao when he reached the sea near it. This was named after Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (and I of Spain).[15][16][17]
• The southern island of Sarangani was renamed by Villalobos as Antonia, in honor of Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco, the Viceroy of New Spain who commissioned Villalobos expedition to the Philippines.[14]
• Villalobos also named the littoral zone between the islands of Samar and Leyte as Tendaya.[18]

• Las islas Filipinas, or simply Filipinas (Philippines). Vernacular corruption of Las islas Felipenas; irrevocably became the archipelago's name.[4]
• Pearl of the Orient/Pearl of the Orient Seas (Spanish: Perla de oriente/Perla del mar de oriente) is the sobriquet of the Philippines. The term originated from the idea of Spanish Jesuit missionary Fr. Juan J. Delgado in 1751.[19] In his last poem Mi último adiós, Dr. José Rizal referred the country with this name.[20] In the 1960 revision of Lupang Hinirang, the Philippine national anthem, the Tagalog version of this phrase was included as the translation from the original Spanish.[21]

Mi último adiós, original Spanish (1896, first stanza)[20]	English translation[22]
Adios, Patria adorada, region del sol querida, Perla del Mar de Oriente, nuestro perdido Eden! A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida, Y fuera más brillante más fresca, más florida, Tambien por tí la diera, la diera por tu bien.	Farewell, my adored Land, region of the sun caressed, Pearl of the Orient Sea, our Eden lost, With gladness I give you my Life, sad and repressed; And were it more brilliant, more fresh and at its best, I would still give it to you for your welfare at most.

"Lupang Hinirang", official Filipino lyrics (1958, rev. 1960s, first stanza)[21]	Original Spanish lyrics[23]
Bayang magiliw, Perlas ng Silanganan Alab ng puso, Sa Dibdib mo'y buhay.	Tierra adorada, hija del sol de Oriente, su fuego ardiente en ti latiendo está.

• The Philippine Islands. This was the anglicized form of the original Spanish name, used under direct American rule and the succeeding Commonwealth Era.[24]

Disputed

• Maniolas. According to Fr. Francisco Colin in 1663, a Jesuit cleric and an early historian of the Philippines, Maniolas was the name used by Claudius Ptolemy to refer to the group of islands south of China (i.e. Luzon).[24][25] Colin quoted Ptolemy's writings speaking about the Maniolas islands, which is probably Manila. This theory was further supported by José Rizal and Pedro A. Paterno. Rizal also said that the country was recorded to Ptolemy's maps when a sailor named Hippalus told him the existence of "beautiful islands" in southeastern Far East.[12][26] However, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera rejected this notion on his 1910 book, Notas para una cartografia de Filipinas (Notes for the Philippine Cartography).[27]
• Baroussai. Along with Maniolas is the Baroussai which was also quoted from Ptolemy. Barrousai is believed to be the Visayas with Mindanao, thus, composing majority of the now Philippine archipelago.[28][29] Some scholars however have identified Baroussai with Barus in Sumatra.[30][31]
• Ophir (Hebrew: אוֹפִיר) is a region of islands mentioned in the Bible, most famous for its wealth. Accounts mention that King Solomon received the riches of the region every three years. At the emergence of the hydrography of Spanish colonies in Asia in the early 17th century, Dominican Gregorio García wrote that Ophir was indeed located in the Moluccas and the Philippines.[32] In 1609, Juan de Pineda wrote a diverse collection of literature relating Biblical accounts of Solomon, Ophir and the islands.[32] Former Prime Minister Pedro A. Paterno said in one of his works on conjectural anthropology that Ophir is the Philippines because the scented wood Solomon received from Ophir also exists in the Islands.[33] This notion was however, later dismissed by modern historians as merely alluding and comparing the Philippines' position to the Spanish economy with that of Ophir to Solomon's kingdom—the sudden discovery and colonisation of the Islands bringing wealth and prosperity to the realm.[34]
• Tawalisi, was an ancient kingdom in Southeast Asia reached by explorer Ibn Battuta. He reached the kingdom when he left Sumatra and headed towards China. According to the historical accounts of the explorer, he met Urduja, a legendary warrior princess from Pangasinan. However, according to William Henry Scott, Tawilisi and its warrior-princess Urduja are "fabulous, fairy-tale, fiction".[35]

