Gas cylinder

A gas cylinder is a pressure vessel for storage and containment of gases at above atmospheric pressure. High-pressure gas cylinders are also called bottles. Inside the cylinder the stored contents may be in a state of compressed gas, vapor over liquid, supercritical fluid, or dissolved in a substrate material, depending on the physical characteristics of the contents. A typical gas cylinder design is elongated, standing upright on a flattened bottom end, with the valve and fitting at the top for connecting to the receiving apparatus.

For the mechanical devices used to impart a force from a pressurized gas, see pneumatic cylinder. For the large structures used to store town gas, see gas holder.

Industrial compressed gas cylinders used for oxy-fuel welding and cutting of steel.

The term cylinder in this context is not to be confused with tank, the latter being an open-top or vented container that stores liquids under gravity.

Nomenclature

In the United States, "bottled gas" typically refers to liquefied petroleum gas. "Bottled gas" is sometimes used in medical supply, especially for portable oxygen tanks. Packaged industrial gases are frequently called "cylinder gas", though "bottled gas" is sometimes used.

The United Kingdom and other parts of Europe more commonly refer to "bottled gas" when discussing any usage, whether industrial, medical, or liquefied petroleum. In contrast, what is called liquefied petroleum gas in the United States is known generically in the United Kingdom as "LPG" and it may be ordered by using one of several trade names, or specifically as butane or propane, depending on the required heat output.

Materials
For a detailed discussion about the materials for gas cylinders, see Pressure vessel § Construction materials.

Design codes and application standards and the cost of materials dictated the choice of steel with no welds for most gas cylinders; the steel is treated to resist corrosion. Some newly developed lightweight gas cylinders are made from stainless steel and composite materials. Due to the very high tensile strength of carbon fiber reinforced polymer, these vessels can be very light, but are more difficult to manufacture.[1]

Cylinders reinforced or built-up with a fibre material usually must be inspected more frequently than metal cylinders, e.g., every 5 instead of 10 years, and must be inspected more thoroughly than metal cylinders.

The inspection interval of steel cylinders has increased from 5 or 6 years to 10 years. Diving cylinders that are used in water must be inspected more often. When they were found to become less safe, certain steel and aluminium alloys have been withdrawn from service.

Fibre composite cylinders first where specified for a limited life span of 15, 20 or 30 years, while steel cylinders are nowadays typically withdrawn after 70 years. Since some years there exist composite cylinders that are nominated for a non-limited-life (NLL), as long as no damage is to be seen.

Types of cylinders

Since glass-fiber-composite materials were used to reinforce cylinders, there are various types of construction of high-pressure vessels:

  1. Metal only. Mostly seamless forged metal. But for lower working pressure, e.g., liquefied butane, there are welded steel vessels, too.
  2. Metal vessel, hoop wrapped with a fibre composite only around the cylindrical part of the "cylinder". (Geometrically there is a need for twice the tensile strength on the cylindrical region in comparison to the spherical caps of the cylinder.)
  3. Thin metal liner (that keeps the vessel tight, but does not contribute to the working pressure) fully wrapped with a fibre in matrix material.
  4. Metal-free liner from plastics, fully wrapped with fibre material. The boss, the centre of the head(s) of the cylinder is still from metal and includes the thread for the valve.

Pressure vessels for gas storage may also be classified by volume. In South Africa a gas storage cylinder implies a refillable transportable container with a water capacity volume of up to 150 litres. Refillable transportable cylindrical containers from 15 to 3000 litres water capacity are referred to as tubes.[2]

Regulations and cylinder testing

The transportation of high-pressure cylinders is regulated by many governments throughout the world. Various levels of testing are generally required by the governing authority for the country in which it is to be transported. In the United States, this authority is the United States Department of Transportation (DOT). Similarly in the UK, the European transport regulations (ADR) are implemented by the Department for Transport (DfT). For Canada, this authority is Transport Canada (TC). Cylinders may have additional requirements placed on design and or performance from independent testing agencies such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL). Each manufacturer of high-pressure cylinders is required to have an independent quality agent that will inspect the product for quality and safety.

