Osborne Reef

Osborne Reef is an artificial reef off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, constructed of concrete jacks in a 50-foot (15 m) -diameter circle.

A 2007 underwater photo of the tires constituting Osborne Reef

In the 1970s, the reef was the subject of an ambitious expansion project utilizing over two million old and discarded tires. The project ultimately failed, and the "reef" has come to be considered an environmental disaster—ultimately doing more harm than good in the coastal Florida waters.

In 2007, after several false starts, cleanup efforts began when the United States military took on the project. This cleanup exercise provides the military with a real-world training environment for their diving and recovery personnel, coupled with the benefit of helping the Florida coast without incurring significant costs to the state.

Construction
USS Thrush was on hand for the commencement of the reef.

In 1972, Broward Artificial Reef Inc. (BARINC) proposed the construction of an enlarged artificial reef to Broward County as a way to both dispose of old tires as well as lure more game fish to the area. Similarly designed reefs had already been constructed in the Northeastern United States, the neighboring Gulf of Mexico, Indonesia, Malaysia, Australia, and Africa.[1] Gregory McIntosh, an employee of BARINC, lauded the project to the attendees of a 1974 conference on artificial reefs: "Tires, which were an esthetic pollutant ashore, could be recycled, so to speak, to build a fishing reef at sea."[2]

With endorsement of the project by the US Army Corps of Engineers,[3] the Broward County government approved the project: that spring more than 100 privately owned boats enthusiastically volunteered to assist with the project; accompanied by USS Thrush (MSC-204), thousands of tire bundles were simultaneously dropped onto the reef. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company provided equipment for the auspicious undertaking; even supporting the project so far as to drop a gold-painted tire from a Goodyear Blimp to christen the site.[4] The culmination of the project was the deposit of over two million tires bound with steel clips over 36 acres (150,000 m2) of the ocean floor, approximately 7,000 feet (2,100 m) offshore and at a depth of 65 feet (20 m).[5] Multiple concrete jacks were spread in a circle of 50 feet (15 m) diameter.[6]

Failure
The really good idea was to provide habitat for marine critters so we could double or triple marine life in the area, ... It just didn't work that way. I look back now and see it was a bad idea.

—Ray McAllister, founder of BARINC, in a 2007 interview[1]

You get down about 20 feet and it starts to come into sight, it's actually really-- it's like the moon or something. It's weird, it doesn't look like anything you could imagine, it's just tires for as far as you can see down there.

—Army Diver Jason Jakovenko[7]

Ultimately, little marine life has been successful in latching onto the man-made reef and the majority never even had the opportunity to do so. When deposited, while a few tires were individual loose entities, the majority were bound together with nylon[1] or steel clips (or bands). As there were no exceptional efforts made to ensure the non-corrosivity of the steel restraints, they summarily failed[8]—resulting in the loosing of over two million individual, lightweight tires. This newfound mobility destroyed any marine life that had thus far grown on the tires, and effectively prevented the growth of any new organisms. Furthermore, the tires were now easily subject to the tropical winds and storms that frequent the east coast of Florida and continue to collide (at times with tremendous force) with other natural coral reefs only 70 feet (21 m) away: compounding their uselessness with environmentally damaging side-effects.[1][3]

Lastly, the concern of adjacent coastal areas is that the tires are not remaining within the boundaries of Osborne Reef. In 1995, Hurricane Opal managed to spread over 1,000 tires onto the Florida Panhandle, west of Pensacola; and in 1998, Hurricane Bonnie deposited thousands of the tires onto North Carolina beaches.[2]

This project is not the only one of its nature to fail; Indonesia and Malaysia mounted enormous tire-reef programs in the 1980s and are now seeing the ramifications of the failure of tire reefs, from littered beaches to reef destruction.[1] Jack Sobel, Ocean Conservancy's director of strategic conservation said in a 2002 interview that "I don't know of any cases where there's been a success with tire reefs." That year, The Ocean Conservancy's International Coastal Cleanup removed 11,956 tires from beaches all over the world.[2]