Proposed names

• Haring Bayang Katagalugan (Sovereign Tagalog Nation). Andrés Bonifacio's suggested name for the Filipino nation, intended to be governed by the 1896–1897 Republika ng Katagalugan (Tagalog Republic), although unrecognized by non-Tagalog Filipinos. The name drew flak because of connotations of regionalism. A historian claimed that Bonifacio's usage of "Katagalugan" was not meant to demean other ethnic groups as the word itself meant "people of the river", from the word "taga-ilog", which supposed to represent the ocean-faring ancestors of all Philippine ethnic groups.[36] This was later used by Macario Sakay for his 1902–1906 government that was suppressed by the Americans.[37][38]
• Kapatiran ("Brotherhood"), or its semi-equivalent Katipunan ("Assembly"/"Gathering").[39]
• Luzviminda. A portmanteau of the first syllables of the country's three major island groups: Luzon; Visayas; and Mindanao. The term has sometimes been interchanged with Luzvimindas, due to the territorial claim of the country on eastern Sabah in Borneo.
• Mahárlika (Sanskrit: mahardhikka (महर्द्धिक), "freeman"[40]). In Pre-Hispanic Philippines, the mahárlika was the common Tagalog term for freedmen, not for the royalty.[40] The maharlika were the largest sector of society, and included warriors, artisans, artists, and others.[41] Unlike the rulers, maharlika did not participate in politics.[42] In 1978, then-president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos supported a House Bill mandating the country's renaming to Mahárlika under military rule.[43] Marcos claimed that Mahárlika was the name of the guerilla force he allegedly led during World War II. This was later proven as a Marcosian hallucination and fabrication, as testified by an Army investigation which "found no foundation" for the late dictator's claims.[44] Eddie Ilarde, who filed the bill, wrongfully[45] stated that Maharlika connoted royalty and wrongfully translated the term as "nobly created".[45] In the book, "Vocabulario de la lengua tagala", the term translates into "alipin na itinuring na malaya" or "a slave that was treated as free".[46] Historians noted that in some accounts, the term means "big phallus" or "large male genitalia".[47][45] The bill did not pass since the term was seen by numerous ethnic groups as "imperial in nature".[39] The proposal was revived by populist president Rodrigo Duterte in February 2019,[48] but the name was dropped a month later.[49] The name change is still supported by the government, although a new name has yet to be determined.[49]
• Rizalia. Named after Filipino patriot José Rizal[50], in a similar fashion to Bolivia being named after Simón Bolivar.[39]

• República Rizalina ("Rizaline Republic"). While exiled in Japan, former revolutionary general Artemio Ricarte proposed the name and had already drafted a constitution for this attempt at a revolutionary government. The term has been pushed by many pro-Rizal Filipinos, however, the term itself is criticized by many as Rizal was not in favor of Philippine independence during the Philippine revolution against Spain as he believed that the Philippines was "not yet ready" to be separated from "mother Spain".[51] However, historians agree through surfaced historical documents that Rizal "believed in the supreme right of revolution" but "did not think it timely in 1896, and considered the people and the country unprepared for it."[52]

In other languages

The obverse of a 1944 one centavo coin. "Filipinas" is printed on the lower ring.

The 1987 constitution provides that Filipino and English be official languages of the Philippines. The constitution does not contain a provision specifically designating an official name for the country; however, "Republic of the Philippines" is used consistently throughout its provisions (in English). Article XIV, section 8 of the constitution also mandates that the constitution be also promulgated in Filipino but no such official Filipino version exists. "Republika ng Pilipinas" is the de facto name of the country used in Filipino. When standing alone in English, the country's name is always preceded by the article the.[53][54][55] However, the definite article ang does not precede the name in Filipino contexts.

