2020 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2020.

List of years in paleontology (table)
In archosaur paleontology
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
In mammal paleontology
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
In reptile paleontology
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
List of years in paleontology (table)
In paleoichthyology
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
In arthropod paleontology
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
In insect paleontology
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
List of years in paleontology (table)
In paleomalacology
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
In paleobotany
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023

Plants
Main article: 2020 in paleobotany

Sponges
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Type locality Country Notes Images
Endostoma stellata[2] Sp. nov Valid Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian) Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation  Iran A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.

Eoghanospongia[3]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Botting et al.

Silurian (Telychian)

 United Kingdom

A hexactinellid sponge. Genus includes new species E. carlinslowpensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Eudea maxima[2] Sp. nov Valid Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian) Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation  Iran A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Iniquispongia[2] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian) Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation  Iran A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae. The type species is I. iranica.
Polyendostoma? irregularis[2] Sp. nov Valid Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian) Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation  Iran A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Polyendostoma? regularis[2] Sp. nov Valid Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian) Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation  Iran A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Preperonidella tabasensis[2] Sp. nov Valid Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian) Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation  Iran A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Seriespongia[2] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Esfandiar Limestone Formation  Iran A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae. The type species is S. iranica.

Shouzhispongia[4]

Gen. et 2 sp. nov

In press

Botting et al.

Ordovician (Hirnantian)

 China

A rossellid sponge. Genus includes S. coronata and S. prodigia.

Spongia mantelli[5]

Nom. nov

Valid

Van Soest, Hooper & Butler

Cretaceous

 United Kingdom

A replacement name for Spongia ramosa Mantell (1822).

Cnidarians
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Actinoseris riyadhensis[6] Sp. nov Valid Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Aruma  Saudi Arabia A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Asteroseris arabica[6] Sp. nov Valid Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Aruma  Saudi Arabia A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Bowanophyllum ramosum[7] Sp. nov Valid Wang, Percival & Zhen Ordovician (Katian) Malachis Hill  Australia A rugose coral.
Cunnolites (Plesiocunnolites) riyadhensis[6] Sp. nov Valid Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Aruma  Saudi Arabia A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Galliconularia[8] Gen. et comb. nov Valid Van Iten & Lefebvre Ordovician (Tremadocian) Saint-Chinian  France A member of Conulariida. The type species is "Conularia" azaisi Thoral (1935).
Hanagyroia[9] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Wang et al. Early Cambrian Kuanchuanpu  China A medusozoan of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly representing an intermediate morphological type between scyphozoans and cubozoans. Genus includes new species H. orientalis.
Hemiagetiolites longiseptatus[7] Sp. nov Valid Wang, Percival & Zhen Ordovician (Katian) Malachis Hill  Australia A tabulate coral.
Heteroamphiastrea[10] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Kołodziej Early Cretaceous (Aptian)  Tanzania A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Heterocoenioidea and the family Carolastraeidae. Genus includes new species H. loeseri.
Heterostrotion huaqiaoense[11] Sp. nov Valid Denayer et al. Early Carboniferous  China A rugose coral
Neosyringaxon michelini[12] Sp. nov Valid Weyer & Rohart Devonian (Frasnian)  France A rugose coral belonging to the family Petraiidae
Paramixogonaria wangyouensis[13] Sp. nov Valid Liao & Liang Devonian (Givetian) Wenglai  China A rugose coral.
Sanidophyllum dubium[14] Sp. nov In press Yu et al. Devonian (Emsian) Mia Le  Vietnam A rugose coral.
Siphonophyllia khenifrense[15] Sp. nov Rodríguez, Said & Somerville in Rodríguez et al. Carboniferous (Viséan) Azrou-Khenifra  Morocco A rugose coral belonging to the family Cyathopsidae
Stylostrotion houi[11] Sp. nov Valid Denayer et al. Carboniferous (Viséan)  China A rugose coral

Arthropods
Main articles: 2020 in arthropod paleontology and 2020 in insect paleontology

Bryozoans
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Anastomopora blankenheimensis[16] Sp. nov Valid Ernst Devonian  Germany
Anastomopora minor[16] Sp. nov Valid Ernst Devonian  Germany
Anomalotoechus parvus[17] Sp. nov Valid Ernst, Bahrami & Parast Devonian (Famennian) Bahram  Iran A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Atactotoechidae.

Biforicula collinsi[18]

Sp. nov

Valid

Taylor

Early Cretaceous (Albian)

Gault

 United Kingdom
Cheethamia volgaensis[19] Sp. nov In press Koromyslova & Seltser Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)  Russia
( Saratov Oblast)		 A member of Cheilostomata
Dyscritella kalmardensis[20] Sp. nov In press Ernst & Gorgij Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Siliciclastic Imagh  Iran A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Dyscritellidae
Dyscritella multiporata[20] Sp. nov In press Ernst & Gorgij Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Siliciclastic Imagh  Iran A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Dyscritellidae
Filites bakharevi[21] Sp. nov Valid Mesentseva in Mesentseva & Udodov Devonian (Emsian)  Russia
Filites fragilis[21] Sp. nov Valid Udodov in Mesentseva & Udodov Devonian (Emsian)  Russia
Filites regularis[21] Sp. nov Valid Mesentseva in Mesentseva & Udodov Devonian (Emsian)  Russia
Filites vulgaris[21] Sp. nov Valid Udodov in Mesentseva & Udodov Devonian (Emsian)  Russia
Microporella tanyae[22] Sp. nov Valid Di Martino, Taylor & Gordon Pliocene Yorktown  United States
( Virginia)		 A member of the family Microporellidae.
Parastenodiscus sinaiensis[23] Sp. nov In press Ernst et al. Carboniferous (Mississippian)  Egypt A member of Trepostomata
Rhombopora aryani[20] Sp. nov In press Ernst & Gorgij Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Siliciclastic Imagh  Iran A member of Cryptostomata belonging to the group Rhabdomesina and to the family Rhomboporidae
Zefrehopora[17] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Ernst, Bahrami & Parast Devonian (Famennian) Bahram  Iran A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Eridotrypellidae. The type species is Z. asynithis.

Brachiopods

New taxa
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Askerina[24] Gen. et sp. nov In press Baarli Ordovician (Hirnantian) and Silurian (Aeronian) Solvik  Norway A member of the family Atrypidae. The type species is A. cymbula.
Beaussetithyris[25] Gen. et sp. nov Gaspard & Charbonnier Late Cretaceous (Santonian)  France A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae. The type species is B. asymmetrica.
Biconvexiella saopauloensis[26] Sp. nov In press Simões et al. Late Paleozoic Taciba  Brazil
Brevilamnulella minuta[27] Sp. nov Valid Jin & Blodgett Late Ordovician  United States
( Alaska)
Chilcatreta lariojana[28] Sp. nov Valid Lavié & Benedetto Ordovician Suri  Argentina A siphonotretid brachiopod. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Chinellirostra[29] Gen. et sp. nov In press Baranov, Qiao & Blodgett Devonian (Givetian)  China A member of the family Stringocephalidae. Genus includes new species C. rara.
Contortithyris[25] Gen. et sp. nov Gaspard & Charbonnier Late Cretaceous (Santonian) Micraster  France A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae. The type species is C. thermae.
Cyclothyris cardiatelia[30] Sp. nov In press Berrocal-Casero, Barroso-Barcenilla & Joral Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)  Spain A member of Rhynchonellida
Cyclothyris grimargina[25] Sp. nov Gaspard & Charbonnier Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Micraster  France A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae
Cyclothyris nekvasilovae[31] Sp. nov Valid Berrocal-Casero, Joral & Barroso-Barcenilla Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)  Czech Republic A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae
Cyclothyris segurai[30] Sp. nov In press Berrocal-Casero, Barroso-Barcenilla & Joral Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)  Spain A member of Rhynchonellida
Dihelictera askeriensis[24] Sp. nov In press Baarli Ordovician (Hirnantian) and Silurian (Aeronian) Solvik  Norway A member of the family Atrypidae
Dogdoa talyndzhensis[32] Sp. nov Valid Baranov Early Devonian  Russia A member of Rhynchonellida.
Elliptoglossa kononovae[33] Sp. nov Valid Smirnova & Zhegallo Devonian (Famennian)  Russia A member of Lingulida.
Famatinobolus[28] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Lavié & Benedetto Ordovician Suri  Argentina An obolid brachiopod. Genus includes new species F. cancellatum. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Germanoplatidia[34] Gen. et comb. nov Valid Dulai & Von der Hocht Oligocene (Chattian)  Germany A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Platidiidae; a new genus for "Terebratula" pusilla Philippi (1843).
Jordanithyris[35] Gen. et sp. nov In press Feldman et al. Middle Jurassic (Bathonian and Callovian) Hamam