Within the UK the "competent authority" — the Department for Transport (DfT) — implements the regulations and appointment of authorised cylinder testers is conducted by United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS), who make recommendations to the Vehicle Certification Agency (VCA) for approval of individual bodies.

There are a variety of tests that may be performed on various cylinders. Some of the most common types of tests are hydrostatic test, burst test, ultimate tensile strength, Charpy impact test and pressure cycling.

During the manufacturing process, vital information is usually stamped or permanently marked on the cylinder. This information usually includes the type of cylinder, the working or service pressure, the serial number, date of manufacture, the manufacture's registered code and sometimes the test pressure. Other information may also be stamped, depending on the regulation requirements.

High-pressure cylinders that are used multiple times — as most are — can be hydrostatically or ultrasonically tested and visually examined every few years.[3] In the United States, hydrostatic/ultrasonic testing is required either every five years or every ten years, depending on cylinder and its service.

Valve connections
A gas regulator attached to a nitrogen cylinder. From right — cylinder valve, cylinder pressure gauge, pressure control valve (yellow), outlet pressure gauge, 3-way outlet terminated by needle valves.

Gas cylinders have a stop angle valve at the end on top. During storage, transportation, and handling when the gas is not in use, a cap may be screwed over the protruding valve to protect it from damage or breaking off in case the cylinder were to fall over. Instead of a cap, cylinders commonly have a protective collar or neck ring around the service valve assembly.

When the gas in the cylinder is to be used at low pressure, the cap is taken off and a pressure-regulating assembly is attached to the stop valve. This attachment typically has a pressure regulator with upstream (inlet) and downstream (outlet) pressure gauges and a further downstream needle valve and outlet connection. For gases that remain gaseous under ambient storage conditions, the upstream pressure gauge can be used to estimate how much gas is left in the cylinder according to pressure. For gases that are liquid under storage, e.g., propane, the outlet pressure is dependent on the vapor pressure of the gas, and does not fall until the cylinder is nearly exhausted although it will vary according to the temperature of the cylinder contents. The regulator is adjusted to control the downstream pressure, which will limit the maximum flow of gas out of the cylinder at the pressure shown by the downstream gauge. The outlet connection is attached to whatever needs the gas supply, such as a balloon for example. For some purposes, such as welding, the regulator will also have a flowmeter on the downstream side.

The valves on industrial, medical and diving cylinders are usually of different sizes and types, as are the valves for different categories of gases, making it more difficult to mistakenly misuse a gas. For example, a hydrogen cylinder does not fit an oxygen supply line which would end in catastrophic failure. Some fittings use a right-hand thread, while others use a left-hand thread; left-hand thread fittings are usually identifiable by notches or grooves cut into them.

In the United States, valve connections are sometimes referred to as "CGA connections", since the Compressed Gas Association (CGA) publishes guidelines on what connections to use for what products; e.g., in the United States, an argon cylinder will have a CGA 580 connection on the valve.

High purity gases will sometimes use CGA-DISS ("Diameter Index Safety System") connections.

Medical gases may use the pin index safety system to prevent incorrect connection of gases to services.

In the European Union, DIN connections are more common than in the United States.

In the UK, the British Standards Institution sets the standards. Included among the standards is the use left-hand threaded valves for flammable gas cylinders (most commonly brass, BS4, valves for non-corrosive cylinder contents or stainless steel, BS15, valves for corrosive contents). Non flammable gas cylinders are fitted with right-hand threaded valves (most commonly brass, BS3, valves for non-corrosive components or stainless steel, BS14, valves for corrosive components).[4]

Common cylinder valves
Gas type CGA valve outlet (USA) BS valve outlet (UK)[4]
Acetylene5102, 4
Air, breathing346, 3473
Air, industrial5903
Argon580, 718, 680 (3500 psi), 677 (6000 psi)3
Butane5104
Carbon dioxide320, 7168
Carbon monoxide350, 7244
Chlorine660, 7286
Helium580, 718, 680 (3500 psi)3
Hydrogen350, 724, 695 (3500 psi)4
Methane3504
Neon580, 7183
Nitrogen580, 718, 680 (3500 psi), 677 (6000 psi)3
Nitrous oxide326, 71213
Oxygen540, 7143
Oxygen mixtures (>23.5%)296Other guides apply
Propane5104
Xenon580, 7183

Safety and standards
It would be safer to have cylinders individually anchored in a cool place, rather than chained in a cluster in the sun, as seen here.