The country has throughout its history been known as Filipinas. In the 1930s, the scholar Lope K. Santos introduced the abakada alphabet for writing Tagalog which no longer used the letter F as this sound was absent and was usually pronounced by speakers of several Philippine languages as "P". The abakada alphabet also subsequently spread to other Philippine languages (which had been using spelling systems based on the Spanish abecedario). Thus, the form Pilipinas propagated and came into general use.[56]

The Commission on the Filipino Language and National Artist, Virgilio S. Almario urges the usage of Filipinas as the country's official name to reflect its origin and history,[57] and to be inclusive to all the languages in the country that already have the new 8 letters of the modern Filipino alphabet (officially used since 1987) which includes the letter F.[58]

At international meetings, only the English name usually appears to identify the Philippines (e.g., when there are meetings in the United Nations or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations) in this setting. This is also the tradition even if the meeting is held within the Philippines.

In many Philippine languages such as Tagalog, Pilipinas is used; while some other languages, including Ilocano and Chavacano, use Filipinas. Though the name Philippines is the official name that is used by the country's government for international and domestic businesses, numerous major languages of the world still use their own translation or transliteration of the name Philippines to refer to it.

Language	Name (Pilipinas)	Transliteration	Official Name (Republika ng Pilipinas)	Transliteration
Afrikaans	Filippyne		Republiek van die Filippyne
Albanian	Filipinet		Republika e Filipineve
Amharic	ፊሊፒንስ	Filipins	ፊሊፒንስ ሪፐብሊክ	Filipins Ripäblik
Arabic	الفلبين	Al Filibīn	جمهورية الفلبين	Jumhūrīyyat Al Filibīn
Armenian	Ֆիլիպիններ	Filipinner	Ֆիլիպիններում Հանրապետություն	Filippinerum Hanrapetut'yun
Azerbaijani	Filippin		Filippin Respublikası
Basque	Filipinetan		Filipinetako Errepublikako
Belarusian	Філіпіны	Filipiny	Рэспубліка Філіпіны	Respublika Filipiny
Bengali	ফিলিপাইন	Filipain	ফিলিপাইন প্রজাতন্ত্র	Filipain Projatôntro
Bulgarian	Филипини	Filipini	Република Филипини	Republika Filipini
Cantonese	菲律賓	Fēileuhtbān	菲律賓共和國	Fēileuhtbān Guhngwòhgwok
Catalan	Filipines		República de les Filipines
Croatian	Filipini		Republika Filipini
Czech	Filipíny		Filipínská Republika
Danish	Filippinerne		Republikken Filippinerne
Dutch	Filipijnen		Republiek der Filipijnen
English	Philippines		Republic of the Philippines
Estonian	Filipiinid		Filipiini Vabariik
Finnish	Filippiinit		Filippiinien Tasavalta
Fijian	Filipin		Matanitu Tugalala o Filipin