Mughanniyya

  Jordan A member of Terebratulida. Genus includes new species J. ardainensis.
Joviatrypa nakremi[24] Sp. nov In press Baarli Silurian (Aeronian) Solvik  Norway A member of the family Atrypidae
Kirkidium canberrense[36] Sp. nov Valid Strusz Silurian (Wenlock) Canberra  Australia A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Pentameridae.
Kutchithyris simoni[37] Sp. nov In press Feldman et al. Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Mughanniyya  Jordan
Lambdarina winklerprinsi[38] Sp. nov Valid Voldman et al. Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) San Emiliano  Spain
Lingulellotreta yuanshanensis[39] Sp. nov Valid Zhang et al. Cambrian  China
Linnaeocaninella[40] Nom. nov Valid Hernández Middle Permian Lengwu  China A replacement name for Caninella Liang (1990)
Lithobolus limbatum[28] Sp. nov Valid Lavié & Benedetto Ordovician Suri  Argentina An obolid brachiopod. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Mishninia[32] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Baranov Early Devonian  Russia The type species is M. nodosa
Neobolus wulongqingensis[41] Sp. nov Valid Zhang, Strotz, Topper & Brock in Zhang et al. Cambrian Stage 4 Wulongqing  China A member of Lingulida belonging to the family Neobolidae. Many specimens had tubeworm-like kleptoparasites attached to their shells.
Neochonetes (Sommeriella) longa[42] Sp. nov Valid Wu et al. Permian (Changhsingian) Luokeng  China
Neochonetes (Sommeriella) transversa [42] Sp. nov Valid Wu et al. Permian (Changhsingian) Luokeng  China
Nottina[24] Gen. et sp. nov In press Baarli Silurian (Rhuddanian and Aeronian) Solvik  Norway A member of the family Atrypidae. The type species is N. phalerata.
Palaeotreta[43] Gen. et sp. et comb. nov Valid Zhang et al. Cambrian Series 2 Shuijingtuo  China A member of the family Acrotretidae. The type species is P. shannanensis; genus also includes "Eohadrotreta" zhujiahensis Li & Holmer (2004).
Paramickwitzia[44] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Pan et al. Cambrian Series 2 Xinji  China A stem-brachiopod belonging to the group Mickwitziidae. Genus includes new species P. boreussinaensis.
Plicarmus[45] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Claybourn et al. Cambrian Stage 4 Byrd Group Antarctica A member of Lingulata. Genus includes new species P. wildi.
Rhipidium oepiki[36] Sp. nov Valid Strusz Silurian (Wenlock) Canberra  Australia A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Pentameridae.
Schachriomonia spiraensis[24] Sp. nov In press Baarli Ordovician-Silurian Solvik  Norway A member of the family Atrypidae
Sifella[24] Gen. et sp. nov In press Baarli Silurian (Aeronian) Solvik  Norway A member of the family Atrypidae. The type species is S. patera
Stringocephalus sinensis[29] Sp. nov In press Baranov, Qiao & Blodgett Devonian (Givetian)  China A member of the family Stringocephalidae.
Tapuritreta gribovensis[46] Sp. nov Valid Holmer et al. Cambrian (Guzhangian) Karpinsk Formation  Russia
( Arkhangelsk Oblast)		 A member of the family Acrotretidae.
Tcherskidium tenuicostatus[27] Sp. nov Valid Jin & Blodgett Late Ordovician  United States
( Alaska)
Trigonithyris wilsoni[37] Sp. nov In press Feldman et al. Middle Jurassic (Callovian) Mughanniyya  Jordan
Vagrania naanchanensis[32] Sp. nov Valid Baranov Early Devonian  Russia A member of Atrypida.
Verchojania abramovi[47] Sp. nov Valid Makoshin Late Carboniferous  Russia A member of Productida
Wahwahlingula? pankovensis[46] Sp. nov Valid Holmer et al. Cambrian (Guzhangian) Karpinsk Formation  Russia
( Arkhangelsk Oblast)		 A member of Linguloidea belonging to the family Zhanatellidae.
Woodwardirhynchia pontemdiaboli[30] Sp. nov In press Berrocal Casero, Barroso Barcenilla & Joral Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)  Spain A member of Rhynchonellida
Yangirostra[29] Gen. et sp. nov In press Baranov, Qiao & Blodgett Devonian (Givetian)  China A member of the family Stringocephalidae. Genus includes new species Y. asiatica.
Zygospiraella nupera[24] Sp. nov In press Baarli Silurian (Aeronian) Solvik  Norway A member of the family Atrypidae

Molluscs
Main article: 2020 in paleomalacology

Echinoderms

New taxa
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Abertella carlsoni[48] Sp. nov Valid Osborn, Portell & Mooi Miocene  United States
( Florida)		 A sea urchin.
Abludoglyptocrinus steinheimerae[49] Sp. nov Valid Cole et al. Ordovician (Katian) Brechin Lagerstätte
Bobcaygeon & Verulam		  Canada
( Ontario)		 A monobathrid crinoid.
Aerliceaster[50] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Blake, Gahn & Guensburg Ordovician (Floian) Garden City  United States
( Idaho)		 A starfish. Genus includes new species A. nexosus.
Alkaidia megaungula[51] Sp. nov Valid Ewin & Gale Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Taba  Morocco A starfish belonging to the family Terminasteridae.
Arceoaster[52] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Blake & Sprinkle Silurian Hunton Group  United States
( Oklahoma)		 A starfish belonging to the family Hudsonasteridae. Genus includes new species A. hintei.
Brissopsis hoffmani[48] Sp. nov Valid Osborn, Portell & Mooi Miocene  United States
( Florida)		 A sea urchin.
Calclyra bifida[53] Sp. nov Valid Pabst & Herbig Carboniferous (Serpukhovian) Genicera  Spain A brittle star belonging to the group Oegophiurida and the family Calclyridae.
Clypeaster petersonorum[48] Sp. nov Valid Osborn, Portell & Mooi Miocene  United States
( Florida)		 A species of Clypeaster.
Comptonia bretoni[54] Sp. nov In press Gale Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Atherfield  United Kingdom A starfish
Coulonia caseyi[54] Sp. nov In press Gale Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Atherfield  United Kingdom An astropectinid starfish
Cyclogrupera[55] Gen. et sp. nov Torres-Martínez, Villanueva-Olea & Sour-Tovar Permian (Asselian‒Sakmarian) Grupera  Mexico A crinoid belonging to the family Cyclomischidae. The type species is C. minor.
Discocrinus africanus[56] Sp. nov In press Gale Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Aït Lamine  Morocco A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae.
Drepanocrinus wardorum[56] Sp. nov In press Gale Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)

 Morocco
 Tunisia

 A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Durhamicystis[57] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Zamora, Sprinkle & Sumrall Ordovician (Sandbian) Chambersburg  United States
( Maryland)		 A member of Eocrinoidea belonging to the family Rhipidocystidae. The type species is D. americana.
Echinosphaerites dianae[58] Sp. nov In press Zamora et al. Late Ordovician  Morocco A rhombiferan blastozoan
Euglyphocrinus cristagalli[56] Sp. nov In press Gale Early Cretaceous (Albian)

 Morocco
 United States
( Texas)

 A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euglyphocrinus jacobsae[56] Sp. nov In press Gale Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)

 Morocco
 Tunisia

 A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euglyphocrinus truncatus[56] Sp. nov In press Gale Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)

 Morocco
 Tunisia

 A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euglyphocrinus worthensis[56] Sp. nov In press Gale Early Cretaceous (Albian)

 Morocco
 United States
( Texas)

