Glass milk bottle

Glass milk bottles are glass bottles used for milk and are generally reusable and returnable. Milk bottles are used mainly for doorstep delivery of fresh milk by milkmen: retail store sale is available in some regions (with bottle deposit). After customers have finished the milk they are expected to rinse the empty bottles and leave it on the doorstep for collection, or return it to the retail store. The standard size of a bottle varies with location, common sizes are pint, quart, Litre, etc.

Pint and gallon returnable glass bottles

Examples of milk bottles from the late 19th century made by the Warren Glass Works Company

More recently, plastic bottles have been commonly used for milk. These are often made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), are used only once, and are easily recyclable.[1] Other Plastic milk containers are also in use.

History

A modern British milk bottle owned by Dairy Crest.

Seven modern Dairy Crest milk bottles.

Before the emergence of milk bottles, milkmen would fill the customers' jugs. For many collectors, milk bottles carry a nostalgic quality of a bygone age. The most prized milk bottles are embossed or pyroglazed (painted) with names of dairies on them, which were used for home delivery of milk so that the milk bottles could find their way back to their respective dairies.

It is not clear when the first milk bottles came into use. However, the New York Dairy Company is credited with having the first factory that produced milk bottles, and one of the first patents for a milk container was held by the Lester Milk Jar.[2] There are many other similar milk containers from around this period, including the Mackworh Pure Jersey Cream crockery type jar, the Manorfield Stock Farm, the Manor, the Pa glass wide mouth jar, and the Tuthill's Dairy Unionville, NY.

Lewis P. Whiteman held the first patent for a glass milk bottle with a small glass lid and a tin clip.[3] Following this, the next earliest patent is for a milk bottle with a dome-type tin cap and was granted in September 23, 1884 to Whiteman's brother, Abram V. Whiteman.[4] The Whiteman brothers produced milk bottles based on these specifications at the Warren Glass Works Company in Cumberland, Maryland and sold them through their New York sales office.

The Original Thatcher is one of the most desirable milk bottles for collectors. The patent for the glass dome lid is dated April 27, 1886. There are several variations of this early milk bottle and many reproductions. During this time period, many types of bottles were being used to hold and distribute milk. These include a pop bottle type with a wire clamp, used by the Chicago Sterilized Milk Company, Sweet Clover, and others. Fruit jars were also used, but only the Cohansey Glass Manufacturing plant made them with dairy names embossed on them.

The Commonsense Milk Bottle with the first cap seat was developed as an economical means for sealing a reusable milk bottle by the Thatcher Manufacturing Company around 1900. Most bottles produced after this time have a cap seat.

By the 1920s, glass milk bottles had become the norm in the UK after slowly being introduced from the US before World War I.[5]

Milk bottles before the 1930s were round in shape. In 1935 slender-neck bottles were introduced in the UK.[5] In the 1940s, a square squat bottle became the more popular style. Milk bottles since the 1930s have used pyroglaze or ACL (Applied Color Label) to identify the bottles. Before the 1930s, names were embossed on milk bottles using a slug plate. The name was impressed on the slug plate, then the plate was inserted into the mold used to make the bottle – the result was the embossed name on the bottle. In 1980 a new bottle, nicknamed "dumpy," was introduced in the UK where it remains the standard now.[5]

From the 1960s onward in the United States, with improvements in shipping and storage materials, glass bottles have almost completely been replaced with either LDPE coated paper cartons or recyclable HDPE plastic containers (such as square milk jugs), depending on the brand. These paper and plastic containers are lighter, cheaper and safer to both manufacture and ship to consumers.[6]

In 1975, 94% of milk in the UK was in glass bottles, but as of 2012 this number was down to 4%.[5]

There are growing concerns among some Americans as to the quality and safety of industrialized milk, and the local non-homogenized milk industry has seen a popular resurgence in certain markets in the US in the last decade or so. Because of this, the use of glass bottles in local or regional, non-industrial milk distribution has become an increasingly common sight.[7]

Chronology

• 1880 – British milk bottles were first produced by the Express Dairy Company, these were delivered by horse-drawn carts. The first bottles used a porcelain stopper top held on by wire. Lewis Whiteman patents the glass milk bottle with a glass lid.
• 1884 – Dr. Thatcher invents the glass milk container in New York. These were initially sealed with wooden plugs, which proved unsuccessful, and were soon replaced by glass stoppers.[8]
• 1894 – Anthony Hailwood developed the milk pasteurisation process to create sterilized milk, which could be safely stored for longer periods.
• 1920 – Advertisements began to appear on milk bottles. A sand-blasting technique was used to etch them on the glass.
• 1930s – Increased prevalence of battery electric vehicles as milk floats[9]
• mid 1950s – Paperboard tops were deemed unhygienic and banned in some locations. Delivery by horse-drawn carts was still common.
• early 1990s – The advertising largely disappeared with the introduction of infrared bottle scanners designed to check cleanliness.