Because the contents are under pressure and are sometimes hazardous materials, handling bottled gases is regulated. Regulations may include chaining bottles to prevent falling and damaging the valve, proper ventilation to prevent injury or death in case of leaks and signage to indicate the potential hazards If a compressed gas cylinder tips over, causing the valve block to be sheared off, the rapid release of high-pressure gas may cause the cylinder to be violently accelerated, potentially causing property damage, injury, or death. To prevent this, cylinders are normally secured to a fixed object or transport cart with a strap or chain.

In a fire, the pressure in a gas cylinder rises in direct proportion to its temperature. If the internal pressure exceeds the mechanical limitations of the cylinder and there are no means to safely vent the pressurized gas to the atmosphere, the vessel will fail mechanically. If the vessel contents are flammable, this event may result in a "fireball".[5] Oxidisers such as oxygen and fluorine will produce a similar effect by accelerating combustion in the area affected. If the cylinder's contents are liquid, but become a gas at ambient conditions, this is commonly referred to as a boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE).

Medical gas cylinders in the UK and some other countries have a fusible plug of Wood's metal in the valve block between the valve seat and the cylinder. This plug melts at a comparatively low temperature (70 °C) and allows the contents of the cylinder to escape to the surroundings before the cylinder is significantly weakened by the heat, lessening the risk of explosion.

More common pressure relief devices are a simple burst disc installed in the base of the valve between the cylinder and the valve seat. A burst disc is a small metal gasket engineered to rupture at a pre-determined pressure. Some burst discs are backed with a low-melting-point metal, so that the valve must be exposed to excessive heat before the burst disc can rupture.

The Compressed Gas Association publishes a number of booklets and pamphlets on safe handling and use of bottled gases.

International and national standards

There is a wide range of standards relating to the manufacture, use and testing of pressurised gas cylinders and related components. Some examples are listed here.

  • ISO 11439: Gas cylinders — High-pressure cylinders for the on-board storage of natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles[6]
  • ISO 15500-5: Road vehicles — Compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel system components — Part 5: Manual cylinder valve[7][8]
  • US DOT 3/4/8???: e-CFR (Electronic Code of Federal Regulations) Title 49, part 178, Subpart C — Specification for Cylinders[9]
  • US DOT Aluminum Tank Alloy 6351-T6 amendment for SCUBA, SCBA, Oxygen Service — Visual Eddy inspection[10]
  • AS 2896-2011:Medical gas systems—Installation and testing of non-flammable medical gas pipeline systems pipeline systems (Australian Standards).

Color coding

Gas cylinders are often color-coded, but the codes are not standard across different jurisdictions, and sometimes are not regulated. Cylinder color can not safely be used for positive product identification; cylinders have labels to identify the gas they contain.

Common cylinder sizes

In scuba diving, the United States measures cylinder volume by the amount of free air (of standard pressure of about 1 bar) that can be compressed into the cylinder; Europe and most of the rest of the world measure the cylinder volume as the internal volume (= water capacity) and specifies the working pressure of the cylinder: e.g. United States 19 cubic feet = International 3 liter at 180 bar.

The below are example cylinder sizes and do not constitute an industry standard.