 A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euptychocrinus? atelis[59] Sp. nov In press Botting Late Ordovician  Morocco A camerate crinoid
Euptychocrinus longipinnulus[60] Sp. nov Valid Fearnhead et al. Silurian (Telychian) Pysgotwr Grits  United Kingdom A camerate crinoid
Fenestracrinus[56] Gen. et sp. nov In press Gale Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Aït Lamine  Morocco A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is F. oculifer.
Fernandezaster whisleri[48] Sp. nov Valid Osborn, Portell & Mooi Pliocene  United States
( Florida)		 A sea urchin.
Floricyclocion[55] Gen. et sp. nov Torres-Martínez, Villanueva-Olea & Sour-Tovar Permian (Asselian‒Sakmarian) Grupera  Mexico A crinoid belonging to the family Floricyclidae. The type species is F. heteromorpha.
Gagaria hunterae[48] Sp. nov Valid Osborn, Portell & Mooi Miocene  United States
( Florida)		 A sea urchin.
Genocidaris oyeni[48] Sp. nov Valid Osborn, Portell & Mooi Pliocene  United States
( Florida)		 A sea urchin.
Heterobrissus lubellii[61] Sp. nov Valid Borghi & Stara Late Oligocene-early Miocene  Italy A heart urchin.
Holocrinus qingyanensis[62] Sp. nov In press Stiller Middle Triassic (Anisian)  China A crinoid belonging to the family Holocrinidae
Homocystites adidiensis[58] Sp. nov In press Zamora et al. Late Ordovician  Morocco A rhombiferan blastozoan
Iocrinus ouzammoui[59] Sp. nov In press Botting Late Ordovician  Morocco A crinoid belonging to the group Disparida
Isocrinus (Chladocrinus) covuncoensis[63] Sp. nov Valid Lazo et al. Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) Agrio  Argentina A crinoid.
Isocrinus (Chladocrinus) pehuenchensis[63] Sp. nov Valid Lazo et al. Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian) Agrio  Argentina A crinoid.
Isthloucrinus[59] Gen. et sp. nov In press Botting Late Ordovician  Morocco A crinoid belonging to the group Cladida. Genus includes new species I. praecursor.
Kolataster[50] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Blake, Gahn & Guensburg Ordovician (Sandian) Mifflin  United States
( Illinois)		 A starfish. Genus includes new species K. perplexus.
Lebenharticrinus quinvigintensis[56] Sp. nov In press Gale Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Aït Lamine  Morocco A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Lebenharticrinus zitti[56] Sp. nov In press Gale Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Aït Lamine  Morocco A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Linguaserra heidii[53] Sp. nov Valid Pabst & Herbig Carboniferous (Tournaisian to Serpukhovian) Genicera
Heiligenhaus		  Germany
 Spain		 A member of Ophiocistioidea belonging to the family Linguaserridae.
Lovenia kerneri[48] Sp. nov Valid Osborn, Portell & Mooi Pliocene  United States
( Florida)		 A species of Lovenia.
Magnasterella[64] Gen. et comb. nov In press Fraga & Vega Devonian (Frasnian) Ponta Grossa  Brazil A starfish belonging to the group Euaxosida; a new genus for "Echinasterella" darwini Clarke (1913).
Marginix notatus[64] Sp. nov In press Fraga & Vega Devonian (Frasnian) Ponta Grossa  Brazil A brittle star
Odontaster tabaensis[51] Sp. nov Valid Ewin & Gale Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Taba  Morocco A starfish, a species of Odontaster.
Ophiacantha oceani[65] Sp. nov Valid Numberger-Thuy & Thuy Pliocene to Pleistocene (Piacenzian to Gelasian)  Italy A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae.
Panidiscus[66] Gen. et sp. nov In press Sumrall & Zamora Ordovician (Katian)  Morocco An isorophinid edrioasteroid. Genus includes new species P. tamiformis.
Paragonaster felli[67] Sp. nov Valid Stevens Early Cretaceous  New Zealand A starfish.
Paranaster[64] Gen. et comb. nov In press Fraga & Vega Devonian (Emsian) Ponta Grossa  Brazil A starfish belonging to the group Euaxosida. Genus includes new species P. crucis.
Pararchaeocrinus kiddi[49] Sp. nov Valid Cole et al. Ordovician (Katian) Brechin Lagerstätte
Bobcaygeon & Verulam		  Canada
( Ontario)		 A diplobathrid crinoid.
Peckicrinus[68] Gen. et comb. nov In press Gale in Gale et al. Early Cretaceous (Albian) Duck Creek  United States
( Oklahoma
 Texas)		 A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is "Poecilocrinus" porcatus Peck (1943).
Pegoasterella[69] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Blake & Koniecki Late Ordovician Bromide
Guttenberg		  United States
( Illinois
 Oklahoma)		 A starfish belonging to the family Urasterellidae. Genus includes new species P. pompom.
Periglyptocrinus astricus[49] Sp. nov Valid Cole et al. Ordovician (Katian) Brechin Lagerstätte
Bobcaygeon & Verulam		  Canada
( Ontario)		 A monobathrid crinoid.
Periglyptocrinus kevinbretti[49] Sp. nov Valid Cole et al. Ordovician (Katian) Brechin Lagerstätte
Bobcaygeon & Verulam		  Canada
( Ontario)		 A monobathrid crinoid.
Periglyptocrinus mcdonaldi[49] Sp. nov Valid Cole et al. Ordovician (Katian) Brechin Lagerstätte
Bobcaygeon & Verulam		  Canada
( Ontario)		 A monobathrid crinoid.
Periglyptocrinus silvosus[49] Sp. nov Valid Cole et al. Ordovician (Katian) Brechin Lagerstätte
Bobcaygeon & Verulam		  Canada
( Ontario)		 A monobathrid crinoid.
Plotocrinus molineuxae[68] Sp. nov In press Gale in Gale et al. Early Cretaceous (Albian) Goodland  United States
( Texas)		 A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Plotocrinus rashallae[68] Sp. nov In press Gale in Gale et al. Early Cretaceous (Albian) Goodland  France
 United States
( Texas)		 A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Plotocrinus reidi[68] Sp. nov In press Gale in Gale et al. Early Cretaceous (Albian) Kiamichi  United States
( Texas)		 A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Psammaster[70] Gen. et comb. nov Valid Fau et al. Late Jurassic (Tithonian) Grès des Oies  France A starfish belonging to the group Forcipulatida. The type species is "Ophidiaster" davidsoni de Loriol & Pellat (1874).
Rhyncholampas meansi[48] Sp. nov Valid Osborn, Portell & Mooi Pleistocene  United States
( Florida)		 A sea urchin.
Roveacrinus gladius[56] Sp. nov In press Gale Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)

 Morocco
 Tunisia

 A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Roveacrinus morganae[68] Sp. nov In press Gale in Gale et al. Early Cretaceous (Albian) Pawpaw  United States
( Texas)		 A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Roveacrinus proteus[68] Sp. nov In press Gale in Gale et al. Early Cretaceous (Albian) Pawpaw  United States
( Texas)		 A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Roveacrinus solisoccasum[56] Sp. nov In press Gale Early Cretaceous (Albian)

 Morocco
 United States
( Texas)

 A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Schoenaster carterensis[71] Sp. nov Valid Harris, Ettensohn & Carnahan-Jarvis Carboniferous (Chesterian) Slade  United States
( Kentucky)		 A brittle star
Spinadiscus[66] Gen. et sp. nov In press Sumrall & Zamora Ordovician (Katian)  Morocco A pyrgocystid edrioasteroid. Genus includes new species S. lefebvrei.
Styracocrinus rimafera[56] Sp. nov In press Gale Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)

 Morocco
 Tunisia

 A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Styracocrinus thomasae[68] Sp. nov In press Gale in Gale et al. Early Cretaceous (Albian) Goodland  United States
( Texas)		 A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae.
Superlininicrinus[59] Gen. et sp. nov In press Botting Late Ordovician  Morocco A crinoid belonging to the group Cladida. Genus includes new species S. advorsa.
Tollmannicrinus leidapoensis[62] Sp. nov In press Stiller Middle Triassic (Anisian)  China A crinoid
Vaquerosella perrillatae[72] Sp. nov Valid Martínez Melo & Alvarado Ortega Miocene San Ignacio  Mexico A sand dollar belonging to the family Echinarachniidae

