Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park

The Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park is a collection of ecological underwater contemporary art located in the Caribbean sea off the west coast of Grenada, West Indies and was created by British sculptor Jason deCaires Taylor. In May 2006 the world's first underwater sculpture park was open for public viewing.[1] Taylor's aim was to engage local people with the underwater environment that surrounds them using his works which are derived from life casts of the local community. He installed concrete figures onto the ocean floor, mostly consisting of a range of human forms, from solitary individuals to a ring of children holding hands, facing into the oceanic currents.[2]

Underwater sculptures at Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park

Background

The Sculpture park, which began construction in 2006[1] is situated on the sandy ocean floor in the barren Molinere Bay and it now acts as an aid to relieve pressure on natural reefs which have become popular among water sports enthusiasts, particularly in nearby Flamingo Bay which is the most visited snorkelling destination on the island.[3] There are over sixty-five concrete individual sculptures covering an area of over 800 square meters[4] and in total weigh around 15 tonnes in dry cement.[5] There has been some debate as to the intention of the park and whether it was a dedication to the slaves that were thrown overboard during the journey through the Middle Passage from West Africa to the Americas. In response the artist says "It was never my intention to have any connection to the Middle passage. Although it was not my intention from the outset I am very encouraged how it has resonated differently within various communities and feel it is working as an art piece by questioning our identity, history and stimulating debate."- Jason d Caires Taylor.[6]

The sculpture park is accessible via boat from the main port of St Georges (2 miles/3 km North of the capital) or Grand Anse Bay on the West coastline. The sculptures are situated in a variety of depths of water with a maximum of 12 meters, and the park is visited daily by scuba divers, snorkelers and glass bottom boats.[3] Recently a local artist on the island has added new works to the sculpture park.[7]

Conservation

The coral reef around Grenada suffered damage from Hurricane Ivan in 2004 and Emily in 2005.[8] It has been recorded that only 10–15% of the seabed has a substratum solid enough for natural reefs to grow upon[9] and it can take between 10 and 80 years for hard coral to develop.[10] While it is predicted that up to 60% of natural coral reefs may be depleted by 2050.[11] The sculptures have been designed to promote coral growth using techniques to reduce the pH of the cement and by applying a textured surface. This encourages coral polyps to attach onto the surface and eventually the structure becomes a sanctuary for small marine life.[12] Over time coral will change their appearance and the tides will enhance the texture applied bringing with it new inhabitants.[13] Already Taylor's sculptures have been shown to be a home to an array of aquatic life: including, flounders, parrot fish, Branded coral shrimp and fire worms.[14]

Artificial reef constructions like Taylor's and those from a US company Reef Ball[15] are designed and constructed using resilient, stable and environmentally responsive materials.[16] They are positioned in the ocean at the correct time of year to coincide with coral spawning,[17] in an area that has suffered previous substantial decimation from storm damage. His works carry the aim of relieving the strain placed on the natural coral reef by human pollution, acidification, overfishing,[18] by redirecting divers and snorkelers away from natural reefs to endorse the opportunity for repair and regeneration.[19] In an article in Symposium Magazine Taylor quotes "The underwater sculpture gallery is a project aiming to create a unique space which highlights environmental processes and explores the complex relationships between art and its environment. This unique project will provide an unparalleled opportunity to explore a dynamic seascape and to appreciate the island's beauty and diversity".[20]

Notable sculptures

Grace Reef was installed in 2006 at a depth of 12 feet. The first installation in the hurricane damaged bay of Molinere and consists of 16 concrete statues cast from the body of a local Grenadian woman and positioned lying down on the sea floor.[5] After 14 months the figures had begun to distort with the inhabitation of life.[18]

The Lost Correspondent was installed in 2006 at a depth of 22 feet.[21] Referenced to be a modern day Vesuvius disaster, he is a lone concrete figure at a desk poised over a typewriter.[22] The surface of the desk is covered with a selection of newspaper articles dating back to the 1970s with many holding political significance from the Cuban alignment before the revolution.[23]