Cleanup

In 2001, Dr. Robin Sherman of Nova Southeastern University was awarded a $30,000 (equivalent to about $43,000 in 2019) grant by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to begin a tire removal program. She was able to coordinate the removal of only 1,600 tires from the reef, and at a cost estimated at $17 (equivalent to $24.55 in 2019) per tire.[9]

In 2002, Florida and Broward County environmental officials began the long and arduous process of setting into motion a plan to remove the tires. An original estimate of between $40 and $100 million led the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) to plan to arrange a deal with those companies whose construction damages the seabed and reefs.[2] Where they would previously mitigate their destructive construction with replacement constructs for reefs, the state would require them to make their amends by removing tires from the Osborne Reef. This plan faced criticism by environmental groups who felt that this would only hasten the destruction of more marine habitats.[2] Florida did not follow through on these plans.

In May 2015, a two-year project to clear 90,000 tires from the site was commenced by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection.[10]

US military involvement
A U.S. Navy Diver attached to Mobile Diving Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2 Det. 6 prepares a lift bag to salvage tires off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Florida

In 2007, Broward County contacted the United States Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs about their Innovative Readiness Training (IRT) program, which looks for civil-military projects that improve military readiness and address the needs of the American public. CWO Donovan Motley said that the cleanup of Osborne Reef easily met those requirements: "This project allows these military divers and Army LCU crew members' real-world training in 'wartime' salvage ops. And perhaps, more importantly, it exercises interoperability with federal, state and county agencies and these skill sets could have the most significance in the aftermath of a Katrina-type natural disaster."[11] Beginning in June 2007, the United States military and Coast Guard began "DiveExEast 07" to ascertain the best and most efficient processes for the cleanup effort. Barring unforeseen operational commitments and engagements, military divers hope to use this project as a training platform for several years and "recover the maximum number of tires possible from day one."[11] Coastal America, an office of the United States federal government was tasked with coordinating the cleanup of the reef; they were instrumental in finalizing the deal wherein the Florida government would allocate $2,000,000 (equivalent to about $2,500,000 in 2019) to cover transport and recycling of the tires. Ken Banks with the Florida DEP estimated the project to take three to five years, and while that timeline won't allow for the removal of all two million tires, it should mitigate the majority of the damage they're causing to the corals and coastline, though Banks predicted it could take decades for the reefs to rebuild.[7]

Summer 2007 saw US Navy, Army, and Coast Guard divers based out of a Coast Guard base in Dania Beach, Florida working to clean the reef. The joint team first worked to remove the tires from where they were doing the most damage, abutting against natural reefs in the area.[7] In 2007, the recovery effort brought approximately 10,000 tires ashore.[12]

In 2008, recovery stopped after 26 days on May 24 after retrieving 43,900 tires. That year, Florida spent approximately $140,000 (equivalent to about $166,000 in 2019) on the cleanup, some of which constituted transport for the tires to a shredding facility in neighboring Georgia whereafter they were burnt as fuel at a paper mill.[12]

The 86th Engineer Dive Team stands together and answers questions about receiving the Coastal America Partnership Award and their mission in the Middle East

Key members of the 2008 cleanup effort were US Army Captain Russell Destremps and his 86th Engineer Dive Team; on August 10, 2009, they were presented with the 2008 Coastal America Partnership Award and a letter from President Obama for their participation in the reef cleanup effort. The award recognizes "outstanding partnerships that make a significant contribution toward the restoration and protection of our Nation's coastal and marine environment" and is the only environmental award of its kind given by the White House.[13] Two days later in Hollywood, California, Coastal America and Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs David L. McGinnis awarded the partner cleanup team from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection the same award.[14] The 86th Engineer Dive Team deployed to the AOR in March 2009 for a one-year stint, and was unable to participate in that year's cleanup term.[13]

I am particularly proud of the many Sailors and Soldiers who have found a way to enhance their training on skills important to our Nation's readiness for war while also making a significant contribution to the health of our living ocean resources, ... Just as you protect our Nation when serving overseas, at home you have found another way to protect our Nation's wellbeing.