Research
  • A study on morphological diversification of echinoderms and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the establishment of echinoderm body plans during the early Paleozoic is published by Deline et al. (2020).[73]
  • A study on the locomotion of cornute stylophorans, based on data from a specimen of Phyllocystis crassimarginata from the Ordovician (Tremadocian) Saint-Chinian Formation (France), is published by Clark et al. (2020).[74]
  • A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Hexedriocystis is published by Zamora & Sumrall (2020), who consider this taxon to be a blastozoan.[75]
  • A study on the speciation and dispersal of the diploporan blastozoans through the Ordovician period is published by Lam, Sheffield & Matzke (2020).[76]
  • A study on the evolutionary history of eublastoid blastozoans is published by Bauer (2020).[77]

Conodonts

New taxa
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Ancyrognathus minjini[78] Sp. nov Valid Suttner et al. Late Devonian Baruunhuurai  Mongolia Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Baltoniodus norrlandicus denticulatus[79] Subsp. nov Valid Dzik Ordovician (Darriwilian)  Poland Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Belodina watsoni[80] Sp. nov In press Zhen Ordovician (Darriwilian)  Australia
Bipennatus hemilevigatus[81] Sp. nov In press Lu & Königshof Devonian (Eifelian) Beiliu  China
Bipennatus planus[81] Sp. nov In press Lu & Königshof Devonian (Eifelian) Beiliu  China
Diplognathodus benderi[82] Sp. nov Valid Hu et al. Carboniferous (Bashkirian–Moscovian boundary)  China
Erraticodon neopatu[83] Sp. nov In press Zhen in Zhen et al. Ordovician Willara  Australia
Idiognathodus fengtingensis[84] Sp. nov Valid Qi et al. Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)  China
Idiognathodus luodianensis[84] Sp. nov Valid Qi et al. Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)  China
Idiognathodus naqingensis[84] Sp. nov Valid Qi et al. Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)  China
Idiognathodus naraoensis[84] Sp. nov Valid Qi et al. Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)  China
Misikella kolarae[85] Sp. nov Valid Karádi et al. Late Triassic  Hungary Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Polygnathus nalaiensis[81] Sp. nov In press Lu & Königshof Devonian (Eifelian) Beiliu  China
Rossodus? boothiaensis[86] Sp. nov In press Zhang Turner Cliffs  Canada
( Nunavut)
Scalpellodus percivali[80] Sp. nov In press Zhen Ordovician (Darriwilian)  Australia
Scythogondolella dolosa[87] Sp. nov Valid Bondarenko & Popov Early Triassic  Russia
( Primorsky Krai)
Siphonodella leiosa[88] Sp. nov In press Souquet, Corradini & Girard Carboniferous (Tournaisian)  France
Streptognathodus nemyrovskae[84] Sp. nov Valid Qi et al. Carboniferous (Gzhelian)  China
Streptognathodus zhihaoi[84] Sp. nov Valid Qi et al. Carboniferous (Gzhelian)  China
Tortodus dodoensis[89] Sp. nov Valid Gouwy, Uyeno & McCracken Devonian (Givetian)  Canada Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Trapezognathus pectinatus[79] Sp. nov Valid Dzik Ordovician (Darriwilian)  Poland Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Zieglerodina petrea[90] Sp. nov Valid Hušková & Slavík Silurian/Devonian boundary Prague Synform  Czech Republic Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Research
  • Evidence of variations in crystallography and microstructure due to both ontogeny and element type within the conodont feeding apparatus of Dapsilodus obliquicostatus is presented by Shohel et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the integrity of conodont apatite as a recorder of seawater chemistry.[91]

Fishes
Main article: 2020 in paleoichthyology

Amphibians

New taxa
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Balveherpeton[92] Gen. et sp. nov In press Skutschas, Kolchanov & Schwermann Early Cretaceous (Barremian–Aptian)  Germany A salamandroid salamander. Genus includes new species B. hoennetalensis.
Benthosuchus lukyanovi[93] Sp. nov Valid Morkovin Early Triassic  Russia
( Vologda Oblast)
Brittagnathus[94] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Ahlberg & Clack Devonian (Famennian) Britta Dal  Greenland A basal tetrapod. The type species is B. minutus.
Calyptocephalella sabrosa[95] Sp. nov Valid Muzzopappa et al. Paleocene (Danian) Salamanca  Argentina A frog, a species of Calyptocephalella.
Egoria[96] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Skutschas et al. Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Itat  Russia
( Krasnoyarsk Krai)		 A stem-salamander. The type species is E. malashichevi.
Kururubatrachus[97] Gen. et sp. nov In press Agnolin et al. Early Cretaceous (Aptian) Crato  Brazil A neobatrachian frog resembling extant members of Hyloidea. Genus includes new species K. gondwanicus.
Leptoropha minima[98] Sp. nov Valid Bulanov Permian  Russia
( Tatarstan)		 A member of Seymouriamorpha
Palaeoproteus miocenicus[99] Sp. nov Valid Vasilyan & Yanenko Miocene (Vallesian)  Austria

 Ukraine

 A salamander belonging to the family Batrachosauroididae
Rastosuchus[100] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Dias, Dias-da-Silva & Schultz Permian Rio do Rasto  Brazil A temnospondyl belonging to the family Rhinesuchidae. The type species is R. hammeri.
Steenerpeton[101] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Mann et al. Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Joggins  Canada
( Nova Scotia)		 A recumbirostran "microsaur". Genus includes new species S. silvae.

Research
  • A study evaluating the effects of ontogenetic disparity of known trematopid specimens on reconstructions of the phylogenetic relationships of trematopids is published by Gee (2020).[102]
  • Redescription of Actiobates peabodyi, including an updated description of the skull and the first description of the postcranial skeleton, is published by Gee & Reisz (2020).[103]
  • New amphibamiform specimen with exceptionally preserved lissamphibian-like integumentary structures, including the first evidence of toepad structures in a temnospondyl body fossil, is described from the Mazon Creek fossil beds by Mann & Gee (2020).[104]
  • Description of the anatomy of the skull of Pasawioops mayi, and a study on the ontogeny of this taxon, is published by Atkins et al. (2020).[105]
  • A study on growth patterns in Doleserpeton annectens, as indicated by bone histology, is published by Gee, Haridy & Reisz (2020).[106]
  • A study on a specimen of Benthosuchus korobkovi from the Olenekian of Russia affected by a neoplastic bone lesion in its jaw, representing the earliest case of such lesion in a tetrapod reported so far, is published by Novikov et al. (2020), who propose a non-odontogenic osteoma as the most likely diagnosis.[107]
  • Redescription and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of Aphaneramma kokeni is published by Maisch (2020), who considers A. kokeni to be a valid taxon.[108]
  • Evidence of the presence of five metacarpals in a specimen of Metoposaurus krasiejowensis from the Upper Triassic of Poland is presented by Konietzko‐Meier et al. (2020), who interpret this finding as evidence of pentadactyly of the manus of M. krasiejowensis, showing that the presence of a five-digit manus among Temnospondyli was possible.[109]
  • New fossil material of albanerpetontids is described from the lower Campanian Aguja Formation (Texas, United States) by Wick (2020), who interprets this finding as indicating that albanerpetontids were locally abundant there and also widespread throughout much of the Western Interior of North America by early Campanian time.[110]
  • New specimen of Triassurus sixtelae is described from the Triassic of Kyrgyzstan by Schoch, Werneburg & Voigt (2020), who identify this species as the oldest known stem-group salamander.[111]
  • A study on the diversity of skull shape in extant and fossil ribbed and crocodile newts, the relationship between their skull shape and ecological and reproductive traits, and its implications for the knowledge of the ecology of Chelotriton, is published by Pogoda et al. (2020).[112]
  • Right ilium and a skull bone of a frog belonging to the genus Calyptocephalella are reported from the Eocene (Bartonian) La Meseta Formation (Antarctica) by Mörs, Reguero & Vasilyan (2020), representing the first record of a lissamphibian in Antarctica reported so far.[113]
  • Partial humerus of a member of the genus Eleutherodactylus is described from the Oligocene San Sebastian Formation (Puerto Rico) by Blackburn et al. (2020), representing the earliest fossil frog from any Caribbean island reported so far.[114]
  • Redescription of the anatomy and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of Eldeceeon rolfei is published by Ruta, Clack & Smithson (2020).[115]
  • A study on the long bone histology, growth rate and the timing of the attainment of sexual maturity in seymouriamorphs is published by Jordi Estefa et al. (2020).[116]
  • A study on the anatomy of the braincase and otic capsule of Seymouria is published by Bazzana et al. (2020).[117]
  • Description of new postcranial material of Seymouria from the Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States), and a study on bone histology, life histories and evolution of terrestriality of seymouriamorphs, is published by Bazzana et al. (2020).[118]
  • A study on the anatomy of the skull of Euryodus dalyae, providing new information on the anatomy of the braincase and mandible, is published by Gee, Bevitt & Reisz (2020).[119]
  • Description of the anatomy of the braincase and stapes of Diadectes absitus is published by Klembara et al. (2020).[120]