Present day

In some locations around the world, different colored tops on milk bottles indicate the fat content. Unpasteurized is often green-topped. However other colour designations may be used by some dairies. Bottles may also be marked, stamped or embossed with the name of the dairy.

In the United Kingdom, the aluminium foil tops on glass milk bottles are normally coloured:

Colour	Meaning
Gold	Channel Island milk[10]
Silver	Whole milk (unhomogenized)[10]
Red	Homogenized whole milk[10]
Red & Silver stripe	Semi-skimmed milk
Dark Blue & Silver stripe	Skimmed milk
Orange	1% Fat milk

Historically, other colors such as Pink for Ultra-High Treated milk, were also used.[10] Blue was previously used for so termed, 'sterilized' milk.[10]

Modern dairies may also use refillable plastic bottles, as well as plastic bottle tops. The colour coding for plastic milk bottle tops can be different from that of glass bottles. In the United Kingdom, the plastic tops on plastic milk bottles are normally coloured:

Colour	Meaning
Gold	Channel Island milk
Blue	Homogenized whole milk
Green	Semi-skimmed milk
Red	Skimmed milk
Orange	1% Fat milk

In the United Kingdom, milk sold to the door is mainly measured in Imperial pints (but labelled 568ml), because the glass bottles are 'returnable', which means they were excluded from metrication. However, sterilized milk sold to the door is in 500ml glass bottles (and is 'non-returnable' and has colour coded lids that match the colour codes normally seen on plastic bottles). Often, in supermarkets they are sold in pints but labelled with their metric equivalent (568ml). Quantities larger than a pint are generally sold in metric units or multiples of a pint.

With lower milk consumption, milk in Hong Kong is sold in both glass and plastic bottles as well as in cartons. The glass milk bottles are sold in supermarkets, convenience stores and in small restaurants. The glass milk bottle carries a deposit of 1 Hong Kong dollar. More commonly available in the market in glass milk bottles are Kowloon Dairy and Trappist Dairy with different shaped glass milk bottles with both in school bottle size.

Orange juice and other fruit juices are also sold in doorstep deliveries in the same style of bottle used for milk. Typically these have an aluminium foil top colour coded to indicate the flavour.

In some countries (e.g. Estonia and some provinces of Canada), it is common to buy milk in a milk bag.

While the proportion of sales in milk bags in the United Kingdom is quite low, semi-skimmed milk is sold in bags by Dairy Crest/Milk and More, and in Sainsbury's supermarket it is available in Whole milk, Semi-skimmed milk and Skimmed milk options. However supermarket availability is limited to larger branches.

School milk bottles

Small third of a pint glass milk bottles were developed in the United Kingdom during the mid 20th century in order to supply milk to children attending primary school. They were the most common form of packaging for school milk in the early 1970s, but have been gradually superseded by third pint cartons and plastic bottles. Leicester, South Tyneside[11], Leeds, and Kirklees[12] were the last local authorities where school milk was supplied in third of a pint glass bottles until the dairies ceased using them in 2007.

Children usually drank their milk using a straw inserted into the bottle rather than poured the milk from the bottle into a cup.

A primary school child drinking milk out of a glass bottle with a straw

See also

• Milk bag
• Packaging
• Reuse of bottles
• Plastic milk container

References

• Poulter, Sean (2001). "A short history of milk bottles". Milk Bottle of the Week. milkbottleoftheweek.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2005. Retrieved August 25, 2005.

1. "2016 United States National Postconsumer Plastic Bottle Recycling Report" (PDF). Association of Plastic Rcyclers. 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
2. U.S. Patent 199837, "Improvement in Milk Jars and Cans", George Henry Lester, issued 29 January 1878.
3. US patent number 225,900, granted March 23, 1880, filed on January 31, 1880
4. US patent number 305,554, filed on January 31, 1880
5. Heyden, Tom (26 September 2014). "Nostalgia for an old-fashioned milk bottle". BBC News. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
6. Marie, Anne. "Is Milk an Acid or a Base?". Inventors.about.com. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
7. "Entertainment | pilotonline.com". Hamptonroads.com. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
8. "Thatcher Milk Bottle". Potsdam Public Museum.
9. "Commercial vehicles: As it was in the beginning". National Transport Museum of Ireland.
10. Sonia Allison (1978). The Dairy Book of Home Cookery (Revised Edition). Milk Marketing Board. p. 6.
11. "Bring back our bottles!". South Tyneside Green Party. 28 November 2007. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008.
12. "Whole lotta bottles better than cartons!". Huddersfield Examiner. 4 June 2007.

External links