Monofin

A monofin is a type of swimfin typically used in underwater sports such as finswimming, free-diving and underwater orienteering. It consists of a single or linked surfaces attached to both of the diver's feet. The diver's appearance is then reminiscent of a mermaid or merman.

A freediver using a monofin
Herbert Nitsch wearing a monofin at the Cyprus BIOS 2004 Freediving Open Classic

The arrival of the monofin in the early 1970s led to the breaking of all finswimming world records by the end of the decade due to the improved performance possible when used instead of two ordinary swimfins.[1]

Use

To differentiate between the use of monofins and conventional fins, the latter are sometimes referred to as stereo fins or bi-fins.

The monofin swimmer extends arms forward, locking hands together, locking the head between the biceps. The undulating movement starts in the shoulders, with maximum amplitude towards the hips; the legs almost don't bend to transfer the movement to the monofin. This technique is called the dolphin kick.

By slowly oscillating the surface of the monofin when submerged, divers can generate large amounts of thrust even with small or slow movements. This preserves energy which helps when breathholding (apnea).

History
Monofin made in 1969 by Franco Pavone in Bologna

1949: Kurt Schaefer,[2] who invented an underwater film camera during wartime military service in Italy, designs a pair of homemade swimming fins, which he proceeds to fasten together with straps and cords to create what is probably the world's first monofin.[3][4] The artefact is on display in the Aquazoo-Löbbecke Museum in the German city of Düsseldorf.

1955: On 19 September 1955, Kurt Ristau and Hans Joachim Bergann, who founded the underwater diving equipment manufacturing company Barakuda in the early 1950s in the German city of Hamburg after serving as combat swimmers during World War II, file a patent for a monofin-like device for swimmers incorporating both feet. Although the invention receives German patent 1085798 on 12 January 1961,[5] it never enters the production stage.

1962: On 15 October 1962, James S Christiansen files a patent for a device enabling a pair of swimming fins to be coupled together to reduce fatigue and cramping during prolonged swimming. Although the detachable coupling converting the separate swimming fins into a monofin-like design is granted US patent 3165764A[6] on 19 January 1965, it does not appear to have entered the production stage.

1967: In his review of the range of fins available in France during that year, J. Larue[7] mentions how unnamed experts are experimenting with the use of a single swim fin accommodating both feet of the swimmer, who deploys the butterfly stroke to progress in the water. Although the experiment yields relatively satisfactory results for swimmers, Larue concludes that this fin is unsuitable for divers.

1969: Franco Pavone[8] constructs his "Matrimoniale" monofin in the Italian city of Bologna. After designing a high-speed monofin with a metal-reinforced rubber blade, Boris Porotov[9] (Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic) builds an entire blade out of fibreglass-reinforced plastic.[10][11]

1970: On 10 December 1970, Spanish underwater diving equipment company Nemrod-Metzeler[12] patents a monofin-like device for swimmers incorporating both feet, but it never enters production.

1971: Nadejda Turukalo (URSS) arrives at European Finswimming Championship (1970, Barcelona, Spain) with a monofin constructed from two titanium branches, joined together by a "sail"[13]. She beats all comers. Monofins have been used ever since for finswimming competitions, allowing monofin swimmers to reach speeds of 12 km/h.[14] Traditional monofin 50 m apnea world record is as fast as 13 km/h.

Construction
Monofin
All-rubber monofin for pool workouts with other swimmers present and for younger swimmers with growing feet

Monofins can be made of glass fiber, carbon fiber, or aluminum, and rubber. The diver's muscle power, swimming style, and the type of aquatic activity the monofin is used for determine the choice of size, stiffness, and materials.

Most monofins consist of a single, wide, glass or carbon fiber reinforced composite blade with graded flexibility, attached to the diver by two rubber foot pockets. The leading edge may be thickened and faired. The blade flexibility is generally controlled by tapering the amount of fibre and thickness of the blade to make the trailing edge thinner and more flexible.

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See also

References
  1. "Finswimming". Official site dedicated to Luigi Ferraro. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  2. International Scuba Diver Hall of Fame: Kurt Schaefer (Austria). Retrieved on 5 February 2019.
  3. Kurt Schaefer (2015) "Kurt Schaefer - meine Geschichte", Tauchhistorie 2015:03, pp. 59-63. Retrieved on 5 February 2019.
  4. Rossella Paternò (2018) "Kurt Schaefer, un grande pioniere della fotografia subacquea", HDS Notizie N. 64: March 2018, pp. 9-20. Retrieved on 11 November 2019.
  5. Johannes Kreutzmann, Dr Kurt Ristau and Hans Joachim Bergann (1961) Gleichzeitig von beiden Füßen eines Schwimmenden zu betätigender Schwimmhilfskörper. German Patent Office. Retrieved on 5 February 2019.
  6. James S Christiansen (1965) Detachable coupling for swimming fin United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved on 5 February 2019.
  7. J. Larue (1967) "PALMORAMA", plongées No. 34. Retrieved on 15 August 2020.
  8. "Franco Pavone, il gamma". Apnea Magazine. 16 March 2006. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  9. International Scuba Diver Hall of Fame: Boris Poratov (Kazakhstan, USSR). Retrieved on 5 February 2019.
  10. Tomsk State University: История ластов. Retrieved on 5 February 2019.
  11. Boris Poratov (1971) "Освоение нового стиля плавания", Спортсмен-подводник 1971:28, pp. 8-12. Retrieved on 15 April 2019.
  12. Nemrod-Metzeler: Nueva aleta común para la natación. Retrieved on 5 February 2019.
  13. http://finswimmingarchive.blogspot.com/p/competitive-finswimming-made-its.html
  14. "Dolphin-Inspired Man-Made Fin Works Swimmingly". Scientific American. Retrieved 17 Sep 2016.
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