Reptiles
Main articles: 2020 in reptile paleontology and 2020 in archosaur paleontology

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

New taxa
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Bohemiclavulus[121] Gen. et comb. nov Valid Spindler, Voigt & Fischer Carboniferous (Gzhelian) Slaný  Czech Republic A member of the family Edaphosauridae; a new genus for "Naosaurus" mirabilis Fritsch (1895). Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Caodeyao[122] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Liu & Abdala Late Permian Naobaogou  China A therocephalian. Genus includes new species C. liuyufengi.
Chiniquodon omaruruensis[123] Sp. nov Valid Mocke, Gaetano & Abdala Triassic Omingonde  Namibia
Dendromaia[124] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Maddin, Mann & Hebert Carboniferous  Canada
( Nova Scotia)		 A member of Varanopidae. Genus includes new species D. unamakiensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Hypselohaptodus[125] Gen. et comb. nov Valid Spindler Permian (Cisuralian) Kenilworth  United Kingdom An early member of Sphenacodontia; a new genus for "Haptodus" grandis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Kenomagnathus[126] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Spindler Carboniferous (late Pennsylvanian) Rock Lake Shale Mb, Stanton  United States
( Kansas)		 An early member of Sphenacodontia. The type species is K. scottae.

Martensius[127] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Berman et al. Permian (Artinskian) Tambach  Germany A member of Caseidae. The type species is M. bromackerensis.
Polonodon[128] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Sulej et al. Late Triassic (Carnian)  Poland A non-mammaliaform eucynodont. Genus includes new species P. woznikiensis. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Remigiomontanus[121] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Spindler, Voigt & Fischer Carboniferous–Permian transition Saar–Nahe  Germany A member of the family Edaphosauridae. Genus includes new species R. robustus. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Taoheodon[129] Gen. et sp. nov In press Liu Late Permian Sunjiagou Formation  China A dicynodontoid dicynodont. Genus includes new species T. baizhijuni.

Research
  • A study on the evolution of the well-defined morphological regions of the vertebral column and of vertebral functional diversity in synapsids is published by Jones et al. (2020).[130]
  • A study aiming to determine the resting metabolic rates and the thermometabolic regimes (endothermy or ectothermy) in eight non-mammalian synapsids is published by Faure-Brac & Cubo (2020).[131]
  • A study on the shoulder musculature in extant Argentine black and white tegu and Virginia opossum, evaluating its implications for reconstructions of the shoulder musculature in non-mammalian synapsids, is published by Fahn-Lai, Biewener & Pierce (2020).[132]
  • A study aiming to determine whether a vicariance pattern can explain early synapsid evolution is published by Brikiatis (2020).[133]
  • Mann et al. (2020) reinterpret Carboniferous taxon Asaphestera platyris Steen (1934) from the Joggins locality (Nova Scotia, Canada) as the earliest unambiguous synapsid in the fossil record reported so far.[101]
  • A study on the long bone histology of varanopids from the lower Permian Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States), evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the paleobiology of early synapsids, is published by Huttenlocker & Shelton (2020).[134]
  • Mann & Reisz (2020) report a new hyper-elongated neural spine of Echinerpeton intermedium from the Pennsylvanian-aged Sydney Mines Formation (Nova Scotia, Canada), indicating a wider distribution of hyper-elongation of vertebral neural spines in early synapsids than previously known.[135]
  • A study on the histology of vertebral centra of Edaphosaurus and Dimetrodon is published by Agliano, Sander & Wintrich (2020).[136]
  • A study on the anatomy of the holotype skull of Tetraceratops insignis and on the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon is published by Spindler (2020).[137]
  • A study comparing the oxygen and carbon stable isotope compositions of tooth and bone apatite of Endothiodon and Tropidostoma, and aiming to determine the ecology and diet of Endothiodon, is published by Rey et al. (2020).[138]
  • Redescription of the skull of Lycosuchus vanderrieti, providing new information on the endocranial anatomy of this taxon, is published by Pusch et al. (2020).[139]

Mammals
Main article: 2020 in mammal paleontology

Other animals

New taxa
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Aladraco kirchhainensis[140] Sp. nov Valid Geyer & Malinky Cambrian (Miaolingian) Delitzsch–Torgau–Doberlug  Germany A member of Hyolitha. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Armilimax[141] Gen. et sp. nov In press Kimmig & Selden Cambrian (Wuliuan) Spence Shale  United States
( Utah)		 A shell-bearing animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species A. pauljamisoni.
Avitograptus akidomorphus[142] Sp. nov Valid Muir et al. Ordovician (Hirnantian) Wenchang  China A graptolite.
Canadiella[143] Gen. et comb. nov Valid Skovsted et al. Cambrian Mural
Rosella		  Canada A tommotiid belonging to the family Kennardiidae. The type species is "Lapworthella" filigrana Conway Morris & Fritz (1984).
Collinsovermis[144] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Caron & Aria Cambrian (Wuliuan) Burgess Shale  Canada
( British Columbia)		 A luolishaniid lobopodian. Genus includes new species C. monstruosus.
Cordaticaris[145] Gen. et sp. nov In press Sun, Zeng & Zhao Cambrian (Drumian) Zhangxia  China A member of Radiodonta belonging to the family Hurdiidae. Genus includes new species C. striatus.
Dahescolex[146] Gen. et sp. nov In press Shao et al. Cambrian (Fortunian) Kuanchuanpu  China An animal which might be a stem-lineage derivative of Scalidophora. Genus includes new species D. kuanchuanpuensis.
Dakorhachis[147] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Conway Morris et al. Cambrian (Guzhangian) Weeks  United States
( Utah)		 An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a stem-group member of the Gnathifera. Genus includes new species D. thambus.
Dannychaeta[148] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Chen et al. Early Cambrian Canglangpu  China A crown annelid, probably a relative of the families Magelonidae and Oweniidae. Genus includes new species D. tucolus.
"Dictyonema" khadijae[149] Sp. nov In press Gutiérrez Marco, Muir & Mitchell Late Ordovician  Morocco A graptolite
"Dictyonema" villasi[149] Sp. nov In press Gutiérrez Marco, Muir & Mitchell Late Ordovician  Morocco A graptolite
Ikaria[150] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Evans et al. Ediacaran  Australia An early bilaterian. Genus includes new species I. wariootia.
Korenograptus selectus[151] Sp. nov In press Chen in Chen et al. Late Ordovician  Myanmar A graptolite
Lenzograptus[152] Nom. nov In press Loydell Silurian (Ludlow)  Canada
( Yukon)		 A graptolite; a replacement name for Lenzia Rickards & Wright (1999).
Microconchus cravenensis[153] Sp. nov Valid Zatoń & Mundy Carboniferous (Mississippian) Cracoe Limestone
Malham		  United Kingdom A member of Microconchida.
Microconchus maya[154] Sp. nov In press Heredia-Jiménez et al. Permian (Roadian) Paso Hondo  Mexico A member of Microconchida.
Monograptus hamulus[155] Sp. nov Valid Saparin et al. Silurian (Llandovery) Co To  Vietnam A graptolite
Neodiplograptus mandalayensis[151] Sp. nov In press Chen in Chen et al. Late Ordovician  Myanmar A graptolite
Onuphionella corusca[156] Sp. nov In press Muir et al. Ordovician (Sandbian) First Bani  Morocco Agglutinated tubes produced by unknown animal
Pristiograptus paradoxus[157] Sp. nov In press Loydell & Walasek Silurian (Telychian)  Sweden A graptolite
Torquigraptus loveridgei[157] Sp. nov In press Loydell & Walasek Silurian (Telychian)  Sweden A graptolite
Torquigraptus wilsoni[158] Sp. nov Valid Loydell Silurian (Telychian)  United Kingdom A graptolite
Toscanisoma[159] Gen. et 2 sp. nov Valid Wendt Late Triassic (Carnian) San Cassiano  Italy A member of Ascidiacea. The type species is T. multipartitum; genus also includes T. triplicatum.
Utahscolex[160] Gen. et comb. nov In press Whitaker et al. Cambrian (Wuliuan) Spence  United States
( Utah)		 A palaeoscolecid; a new genus for "Palaeoscolex" ratcliffei Robison (1969)
Zhongpingscolex[161] Gen. et sp. nov In press Shao et al. Cambrian (Fortunian) Kuanchuanpu  China A scalidophoran, probably a stem-group kinorhynch. Genus includes new species Z. qinensis.
Zuunia[162] Gen. et sp. nov Yang et al. Late Ediacaran Zuun-Arts  Mongolia A cloudinid. The type species is Z. chimidtsereni.