The Unstill Life, installed in 2006 at a depth of 25 feet, is a classical study of an artist's still life using simple modern day objects like a table, vase and fruit bowl.[18] The static sculpture overtime has its appearance constantly changed by the course of nature.[24]

Vicissitudes, installed in 2007 at a depth of 14 feet,[25] is Taylor's most recognised work in the park: a ring of 26 standing children, holding hands and facing outwards into the current. The design took six months to make, weighed 15 tonnes in dry cement[5] and was constructed to withstand strong currents and tidal motion.[25] The ring symbolises the concept of life's ongoing cycle[26] and highlights the importance of creating a sustainable and well managed environment for future generations, holding reference to the ability of children adapt to their surroundings.[5]

The Fall From Grace, installed in 2007 at a depth of 21 feet, is a life size male figure riding a bicycle. After 8 months in the ocean, aquatic life was already making it a home.[18]

Tam CC Project was installed in 2007 at a depth of 6 feet. It is a construction of 18 concrete heads fixed to a rock face in shallow water. Casts were made of students faces from T. A. Marryshow Community College, Grenada.[18]

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See also

References
  1. ′′Grenada′′Birkbeck University of London, 19 April 2010.
  2. Nunes, Neil ′′Underwater Sculpture Park Interview′′ BBC Caribbean, 13 July 2007.
  3. ′′Circle Of Life′′Diver Magazine, January 2008.
  4. ′′Grenada′′ Birkbeck University of London, 19 April 2010.
  5. Krestovnikoff, Miranda,Article in The Telegraph The Telegraph, 1 December 2008.
  7. online article in ′′The Grenada Webcam′′ Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback MachineGrenada Webcam, 1 March 2010.
  8. Voigts, Dr Jessie, ′′Jason deCaires Taylor & Museo Subaquatico de Arte(MUSA)′′ Wandering Educators, 19 June 2010.
  9. Pickering, Mariana (3 December 2010). "Artificial coral reef sculptures by Jason deCaires Taylor". Architecture and design. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  10. Greaves-Gabbadon, Sarah,′′Underwater Sculptures in Grenada′′ Archived 22 October 2013 at the Wayback MachineCaribbean Travel + Life, November 2007.
  11. Nicholson, Sophie ′′Art attracts fish in Underwater Mexican Museum′′ Archived 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine(AFP) Agence France-Presse, 10 November 2010.
  12. Greaves-Gabbadon, Sarah,′′Underwater Sculptures in Grenada′′ Archived 22 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Caribbean Travel + Life, November 2007.
  13. ′′Artists Going Through a Deep Blue Period′′The Metro,19 June 2007.
  14. ′′Jason deCaires Taylor´s Underwater Sculpture Garden′′Atlas Obscura, April 2001.
  15. Article in Environmental Graffiti Archived 3 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Environmental Graffiti, August 2010.
  16. Beautiful′′TwoFour Flinching Culture Hustler, 26 October 2010.
  17. Article in Environmental Graffiti Archived 3 October 2011 at the Wayback MachineEnvironmental Graffiti, August 2010.
  18. ′′79 Unique and Awesome Underwater Sculpture′′Weburbanist,9 September 2009.
  19. ′′In Pictures Underwater Sculptures′′BBC News,19 November 2009.
  20. De Russo, David. ′′Natures Cultivates Creativity in an Underwater World′′. Symposium Magazine p. 36, February 2008.
  21. Greaves-Gabbadon, Sarah, ′′Underwater Sculptures in Grenada′′ Archived 22 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Caribbean Travel + Life, November 2007.
  22. Vickers,Dave ′′Wet behind the Ears′′, Modern Design, Architecture and Art, p. 95, London,June 2008.
  23. ′′Underwater Sculpture′′ Archived 16 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine Free Art London List, 10 February 2010.
  24. ′′Jason de Caires Taylor: The Underwater Sculptor′′ The Recycling Rag, Summer 2009.
  25. ′′79 Unique and Awesome Underwater Sculpture′′ Weburbanist, 9 September 2009.
  26. De Russo, David. ′′Nature Cultivates Creativity in an Underwater World′′, Symposium Magazine, p. 40, February 2008.
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