Cyl. size Diameter × height,
including 5.5 inches for valve and cap (inches)		 Nominal tare weight,
including 4.5 lb for valve and cap (lb)		 Water
capacity
(lb)		 Internal volume,
70 °F (21 °C), 1 atm		 U.S. DOT specs
(liters) (cu. ft)
2HP 9 × 51 187 43.31.53 3AA3500
K 9.25 × 60 135 110 49.91.76 3AA2400
A 9 × 51 115 96 43.81.55 3AA2015
B 8.5 × 31 60 37.9 17.20.61 3AA2015
C 6 × 24 27 15.2 6.880.24 3AA2015
D 4 × 18 12 4.9 2.240.08 3AA2015
AL 8 × 53 52 64.8 29.51.04 3AL2015
BL 7.25 × 39 33 34.6 15.70.55 3AL2216
CL 6.9 × 21 19 13 5.90.21 3AL2216
XL 14.5 × 50 75 238 1083.83 4BA240
SSB 8 × 37 95 41.6 18.90.67 3A1800
10S 4 × 31 21 8.3 3.80.13 3A1800
LB 2 × 15 4 1 0.440.016 3E1800
XF 12 × 46 180 60.92.15 8AL
XG 15 × 56 149 278 126.34.46 4AA480
XM 10 × 49 90 120 54.31.92 3A480
XP 10 × 55 55 124 55.71.98 4BA300
QT 3 × 14 (includes 4.5 inches for valve) 2.5 (includes 1.5 lb for valve) 2.0 0.9000.0318 4B-240ET
LP5 12.25 × 18.25 18.5 47.7 21.680.76 4BW240
Medical E 4 × 26 (excludes valve and cap) 14 (excludes valve and cap) 4.50.16 3AA2015

Gas storage tubes

For larger volume high pressure gas storage units, known as tubes, are available. They generally have a larger diameter and length than high pressure cylinders, and usually have a tapped neck at both ends. They may be mounted alone or in groups on trailers, permanent bases, or intermodal transport frames. Due to their length, they are mounted horizontally on mobile structures. In general usage they are often manifolded together and managed as a unit.

Gas storage banks
Hydrogen storage cylinders in a cascade filling system

Groups of similar size cylinders may be mounted together and connected to a common manifold system to provide larger storage capacity than a single standard cylinder. This is commonly called a cylinder bank or a gas storage bank. The manifold may be arranged to allow simultaneous flow from all the cylinders, or, for a cascade filling system, where gas is tapped off cylinders according to the lowest positive pressure difference between storage and destination cylinder, being a more efficient use of pressurised gas.

Gas storage quads
Helium quad for surface-supplied diving gas

A gas quad is a group of high pressure cylinders mounted on a transport and storage frame. There are commonly 16 cylinders, each of about 50 litres capacity mounted upright in four rows of four, on a square base with a square plan frame with lifting points on top and may have fork-lift slots in the base. The cylinders are usually interconnected as a manifold for use as a unit, but many variations in layout and structure are possible.

gollark: It's not christmas for a week here.
gollark: Rust should be rewritten in Rust.
gollark: And yes, the wiring is a horrible mess.
gollark: This convenient microfusion power plant fits into one compact machine block.
gollark: That's an odd way to spell F A C T O R I O.

See also

References
  1. See Composite overwrapped pressure vessel for details
  2. South African National Standard SANS 10019:2008 Transportable containers for compressed, dissolved and liquefied gases – Basic design,manufacture, use and maintenance (6th ed.). Pretoria, South Africa: Standards South Africa. 2008. ISBN 978-0-626-19228-0.
  3. Henderson, N. C.; Berry, W. E.; Eiber, R. J.; Frink, D. W. (1970). "Investigation of scuba cylinder corrosion, Phase 1". National Underwater Accident Data Center Technical Report Number 1. University of Rhode Island. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  4. BS 341-3:2002, British Standards Institution, 389 Chiswick High Road, London, W4 4AL.
  5. "Incident Insights – Trust But Verify". Divers Alert Network.
  6. "ISO 11439:2000 — Gas cylinders – High pressure cylinders for the on-board storage of natural gas as a fuel for automotive vehicles".
  7. "ISO 15500-5:2001 — Road vehicles – Compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel system components – Part 5: Manual cylinder valve".
  8. "CNG Cylinder Valve ISO 15500 -".
  9. US DOT e-CFR (Electronic Code of Federal Regulations) Title 49, part 178, Subpart C — Specification for Cylinders — eg DOT 3AL = seamless aluminum
  10. Federal Register / Vol. 71, No. 167 / Tuesday, August 29, 2006 / Rules and Regulations Title 49 CFR Parts 173 and 180 Visual Edddy
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.