Research
  • A study on the taphonomy of three-dimensionally preserved specimens of Charnia from the White Sea, and on their implications for the knowledge of rangeomorph feeding and physiology, is published by Butterfield (2020).[163]
  • Evidence of preservation of internal anatomical structures in cloudinomorph fossils from the Ediacaran Wood Canyon Formation (Nevada, United States) is reported by Schiffbauer et al. (2020), who interpret these structures as probable digestive tracts, and evaluate their implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of cloudinomorphs.[164]
  • New specimens of Mafangscolex, providing the first detailed information on the anatomy of a proboscis in palaeoscolecids, are described from the Cambrian Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte (Kunming, China) by Yang et al. (2020).[165]
  • A study on the type material of a putative Ordovician annelid Haileyia adhaerens is published by Muir & Botting (2020) who find no evidence indicating that H. adhaerens is an annelid, or even a recognizable fossil.[166]
  • Two types of microscopic reticulate cuticular patterns are described in Cambrian stem-group scalidophorans from the Kuanchuanpu Formation (China) by Wang et al. (2020), who argue that these cuticular networks replicate the cell boundaries of the epidermis.[167]
  • A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Facivermis yunnanicus, based on data from the holotype and new specimens, is published by Howard et al. (2020), who consider this species to be a luolishaniid lobopodian.[168]
  • An isolated frontal appendage of a miniature hurdiid radiodont (less than half the size of the next smallest radiodont frontal appendage discovered so far) is described from the Ordovician (Tremadocian) Dol-cyn-Afon Formation (Wales, United Kingdom) by Pates et al. (2020), representing the first radiodont reported from the UK, the first record of this group from the palaeocontinent Avalonia, and the first from an environment dominated by sponges rather than euarthropods.[169]

Foraminifera

Other organisms

New taxa
NameNoveltyStatusAuthorsAgeType localityCountryNotesImages
Anqiutrichoides[170] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Li et al. Tonian Shiwangzhuang  China A multicellular organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an eukaryotic alga. Genus includes new species A. constrictus.
Aphralysia anfracta[171] Sp. nov Valid Kopaska-Merkel, Haywick & Keyes Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)  United States
( Alabama)		 A tubular calcitic microfossil of uncertain affinities
Arborea denticulata[172] Sp. nov Valid Wang et al. Ediacaran Dengying  China A frondose fossil of uncertain affinities.
Archaeosporites[173] Gen. et sp. nov In press Harper et al. Early Devonian Rhynie chert  United Kingdom A fungus belonging to the group Archaeosporaceae. Genus includes new species A. rhyniensis.
Attenborites[174] Gen. et sp. nov In press Droser et al. Ediacaran Rawnsley  Australia An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, described on the basis of a well-defined irregular oval to circular fossil. Genus includes new species A. janeae. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Brijax[175] Gen. et sp. nov In press Krings & Harper Devonian Rhynie chert  United Kingdom A probable chytrid fungus. Genus includes new species B. amictus.
Cyanosarcinopsis[176] Gen. et sp. nov In press Calça & Fairchild Permian Assistência  Brazil A chroococcacean. Genus includes new species C. hachiroi.
Dichothallus[177] Gen. et sp. nov In press Naugolnykh Permian (early Kungurian) Philippovian  Russia A brown alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species D. divaricatus.
Dongyesphaera[178] Gen. et sp. nov In press Yin et al. Paleoproterozoic Tianpengnao  China An acritarch. Genus includes new species D. tenuispina.
Eoentophysalis hutuoensis[178] Sp. nov In press Yin et al. Paleoproterozoic Hebiancun  China A cyanobacterium belonging to the family Entophysalidaceae
Eosolena magna[170] Sp. nov Valid Li et al. Tonian Shiwangzhuang  China A multicellular, eukaryotic alga.
Flabellophyton obesum[179] Sp. nov Valid Wan et al. Ediacaran  China An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an alga.
Flabellophyton typicum[179] Sp. nov Valid Wan et al. Ediacaran  China An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an alga.
Noffkarkys[180] Gen. et sp. nov In press Retallack & Broz Ediacaran and Cambrian Arumbera
Flathead
Grant Bluff
Jodhpur
Synalds		  Australia
 India
 United Kingdom
 United States
( Montana)		 An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a member of the family Charniidae. Genus includes new species N. storaaslii.
Obamus[181] Gen. et sp. nov In press Dzaugis et al. Ediacaran Rawnsley  Australia A torus-shaped organism, similar in gross morphology to some poriferans and benthic cnidarians. Genus includes new species O. coronatus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Ophiocordyceps dominicanus[182] Sp. nov Valid Poinar & Vega Eocene or Miocene Dominican amber  Dominican Republic A fungus, a species of Ophiocordyceps. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Palaeomycus[183] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Poinar Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Burmese amber  Myanmar A fungus described on the basis of pycnidia. Genus includes new species P. epallelus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Paleoplastes[184] Gen. et sp. nov In press Poinar & Vega Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Burmese amber  Myanmar A possible dictyostelid. Genus includes new species P. burmanica.
Pararenicola gejiazhuangensis[170] Sp. nov Valid Li et al. Tonian Shiwangzhuang  China A coenocytic alga.
Polycephalomyces baltica[182] Sp. nov Valid Poinar & Vega Eocene Baltic amber  Russia
( Kaliningrad Oblast)		 A fungus belonging to the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Protoarenicola baishicunensis[170] Sp. nov Valid Li et al. Tonian Shiwangzhuang  China A coenocytic alga.
Protoarenicola shijiacunensis[170] Sp. nov Valid Li et al. Tonian Shiwangzhuang  China A coenocytic alga.
Protographum[185] Gen. et sp. nov Valid Le Renard et al. Early Cretaceous Potomac  United States
( Virginia)		 A fungus belonging or related to the family Aulographaceae. Genus includes new species P. luttrellii.
Sinosabellidites huangshanensis[170] Sp. nov Valid Li et al. Tonian Shiwangzhuang  China A coenocytic alga.
Stomiopeltites shangcunicus[186] Sp. nov In press Maslova & Tobias in Maslova et al. Oligocene Shangcun  China A fungus belonging to the family Micropeltidaceae.
Windipila wimmervoecksii[187] Sp. nov In press Krings & Harper Early Devonian Windyfield  United Kingdom A fungal reproductive unit