— President Barack Obama in his letter to Captain Destremps[13]

In 2009, recovery began on July 24 with thirty Army and Navy divers at Hugh Taylor Birch State Park, where it was thought about 300,000 tires were caught against a natural reef. Loading the caught tires onto the Army craft Brandy Station, the first day's haul brought approximately 1,400 tires ashore.[15] Wrapping up for the year in mid-August, Coastal America's William Nuckols told the Associated Press that cleanup efforts have thus far recovered approximately 73,000 tires from the reef.[16]

gollark: "Better miner" means GPU miner, anyway (most of the time), so you'll get more krist if you switch.
gollark: What about kristforge?
gollark: Try using a better miner.
gollark: Did you mistype the deposit address or something?
gollark: Doesn't matter, GPU beats it.

See also

References
  1. "A 1970s plan for a tire reef off Florida turns into an ecological disaster". International Herald Tribune. Paris, France: The New York Times Company. Associated Press. February 18, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  2. Fleshler, David (July 18, 2003). "States attempt to clean up after failed artificial reef". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, Florida, US: Tribune Company. ISSN 0744-8139. Archived from the original (Reprint) on May 14, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  3. Daniel, Trenton (September 20, 2006). "Artificial reef made of tires becomes ecological disaster". The Miami Herald. Miami, Florida, US: The McClatchy Company. ISSN 0898-865X. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  4. Whoriskey, Peter (October 4, 2006). "Undersea Fla. tire reef out of control". The Detroit News. Detroit, Michigan, US: MediaNews Group. ISSN 1055-2715. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  5. Underwatertimes.com News Service (August 22, 2006). "Two Million Tire Artificial Reef to be Removed Off Florida Coast; Smothering Corals". UnderwaterTimes. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  6. "Artificial Reefs Information". Tallahassee, Florida, USA: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  7. Allen, Greg (July 5, 2007). "Fallout from Bad '70s Idea: Auto Tires in Ocean Reef" (streaming audio). Morning Edition. National Public Radio. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  8. Siegel, Robert (September 20, 2006). "Throwing In the Towel on Florida's Tire Reef" (streaming audio). All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  9. "History and Overview of the Osborne Reef Waste Tire Removal Pilot Project". Florida Department of Environmental Protection. March 2007. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. Associated Press (May 17, 2015). "Divers start 2-year, $1.6M project to remove thousands of tires in failed ocean reef project". Local10.com. WPLG Miami. Retrieved May 18, 2015.
  11. Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class (SW) Phil Beaufort (June 13, 2007). "MDSU 2, DOD Divers Train to Improve Environment". Navy NewsStand. United States Navy. Archived from the original on July 6, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
  12. Skoloff, Brian (May 30, 2008). "Efforts to remove artificial tire reef ends for season". The Florida Times-Union. Jacksonville, Florida, US: Morris Communications. Associated Press. ISSN 0740-2325. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  13. SPC Torbush, Alicia (August 13, 2009). "86th Engineer Dive Team commander receives Coastal America Partnership Award". Camp Patriot, Kuwait: ARCENT. 20th Public Affairs Detachment. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
  14. "Florida Artificial Tire Reef Cleanup Team receives Coastal America Award and recognition from President Obama". Pine Island Eagle. August 13, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2009.
  15. Fleshler, David (July 24, 2009). "Divers salvage tires in failed artificial reef". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, Florida, US: Tribune Company. ISSN 0744-8139. Archived from the original on August 28, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
  16. Peppard, Jim (August 21, 2009). "Florida tire reef removal ends for the year". St. Petersburg, Florida, US: WTSP. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
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