2020 in reptile paleontology

This list of fossil reptiles described in 2020 is a list of new taxa of fossil reptiles that were described during the year 2020, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to reptile paleontology that occurred in 2020.

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Lizards and snakes

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Bothriagenys flectomendax[1]	Sp. nov	In press	Wick & Shiller	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)	Aguja	United States ( Texas)	A member of Borioteiioidea of uncertain phylogenetic placement.
Calumma benovskyi[2]	Sp. nov		Čerňanský et al.	Early Miocene	Hiwegi	Kenya	A chameleon, a species of Calumma
Chalcides augei[3]	Sp. nov	Valid	Čerňanský et al.	Early middle Miocene		Russia	A skink, a species of Chalcides. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Eoconstrictor[4]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Scanferla & Smith	Eocene	Messel	Germany	A booid snake. The type species is "Palaeopython" fischeri Schaal (2004).
Epileolis[5]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Alifanov	Late Paleocene		Mongolia	A lizard belonging to the family Agamidae. Genus includes new species E. reshetovi.
Hydrargysaurus[1]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Wick & Shiller	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)	Aguja	United States ( Texas)	A member or a relative of the group Borioteiioidea. Genus includes new species H. gladius.
Hypostylos[1]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Wick & Shiller	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)	Aguja	United States ( Texas)	A member of Scincomorpha belonging to the "paramacellodid"/cordylid grade. Genus includes new species H. lehmani.
Neokotus[6]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bittencourt et al.	Early Cretaceous (Valanginian)	Quiricó	Brazil	A lizard belonging to the family Paramacellodidae. The type species is N. sanfranciscanus.

Research

• New fossil material of squamates is described from the Upper Cretaceous Fruitland and Kirtland formations (New Mexico, United States) by Woolley, Smith & Sertich (2020), expanding known taxonomic and morphological diversity of lizards within the "Hunter Wash Local Fauna".[7]
• A study on the affinities of putative gekkotan eggshells from the Late Cretaceous of Europe is published by Choi et al. (2020), who interpret the fossil material of Pseudogeckoolithus as theropod eggshells.[8]
• Fossils of tupinambine teiids are described from the late Eocene of the Quercy Phosphorites Formation (France) by Louis & Santiago (2020), representing the first record of this family from the Paleogene of Europe.[9]
• A dentary of a cnemidophorine teiid is described from the Miocene of the Ogallala Group (Nebraska, United States) by Scarpetta (2020), who evaluates the implications of this specimen for the knowledge of the evolutionary history of cnemidophorines in North America during the Neogene.[10]
• Fossil material of the monitor lizards is reported for the first time from the late Miocene localities in Armenia and Georgia by Vasilyan & Bukhsianidze (2020).[11]
• A study on the evolutionary history of mosasauroids, comparing their evolutionary rates and traits to those of plesiosaurs and aiming to determine whether the rise and diversification of mosasauroids was influenced by competition with or disappearance of some plesiosaur taxa, is published by Madzia & Cau (2020).[12]
• Grigoriev & Grabovskiy (2020) describe new fossil material of a tylosaurine from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of the Chukotka Region (Russia), representing one of the oldest and northernmost mosasaur records reported so far, and evaluate the implications of this fossil material (as well as mosasaur fossils from the Santonian of the Komi Republic and from the Campanian–Maastrichtian of the Sakhalin Island) for the knowledge of the paleogeography and possible migrations of Arctic mosasaurs.[13]
• A study on pathological features of a specimen of Prognathodon (belonging or related to the species P. sectorius) from the Maastrichtian Gulpen Formation (the Netherlands) is published by Bastiaans et al. (2020), who consider it most likely that this specimen was bitten in the snout by a large, possibly conspecific mosasaur, making it one of the few specimens with unambiguous evidence of agonistic interactions amongst mosasaurs.[14]
• A study on the morphology of the snout of Taniwhasaurus antarcticus, indicating the presence of a complex internal neurovascular system of branched channels similar to systems present in extant aquatic vertebrates such as cetaceans and crocodiles, is published by Álvarez–Herrera, Agnolin & Novas (2020).[15]
• Redescription of Palaeophis oweni is published by Georgalis, Del Favero & Delfino (2020).[16]
• Description of new fossil material of Thaumastophis missiaeni from the Eocene Cambay Shale Formation (India) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this snake is published by Zaher et al. (2020), who name a new family Thaumastophiidae.[17]