Research
  • Putative ciliate fossils from the Cryogenian Taishir Formation (Tsagaan Olom Group, Zavkhan Terrane, Mongolia) are reinterpreted as more likely to be algal reproductive structures by Cohen, Vizcaíno & Anderson (2020), who also report the first occurrence of these fossils in the earliest Ediacaran Ol Formation.[188]
  • The discovery of fungal fossils in a 810 to 715 million year old dolomitic shale from the Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup (Democratic Republic of the Congo) is reported by Bonneville et al. (2020), representing the oldest, molecularly identified remains of Fungi reported so far.[189]
  • A study on the developmental biology and phylogenetic relationships of Helicoforamina wenganica is published by Yin et al. (2020).[190]
  • A study on the morphology and affinities of a putative early sponge Namapoikia rietoogensis is published by Mehra et al. (2020), who argue that Namapoikia lacked the physical characteristics expected of an animal.[191]

Trace fossils
  • A study on patterns of ecosystem engineering behaviors across the Permian-Triassic boundary, as indicated by data from trace fossils, and on their possible impact on ecosystem recovery in the benthic environment in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Cribb & Bottjer (2020).[192]
  • New fossil tracks, probably produced by a pterygote insect, are described from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Botucatu Formation (Brazil) by Peixoto et al. (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Paleohelcura araraquarensis, and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of ecological relationships within the Botucatu paleodesert.[193]
  • New tetrapod trackways are described from the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the South African Karoo Basin by Cisneros et al. (2020), who interpret these tracks as produced by small amphibians, and consider them to be evidence that the diversity of Guadalupian amphibians of the Karoo Basin was greater than indicated by body fossils alone.[194]
  • Mujal & Schoch (2020) describe amphibian tracks from the Middle Triassic Erfurt Formation (Germany, probably produced by capitosaurid temnospondyls, and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the locomotion and habitats of temnospondyls.[195]
  • Fossil tracks produced by large crocodylomorphs, possibly moving bipedally, are described from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation (South Korea) by Kim et al. (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Batrachopus grandis.[196]
  • Three sauropod trackways, probably produced by members of Titanosauriformes, are described from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of the Castelbouc cave (France) by Moreau et al. (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Occitanopodus gandi.[197]
  • New dinosaur tracks, including tracks representing the ichnogenus Deltapodus (probably produced by stegosaurians), are described from the Middle Jurassic of the Isle of Skye (Scotland, United Kingdom) by dePolo et al. (2020), expanding known diversity of dinosaur tracks from this locality.[198]
  • Flamingo-like and anatid-like fossil bird footprints will be described from the Vinchina Formation (Argentina) by Farina et al. (2020), who name new ichnotaxa Phoenicopterichnum lucioi and P. vinchinaensis.[199]
  • Mazin & Pouech (2020) describe non-pterodactyloid pterosaur tracks from the ichnological site known as "the Pterosaur Beach of Crayssac" (Tithonian; south-western France), evaluate the implications of these tracks for the knowledge of the terrestrial capabilities of non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs, and name a new ichnogenus Rhamphichnus.[200]
  • Dinosaur and synapsid tracks are described from the Pliensbachian-Toarcian of the northern main Karoo Basin (South Africa) by Bordy et al. (2020), who interpret these tracks as evidence that dinosaurs and synapsids were among the last inhabitants of the main Karoo Basin some 183 million years ago, and name a new ichnotaxon Afrodelatorrichnus ellenbergeri (likely of ornithischian affinity).[201]
  • New complex burrow system produced by geomyid rodents is described from the Oligocene Chilapa Formation (Mexico) by Guerrero-Arenas, Jiménez-Hidalgo & Genise (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Yaviichnus iniyooensis, and interpret the complexity of these burrows as probable evidence of some degree of gregariousness of their producers.[202]

History of life in general
  • Liu & Dunn (2020), describe filamentous organic structures preserved among frond-dominated fossil assemblages from the Ediacaran of Newfoundland (Canada), including filaments that appear to directly connect individual specimens of one rangeomorph taxon, and interpret this finding as possible evidence that Ediacaran frondose taxa were clonal.[203]
  • A study on the age of the Ediacaran biota from the Conception and St. John’s Groups at Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve (Newfoundland, Canada) is published by Matthews et al. (2020).[204]
  • Approximately 563-million-year-old Ediacaran biota is reported from the Itajaí Basin (Brazil) by Becker-Kerber et al. (2020), representing the first record of Ediacaran macrofossils from Gondwana in deposits of similar age to the Avalon biota.[205]
  • A study on biomarkers from Ediacaran sediments in the White Sea area is published by Bobrovskiy et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that eukaryotic algae were abundant among the food sources available for the Ediacaran biota.[206]
  • A study aiming to quantify changes of regional-scale diversity in marine fossils across time and space throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Close et al. (2020).[207]
  • A study on the timing of known diversification and extinction events from Cambrian to Triassic, based on data from 11,000 marine fossil species, is published by Fan et al. (2020).[208]
  • The discovery of a new, exceptionally-preserved Cambrian biota, with fossils belonging to multiple phyla, is reported from the Guzhangian Longha Formation (Yunnan, China) by Peng et al. (2020).[209]
  • A study on changes in body size in skeletal animals from the Siberian Platform through the early Cambrian is published by Zhuravlev & Wood (2020).[210]
  • A study on the relationship between body size and extinction risk in the marine fossil record across the past 485 million years is published by Payne & Heim (2020).[211]
  • A study on the diversification rates of Ordovician animals living on hard substrates, aiming to determine when they experienced their greatest origination rates, is published by Franeck & Liow (2020).[212]
  • New information on the biotic composition of the Silurian Waukesha Lagerstätte (Wisconsin, United States) is presented by Wendruff et al. (2020), who report a biodiversity far richer than previously reported, and explore the taphonomic history of the fossils of this biota.[213]
  • A study on the diversity dynamics of the marine brachiopods, bivalves and gastropods throughout the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age is published by Seuss, Roden & Kocsis (2020).[214]
  • A study comparing the chemistry of fossil soft tissues of invertebrates and vertebrates from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek fossil beds (Illinois, United States) is published by McCoy et al. (2020), who report Tullimonstrum gregarium as grouping with vertebrates in their analysis.[215]
  • A study on the ages of known early–middle Permian tetrapod-bearing geological formations, as indicated by Bayesian tip dating methods, is published by Brocklehurst (2020), who interprets his findings as supporting the occurrence of the Olson's Extinction.[216]
  • A study on global infaunal response to the Permian–Triassic extinction event, as indicated by data from trace fossils, is published by Luo et al. (2020).[217]
  • A study on changes of marine latitudinal diversity gradient caused by the Permian–Triassic mass extinction is published by Song et al. (2020).[218]
  • Description of new fossil material of Late Triassic tetrapods from the Hoyada del Cerro Las Lajas site (Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina), and a study on the age of tetrapod fossils from this site (including fossils of Pisanosaurus mertii) and their implications for the knowledge of the Late Triassic tetrapod evolution, is published by Desojo et al. (2020).[219]
  • A study on the dynamics of the Adamanian/Revueltian faunal turnover, based on fossil data from the Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, United States), is published by Hayes et al. (2020).[220]
  • Wignall & Atkinson (2020) argue that the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event can be resolved into two distinct, short-lived extinction pulses separated by a several hundred-thousand-year interlude phase.[221]
  • A study on changes in shell size of marine bivalves and brachiopods from the Iberian Basin (Spain) across the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, aiming to determine the role of temperature for changes in body size of bivalves and brachiopods, is published by Piazza, Ullmann & Aberhan (2020).[222]
  • Foster, Pagnac & Hunt-Foster (2020) describe the Late Jurassic biota from the Little Houston Quarry in the Black Hills of Wyoming, including the vertebrate fauna which is the second-most diverse in the entire Morrison Formation and the most diverse north of Como Bluff.[223]
  • A study on the age of the Huajiying Formation (China) and its implications for the knowledge of the timing of appearance and duration of the Jehol Biota is published by Yang et al. (2020).[224]
  • A study on the age of the biota from the Cretaceous Burmese amber from Hkamti is published by Xing & Qiu (2020).[225]
  • A study on extinction patterns of marine vertebrates during the last 20 million years of the Late Cretaceous, as indicated by fossils from northern Gulf of Mexico, is published by Ikejiri, Lu & Zhang (2020), who report evidence of two separate extinction events: one in the Campanian, and one at the end of the Maastrichtian.[226]
  • Rodríguez-Tovar et al. (2020) present evidence from trace fossils from the Chicxulub crater indicating that full recovery of the macrobenthic biota from this area was rapid, with the establishment of a well-developed tiered community within ~700 thousand years.[227]
  • A study on the impact of the early Cenozoic hyperthermal events on shallow marine benthic communities, based on data from fossils from the Gulf Coastal Plain, is published by Foster et al. (2020).[228]
  • A study on the geology and fauna (including hominins) of the new Mille-Logya site (Afar, Ethiopia) dated to between 2.914 and 2.443 Ma is published by Zeresenay Alemseged et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of this site for the knowledge of how hominins and other fauna responded to environmental changes during this period.[229]
  • A new, diverse megafauna assemblage that suffered extinction sometime after 40,100 (±1700) years ago is reported from the South Walker Creek fossil deposits (Queensland, Australia) by Hocknull et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of this assemblage for prevailing megafauna extinction hypotheses for Sahul.[230]
  • A study on ancient DNA of vertebrates and plants recovered from fossils and sediment from Hall’s Cave (Edwards Plateau, Texas, United States), evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the climatic fluctuations from the Pleistocene to the Holocene on the local ecosystem, is published by Seersholm et al. (2020).[231]
  • A study on the phylogenetic relationships of early amniotes, recovering Parareptilia and Varanopidae as nested within Diapsida, will be published by Ford & Benson (2020), who name a new clade Neoreptilia.[232]
  • Regional-scale diversity patterns for terrestrial tetrapods throughout their entire Phanerozoic evolutionary history are presented by Close et al. (2020), who attempt to determine how informative the fossil record is about true global paleodiversity.[233]
  • A study on the impact of the appearance and evolution of herbivorous tetrapods on the evolution of land plants from the Carboniferous to the Early Triassic is published by Brocklehurst, Kammerer & Benson (2020).[234]
  • A study the terrestrial and marine fossil record of Late Permian to Late Triassic tetrapods, comparing species-level tetrapod biodiversity across latitudinal bins, is published by Allen et al. (2020).[235]
  • In a study published by Chiarenza et al. (2020)[236][237] the two main hypotheses for the mass extinction (the Daccan Traps and the Chicxulub impact) were evaluated using Earth System and Ecologial modelling, confirming that the asteroid impact was the main driver of this extinction while the volcanism might have boosted the recovery instead.

