Regorafenib

Regorafenib, sold under the brand name Stivarga among others, is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor developed by Bayer which targets angiogenic, stromal and oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Regorafenib shows anti-angiogenic activity due to its dual targeted VEGFR2-TIE2 tyrosine kinase inhibition. Since 2009 it was studied as a potential treatment option in multiple tumor types.[1] By 2015 it had two US approvals for advanced cancers.

Regorafenib
Clinical data
Trade namesStivarga, Regonix
Other namesBAY 73-4506
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa613004
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
  • US: D (Evidence of risk)
    Routes of
    administration    		By mouth
    ATC code
    Legal status
    Legal status
    Pharmacokinetic data
    Bioavailability69-83%
    Protein binding99.5%
    MetabolismHepatic (UGT1A9-mediated)
    Elimination half-life20-30 hours
    ExcretionFeces (71%), urine (19%)
    Identifiers
    CAS Number
    PubChem CID
    DrugBank
    ChemSpider
    UNII
    KEGG
    ChEBI
    ChEMBL
    CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
    ECHA InfoCard100.248.939
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC21H15ClF4N4O3
    Molar mass482.82 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)

    Approvals and indications

    Metastatic colorectal cancer

    Regorafenib demonstrated to increase the overall survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer[2] and has been approved by the US FDA on September 27, 2012.[3]

    After a manufacturer's appeal Regorafenib was restored to the list of treatments funded by the English Cancer Drugs Fund.[4]

    Advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours

    On February 25, 2013 the US FDA expanded the approved use to treat patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors that cannot be surgically removed and no longer respond to other FDA-approved treatments for this disease. In a clinical study with 199 patients regorafenib treated patients had a delay in tumor growth (progression-free survival) that was, on average, 3.9 months longer than patients who were given placebo.[5]

    Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

    On November 29, 2018 the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) approved use of regorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who were previously treated with sorafenib.[6]

    Clinical trials

    MetastaticCRC: After the CORRECT trial, two phase 3 trials (CONSIGN, CONCUR) showed benefits compared to placebo. Regorafenib dosing was 150 or 160 mg/d for first 3 weeks of each 4 week cycle.[7]

    Adverse effects

    Regorafenib is being approved with a Boxed Warning alerting patients and health care professionals that severe and fatal liver toxicity occurred in patients treated with regorafenib during clinical studies. Serious side effects, which occurred in less than one percent of patients, were liver damage, severe bleeding, blistering and peeling of skin, very high blood pressures requiring emergency treatment, heart attacks and perforations (holes) in the intestines. The most common side effects reported in patients treated with regorafenib include weakness or fatigue, loss of appetite, hand-foot syndrome (also called palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia), diarrhoea, mouth sores (mucositis), weight loss, infection, high blood pressure, and changes in voice volume or quality (dysphonia).[8]

    Other actions

    Regorafenib and at least one of its analogs, sorafenib, are potent inhibitors of Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH).[9] sEH metabolizes, and in general thereby inactivates, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs), epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs), and other epoxy polyunsaturated fatty acids that are made by various cytochrome P450 epoxygenases. EETs, EDPs, and EEQs have various effects in animals including vasodilation, anti-hypertensive, and anti-blood-clotting actions. However, EDPs, unlike EETs, inhibit the vascularization, growth, and metastasis of human cancer cells in vitro and in animal models.[9] It is suggested that the inhibition of sEH and consequential increase in EDP levels contributes to the anti-cancer activity of regorafenib and related analogs,[9][10] a possibility supported by studies showing that 1) DHA acted synergistically with regorafenib to increase EDP levels in and inhibit the growth of several human renal cancer cell lines in vitro and 2) dietary DHA likewise acted synergistically with regorafenib to inhibit the invasiveness and growth of a human renal cancer cell line while increasing its EPA levels in mice.[11] These preclinical studies suggest that dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, may be useful in enhancing the anti-cancer actions of regorafenib in humans.

    Brand names

    In Bangladesh under the trade name Regonix.

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    References
    1. "Bayer Announces New Data on Oncology Portfolio To Be Presented at the ECCO-ESMO Congress 2009". Retrieved 2009-09-19.
    2. "Phase III Trial of Regorafenib in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Meets Primary Endpoint of Improving Overall Survival". Archived from the original on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
    3. "FDA approves new treatment for advanced colorectal cancer". 27 Sep 2012.
    4. "Cancer fund reprieve for just one drug, Regorafenib". BBC. 22 May 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
    5. "FDA approves Stivarga for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors". 25 Feb 2013.
    6. "Life extending treatment for patients with advanced liver cancer recommended by NICE". November 29, 2018.
    7. CONSIGN, CONCUR Confirm Efficacy of Regorafenib in mCRC. 2015
    8. "FDA Prescribing Information" (PDF). 27 Sep 2012.
    9. Zhang G, Kodani S, Hammock BD (January 2014). "Stabilized epoxygenated fatty acids regulate inflammation, pain, angiogenesis and cancer". Progress in Lipid Research. 53: 108–23. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2013.11.003. PMC 3914417. PMID 24345640.
    10. Hwang SH, Wecksler AT, Zhang G, Morisseau C, Nguyen LV, Fu SH, Hammock BD (July 2013). "Synthesis and biological evaluation of sorafenib- and regorafenib-like sEH inhibitors". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 23 (13): 3732–7. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.011. PMC 3744640. PMID 23726028.
    11. Kim J, Ulu A, Wan D, Yang J, Hammock BD, Weiss RH (May 2016). "Addition of DHA Synergistically Enhances the Efficacy of Regorafenib for Kidney Cancer Therapy". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 15 (5): 890–8. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-15-0847. PMC 4873345. PMID 26921392.
    • "Regorafenib". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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