French	Philippines		République des Philippines
Georgian	ფილიპინები	P'ilipinebi	ფილიპინების რესპუბლიკა	P'ilipinebis respublika
German	Philippinen		Republik der Philippinen
Greek	Φιλιππίνες	Filippínes	Δημοκρατία των Φιλιππίνων	Di̱mokratía to̱n Filippíno̱n
Haryanvi	फ़िलिपीण	Filippínn	फ़िलिपीण गणराज्य	Filippínn Gannrājya
Hebrew	פיליפינים	Filipinim	הרפובליקה של הפיליפינים	Ha'republika shel ha'Filipinim
Hindi	फ़िलीपीन्स	Filipīns	फ़िलीपींस गणराज्य	Filīpīns Gaṇarājya
Hokkien	菲律賓 呂宋	Huili̍ppin Lūsòng	菲律賓共和國	Huili̍ppin kiōnghôkok
Hungarian	Fülöp-szigetek		Fülöp-szigeteki Köztársaság
Icelandic	Filippseyjar		Lýðveldið Filippseyjar
Indonesian	Filipina		Republik Filipina
Irish	Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha		Poblacht na nOileán Filipíneacha
Italian	Filippine		Repubblica delle Filippine
Japanese	フィリピン	Firipin	フィリピン共和国	Firipin kyōwakoku
Kazakh	Филиппиндер	Filippinder	Филиппин Республикасы	Filippin Respublikasy
Khmer	ប្រទេសហ្វីលីពីន	Filippin	សាធារណរដ្ឋហ្វីលីពីន	Sathéaranakrâth Filippin
Korean	필리핀	Pillipin	필리핀 공화국	Pillipin Gonghwaguk
Kurdish	Filîpîn		Komara Filîpînan
Lao	ຟີລິບປິນ	Filipin	ສາທາລະນະລັດຟີລິບປິນ	Sāthālanalat Filipin
Latin	Philippinae		Respublica Philippinarum
Latvian	Filipīnas		Filipīnu Republika
Lithuanian	Filipinai		Filipinų Respublika
Lojban	gugdrfilipini
Macedonian	Филипини	Filipini	Република Филипини	Republika Filipini
Malaysian	Filipina		Republik Filipina
Maltese	Filippini		Repubblika tal-Filippini
Mandarin	菲律宾	Fēilǜbīn	菲律宾共和国	Fēilǜbīn Gònghéguó
Marathi	फिलिपिन्स	Filipins	फिलिपिन्सचे प्रजासत्ताक	Filipinsce prajāsattāk
Norwegian	Filippinene		Republikken Filippinene
Persian	فیلیپین	Filipin	جمهوری فیلیپین	Jomhuri Filipin
Polish	Filipiny		Republika Filipin
Portuguese	Filipinas		República das Filipinas
Romanian	Filipine		Republica Filipine
Russian	Филиппины	Filipiny	Республика Филиппины	Respublika Filipiny
Serbian	Филипини	Filipini	Република Филипини	Republika Filipini
Sinhala	පිලිපීනය	Pilipinaya	පිලිපීනය ජනරජය	Pilipinaya Janarajaya
Slovak	Filipíny		Filipínska Republika
Slovene	Filipini		Republika Filipini
Somali	Filibiin		Jamhuuriyada Filibiin
Spanish	Filipinas		República de las Filipinas
Swahili	Ufilipino		Jamhuri ya Ufilipino
Swedish	Filippinerna		Republiken Filippinerna
Tamil	பிலிப்பைன்ஸ்	Pilippaiṉs	பிலிப்பைன்ஸ் குடியரசு	Pilippaiṉs kuṭiyaracu
Thai	ฟิลิปปินส์	Filippin	สาธารณรัฐฟิลิปปินส์	Sāthāranarat Filippin
Turkish	Filipinler		Filipinler Cumhuriyeti
Turkmen	Filippinler		Filippinler Respublikasy
Ukrainian	Філіпіни	Filippiny	Республіка Філіппіни	Respublika Filippiny
Urdu	فلپائن	Filipāʾin	جمہوریہ فلپائن	Jamhūriya Filipāʾin
Uzbek	Filippin		Filippin Respublikasi
Vietnamese	Phi Luật Tân		Cộng hoà Phi Luật Tân
Welsh	Philipinau		Gweriniaeth Ynysoedd y Philipinau

