Austronesian–Ongan languages

Austronesian–Ongan is a proposed connection between the Ongan and Austronesian language families, proposed by Juliette Blevins (2007). Ongan is a small family of two attested languages in the Andaman Islands, while Austronesian is one of the largest language families in the world, with a thousand languages spread across the Pacific. The proposed connection has been criticized and rejected by other linguists.[1]

Austronesian–Ongan
(disputed)
Geographic
distribution		Southeast Asia, the Pacific and Madagascar
Linguistic classificationProposed language family
Subdivisions
GlottologNone


Sound correspondences

Blevins (2007) proposes the following sound correspondences:

Consonants
Proto-Austronesian (PAN) *p*t*k*q*ku*qu*ʔ*b*d*g*s, *S*c, *C*z*j*h*m*n*ny*ŋ*N*l*r*R*w
Proto-Ongan (PO) *p*t*k*kw*ʔ*b*d*j, *g*c*j, *y*h, *y, *∅*m*n*ny*ŋ*l, *y*l*r*l, *r*w

There is neutralization and sometimes loss of final nasals in Proto-Ongan, with final **n merged into Proto-Ongan *ŋ, and final **m and **ny partially merged into *ŋ. (The latter merger, and loss, may post-date Proto-Ongan.) Final (oral) stops are lost in multisyllabic words (unstressed syllables?) in Proto-Ongan.

Initial **b drops from Proto-Ongan before **u and perhaps before **i.

**qw and **kw become *kw in Proto-Ongan, and *q/k or *w in Proto-AN.

Proto-Ongan and Proto-AN share a typologically odd restriction against root-initial *m-.

Vowel-initial words in Proto-Ongan correspond to *q in Proto-AN; because the Austronesian forms often include doublets, Blevins believes this is due to epenthesis in Proto-AN.

Vowels in open, non-final syllables
Proto-Austronesian (PAN) *i*u*a*ə*ay#
Proto-Ongan (PO) *i*u, *o*a, *e*e*e#

Final **ay has become *e in Proto-Ongan. *e also derives from **a before palatals, word-finally, and when unstressed.

Proto-Ongan *o typically derives from **u in a checked syllable, or from assimilation as in **wa.

Proto-Ongan *ə is thought to have been an allophone of *e, found before coda nasals except after palatals.

Grammatical correspondences

Most derivational morphology and grammatical words are so short that the several resemblances between Proto-Ongan and Proto-AN may be chance. However, Ongan morphology does appear to explain an odd situation in Austronesian.

Proto-Austronesian has a limited set of reconstructed vowel-initial roots, all of which are kin terms, body parts, or other readily possessed nouns. Ongan languages have inalienable possession, and inalienably possessed nouns are all vowel initial. Elsewhere, vowel-initial roots in Proto-Ongan correspond to initial *q- in Proto-Austronesian. The complete list of vowel-initial Proto-AN roots reconstructed by Blust is as follows:

Kin
*aki grandfather; *ama father, paternal uncle; *aNak child; *apu grandparent/grandchild; *aya paternal aunt; *ina mother, maternal aunt
Body
*ujung/ijung nose; *ikuR tail; *iSeq urine; *uRat vein, sinew; *utaq vomit
Other
*asu/wasu dog; *aCab cover; *ian home; *uNay splinter

These are all the kinds of words expected in inalienable-possession systems.[2] Blevins suggests that inalienable possession was lost from Proto-Austronesian, presumably after epenthetic *q- was added to vowel-initial words. There are many Proto-AN doublets like *wasu, *asu 'dog'; initial *w- has also been lost from *w-anaN 'right side' and *w-iRi 'left side' in Pazeh and other languages, from what Blust describes as "some now-obscured morphological process".[3] Blevins suggests that in all three cases, the Proto-Austronesian *w- reflects the Proto-Ongan possessive prefix *gw- 'his, her', which remained as a fossil in some daughter languages. Thus proto-Austronesian–Ongan may explain some of the odd patterns found in proto-Austronesian.

Criticism

The connection between Austronesian and Ongan has not been supported by Austronesianists. Robert Blust (2014) finds that Blevins' conclusions are not supported by her data: Of her first 25 reconstructions, none are reproducible using the comparative method, and Blust concludes that the grammatical comparison does not hold up. Blust also cites non-linguistic (such as cultural, archaeological, and biological) evidence against Blevins' hypothesis.[4]

gollark: This is Haskell. I am assigning to variables.
gollark: Ah.
gollark: Good idea. Maybe somewhere cheaper.
gollark: Have you tried not living there?
gollark: ```haskelldoThing :: Expr -> (M.Map Int IVal, Int)doThing expr = evalState (go expr) 0 where go :: Expr -> State Int (M.Map Int IVal, Int) go (Int x) = do vcount <- update (+1) pure (M.singleton vcount (Lit x), vcount) go (Op o a b) = do (m1, c1) <- go a (m2, c2) <- go b let prev = M.union m1 m2 nxt <- update (+1) pure (M.insert nxt (ROp o c1 c2) prev, nxt)```NONE are safe from my Haskell code.

References
  1. Robert Blust (2014) "Some Recent Proposals Concerning the Classification of the Austronesian Languages", Oceanic Linguistics 53:2:300–391.
    • aCab 'cover' may be cognate with Proto-Ongan *otab 'head',
  3. Blevins, p 183
  4. Robert Blust (2014) "Some Recent Proposals Concerning the Classification of the Austronesian Languages", Oceanic Linguistics 53:2:300–391.
  • Blevins, Juliette (2007), "A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands" (PDF), Oceanic Linguistics, 46 (1): 154–198, doi:10.1353/ol.2007.0015, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-11 (available here)
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