Other research
  • Evidence indicating that the Great Oxidation Event predated Paleoproterozoic glaciation in Russia and snowball Earth deposits in South Africa is presented by Warke et al. (2020), who argue that their findings preclude hypotheses of Earth’s oxygenation in which global glaciation preceded or caused the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.[238]
  • A study on the timing of the onset and termination of the Shuram carbon isotope excursion is published by Rooney et al. (2020), who argue that this excursion was divorced from the rise of the earliest preserved animal ecosystems.[239]
  • A study on the causes of the Late Ordovician mass extinction, based on data from the Ordovician-Silurian boundary stratotype (Dob's Linn, Scotland), is published by Bond & Grasby (2020), who interpret their findings as evidence that this extinction event was caused by volcanism, warming and anoxia.[240]
  • Evidence of wildfires at the Frasnian−Famennian boundary is reported from Upper Devonian sections from western New York (United States) by Liu et al. (2020), who also provide an estimate of atmospheric O2 levels at this interval, and evaluate their implications for the knowledge of causes of the Late Devonian extinction.[241]
  • A study on the timing of the environmental changes associated with the Kellwasser events is published by Da Silva et al. (2020).[242]
  • Evidence of anomalously high mercury concentration in marine deposits encompassing the Hangenberg event from Carnic Alps (Italy and Austria) is presented by Rakociński et al. (2020), who argue that methylmercury poisoning in otherwise anoxic seas, caused by extensive volcanic activity, could be a direct kill mechanism of the end-Devonian Hangenberg extinction.[243]
  • A study on fossil plant spores with malformed sculpture and pigmented walls, recovered from terrestrial Devonian-Carboniferous boundary sections from East Greenland, is published by Marshall et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as evidence that the terrestrial mass extinction at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary coincided with elevated UV-B radiation indicatice of ozone layer reduction.[244]
  • Fields et al. (2020) attempt to determine whether the dramatic drop in stratospheric ozone coinciding with the end-Devonian extinction events was caused by a nearby supernova explosion.[245]
  • A study on the age of a pristine ash-fall deposit in the Karoo Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone (South Africa) is published by Gastaldo et al. (2020), who report that turnover from the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone to Lystrosaurus AZ in this basin occurred over 300 ka before the end-Permian marine event, and interpret their findings as refuting the concurrentness of turnovers in terrestrial and marine ecosystems at the end of the Permian.[246]
  • A study evaluating the contribution of loss of ecosystems on land and consequent massive terrestrial biomass oxidation to atmosphere–ocean biogeochemistry at the Permian–Triassic boundary is published by Dal Corso et al. (2020).[247]
  • A study aiming to determine the mechanism that drove vast stretches of the ocean to an anoxic state during the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Schobben et al. (2020).[248]
  • A study on variations of ~10-Myr scale monsoon dynamics during the early Mesozoic, and on their impact on climate and ecosystem dynamics (including the dispersal of early dinosaurs), is published by Ikeda, Ozaki & Legrand (2020).[249]
  • New geochronologic and paleoclimatic data from Carnian-aged strata in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin (Argentina) is presented by Mancuso et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that the Carnian Pluvial Event interval in western Gondwana was warmer and more humid than periods before or after this interval, confirming that the CPE was a global event.[250]
  • A study on the age of the top of the Moenkopi Formation, the lower Blue Mesa Member, and the lower and upper Sonsela Member of the Chinle Formation is published by Rasmussen et al. (2020), who argue that the biotic turnover preserved in the mid-Sonsela Member at the Petrified Forest National Park was a mid-Norian event.[251]
  • A study on ocean temperatures during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event is published by Petryshyn et al. (2020), who report no evidence for short-term cooling or initial warming across the 1-80,000 years of the extinction event.[252]
  • A review of the geology, paleoecology and taxonomic status of the fauna from the Cretaceous Kem Kem Beds of Morocco is published by Ibrahim et al. (2020).[253]
  • Klages et al. (2020) report evidence from the West Antarctic shelf indicating the occurrence of a temperate lowland rainforest environment at a palaeolatitude of about 82° S during the Late Cretaceous (Turonian–Santonian).[254]
  • A study on the timing of a volcanic outgassing at the end of the Cretaceous, and on its implications for the knowledge of causes of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, is published by Hull et al. (2020).[255]
  • A study on paleosols from the eastern edge of the Deccan Volcanic Province (central India), evaluating their implications for reconstructions of climate and terrestrial environments of India before and after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and for the knowledge of causes of this extinction event, is published by Dzombak et al. (2020).[256]
  • A study on the origin, recovery, and development of microbial life in the Chicxulub crater after the impact at the end of the Cretaceous, and on the environmental conditions in the crater up to ∼4 million years after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, is published by Schaefer et al. (2020).[257]
  • A study on freshwater fauna and flora found in a sediment sample from the Yuka mammoth carcass, evaluating its implications for reconstructions of the waterbody type where the mammoth was preserved and for the knowledge of the nature of the waterbodies that existed in Beringia during the MIS3 climatic optimum, is published by Neretina et al. (2020).[258]
  • Partial dentary of a juvenile saurornitholestine dromaeosaurid is described from the Upper Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation (Alaska, United States) by Chiarenza et al. (2020), representing the first confirmed non-dental fossil specimen of a member of Dromaeosauridae in the Arctic.[259]
  • Van Neer et al. (2020) report faunal remains from the Takarkori rock shelter in the Acacus Mountains region (Libya), and evaluate their implications for the knowledge of the climate and hydrography of the Sahara throughout the Holocene.[260]
  • New Mesozoic and Paleogene amber occurrences, preserving diverse inclusions of arthropods, plants and fungi, are reported from Australia and New Zealand by Stilwell et al. (2020).[261]
gollark: They're special cased in. You can apply to Oxford *or* Cambridge.
gollark: Besides, they don't have maths and CS.
gollark: Can't apply to both.
gollark: I have offers for all but Edinburgh (they're very slow) and Oxford (rejected).
gollark: Oxford, Imperial, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Bristol.

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