See also

• Catálogo alfabético de apellidos
• Juan de la Cruz
• List of Philippine provincial name etymologies
• List of Philippine city name etymologies
• Philippine name

References

1. Scott 1994, p. 6
2. "Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
3. World Factbook – Philippines. CIA. ISBN 978-1-4220-0227-8. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
4. "The Islands to the West: How are Philippine towns named?". Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2005.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
5. Hirth & Rockhill 1911, p. 160, Footnote 1
6. "National identity". Retrieved July 27, 2009.
7. Scott 1984, p. 150
8. Hirth & Rockhill 1911, p. 162, Footnote 1
9. Hirth & Rockhill 1911, p. 160, Footnote 3
10. Keat 2004, p. 798
11. "Navegación: Exploraciones: Filipinas" (in Spanish). Retrieved July 27, 2009.
12. "Names of the Philippines at different times in history". Retrieved August 26, 2009.
13. "History of the Philippines". Retrieved July 27, 2009.
14. Halili 2008, p. 22
15. Duka 2004, p. 55
16. Cooley 1830, p. 244
17. Spate 1979, p. 98
18. "East Visayan History". Northern Illinois University. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
19. Tope 2002, p. 7
20. "Mi Ultimo Adiós by Dr José Rizal". Retrieved November 17, 2010.
21. "Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines". The LawPhil Project. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
22. "The Last Poem of Rizal". Jose Rizal University. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
23. Palma, José (1912). Melancólicas : coleccion de poesías. Manila, Philippines: Liberería Manila Filatélica. (Digital copy found online at HathiTrust Digital Library on March 31, 2010)
24. "Origin of the Name "Philippines"". Retrieved August 26, 2009.
25. Carunungan, Celso Al (December 23, 1987). "What's in a Name?". Manila Standard Today. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
26. de Morga 2004, p. 298
27. Mojares 2006, pp. 174–175
28. Rizal: "Ptolemy also mentions... five Baroussai (Mindanao, Leite, Sebu, etc.)." See: https://archive.org/stream/historyofthephil07001gut/7phip10.txt
29. Makmak (February 10, 2011). "domingo: Name of the Philippines".
30. G. E. Gerini. "Researches on Ptolemy's geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay archipelago)". Asiatic Society Monographs. Royal Asiatic Society. 1909: 428–430.
31. Miksic, John N. Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800. p. 79.
32. Sheehan 2008, p. 398
33. Mojares 2006, p. 85
34. Truxillo 2001, p. 82
35. William Henry Scott, Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History, ISBN 971-10-0226-4, p.83
36. News, ABS-CBN. "Should the Philippines be renamed? Historian weighs in". ABS-CBN News.
37. Guerrero, Encarnacion & Villegas 1996, pp. 3–12
38. Guerrero & Schumacher 1998, p. 95
39. "Maharlika: AsianWeek". September 2, 2008. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
40. "Historian says 'Maharlika' as nobility a misconception". philstar.com.
41. Tan, Samuel K. (2008). A History of the Philippines. UP Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-971-542-568-1.
42. News, ABS-CBN. "Maharlika means noble? Not so, says historian". ABS-CBN News.
43. hermesauto (February 12, 2019). "Goodbye Philippines, hello 'Maharlika'? Duterte wants to rename country in break from colonial past". The Straits Times.
44. "Palace says renaming Philippines to 'Maharlika' needs congressional action". philstar.com.
45. "From Philippines to Maharlika? Referendum needed". philstar.com.
46. Feb 13, Kevyn Tapnio; 2019. "What Does "Maharlika" Actually Mean?". SPOT.PH.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
47. "Miscellany Playing the Name Game". TIME Magazine. June 24, 2001.
48. News, Dharel Placido, ABS-CBN. "Duterte mulls changing name of the Philippines". ABS-CBN News.
49. Romero, Alexis. "'Maharlika' dropped, but Duterte still wants Philippine name change". philstar.com.
50. http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/selection-and-proclamation-of-national-heroes-and-laws-honoring-filipino-historical-figures/
51. Rodis, Rodel (September 2, 2008). "'Maharlika' Reconsidered". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
52. "Did Rizal Favor the Revolution? A Criticism of the Valenzuela Memoirs". The Kahimyang Project.
53. Zwier, Larry (November 29, 2011). "Using 'the' with the Names of Countries". Cambridge.org. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
54. Torrecampo, Rex Raymond (July 5, 2015). "Why Filipinos are Correct in Saying THE Philippines Instead of Philippines". lifesomundane.net. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
55. Purdue University Online Writing Lab. "How to Use Articles (a/an/the)". purdue.edu. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
56. Almario, Virgilio S. (2014). Madalas itanong hinggil sa wikang pambansa / Frequently asked questions on the national language (PDF). Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. p. 47. ISBN 978-971-0197-38-5. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
57. "Bye Pilipinas, hello Filipinas?".
58. "Filipinas 'di Pilipinas – Almario (Ituwid ang kasaysayan)". kwf.gov.ph.

Printed sources

• Cooley, William Desborough (1830), The History of Maritime and Inland Discovery, 2, Longman
• de Morga, Antonio (2004), History of the Philippine Islands Vols 1 and 2, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4191-2427-3 ISBN 978-1-4191-2427-3. Originally published by Antonio de Morga as Sucesos de las islas Filipinas in 1609, reprinted by Kessinger Publishing in 2004.
• Duka, C. (2004), Philippine History, Rex Bookstore, ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9 ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9
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