Ichthyosauromorphs

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Acuetzpalin[18]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Barrientos Lara, Alvarado Ortega, & Fernández	Late Jurassic	La Casita	Mexico	An ichthyosaur belonging to the family Ophthalmosauridae. The type species is A. carranzai.
Cymbospondylus duelferi[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Klein et al.	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Favret	United States ( Nevada)
Hauffiopteryx altera[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Maxwell & Cortés	Early Jurassic (Toarcian)	Posidonia Shale	Germany
Nannopterygius borealis[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zverkov & Jacobs	Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)		Norway  Russia

Research

• Partial trunk region of the largest hupehsuchian reported so far is described from the Early Triassic of Hubei, China by Qiao, Iijima & Liu (2020), who interpret this specimen as evidence of early establishment of high predation pressure in the sea after the Permian–Triassic extinction event and before the Middle Triassic.[22]
• New anatomical features of the holotype specimen of Cartorhynchus lenticarpus revealed by CT scanning, including unique dentition, are reported by Huang et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of this species for the knowledge of the evolution of tooth morphology and diet in basal ichthyosauriforms.[23]
• A study on the tempo and mode of the morphological evolution of ichthyosaurs is published by Moon & Stubbs (2020).[24]
• A study on skeletal pathologies in ichthyosaur specimens from the Middle Triassic Besano Formation and the Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale, evaluating their implications for the knowledge of changing locomotory and behavioural constraints affecting different ichthyosaur taxa through time, is published by Pardo-Pérez, Kear & Maxwell (2020).[25]
• Two new specimens of Mixosaurus cornalianus, preserving evidence of the presence of a dorsal fin and a well-developed, triangular dorsal lobe of the caudal fin in this species, are described from the Anisian Besano Formation (Italy) by Renesto et al. (2020).[26]
• Description of the most complete and best-preserved skeleton of Suevoleviathan integer is published by Maisch (2020).[27]
• Partial skeleton of an ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur, found with an ichthyosaur tooth (probably not belonging to the same specimen) stuck on its rib, is described from the Upper Jurassic Rosso Ammonitico Veronese Formation (Italy) by Serafini et al. (2020), possibly representing the first evidence of scavenging between two ichthyosaurs reported so far.[28]
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Maiaspondylus lindoei, "Ophthalmosaurus" cantabrigiensis and "Platypterygius" ochevi is published by Zverkov & Grigoriev (2020), who transfer "O". cantabrigiensis to the genus Maiaspondylus, and consider "P. ochevi to be a junior synonym of M. cantabrigiensis.[29]

Sauropterygians

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Ophthalmothule[30]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Roberts et al.	Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary (latest Tithonian/early Berriasian)	Agardhfjellet	Norway	A cryptoclidid plesiosaur. The type species is O. cryostea.

Research

• A study on the osteology and evolution of the temporal region of the skull of placodonts is published by Maisch et al. (2020).[31]
• New fossil material of Lariosaurus sanxiaensis is described from the Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation (China) by Li & Liu (2020), who also study the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon, as well as the predator-prey relationship in the associated fauna and their implications for the knowledge of the biotic recovery after the Permian–Triassic extinction event.[32]
• New fossil material of cryptoclidid plesiosaurs, including the first occurrence of Vinialesaurus in the Southern Hemisphere, is described from the Jurassic of the Atacama Desert by Otero et al. (2020).[33]
• Redescription of the holotype specimen of Aphrosaurus furlongi and a study on the evolution and phylogenetic relationships of elasmosaurid plesiosaurs is published by O’Gorman (2020), who names a new clade Euelasmosaurida.[34]
• An isolated cervical centrum of a brachauchenine pliosaurid is described from the Cenomanian of Russia by Zverkov & Pervushov (2020), who interpret this fossil as belonging to one of the largest known pliosaurids, and consider it to be evidence of survival gigantic pliosaurids into the Cenomanian.[35]

Turtles

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Alatochelon[36]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pérez-García, Vlachos & Murelaga	Early Pliocene	Cigarrón	Spain	A large tortoise. Genus includes new species A. myrteum.
Amabilis[37]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hermanson et al.	Late Cretaceous	Bauru	Brazil	A podocnemidoid pleurodiran. Genus includes new species A. uchoensis.
Aragochersis[38]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Pérez García et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Escucha	Spain	A member of the family Helochelydridae. Genus includes new species A. lignitesta.
Chelonoidis alburyorum keegani[39]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Franz, Albury & Steadman	Late Holocene		Turks and Caicos Islands	A tortoise.
Chelonoidis alburyorum sementis[39]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Franz, Albury & Steadman	Late Holocene		Turks and Caicos Islands	A tortoise.
Jainemys[40]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Joyce & Bandyopadhyay	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Lameta	India	A member of the family Bothremydidae belonging to the tribe Kurmademydini; a new genus for "Carteremys" pisdurensis Jain (1977).
Lakotemys[41]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Joyce, Rollot & Murelaga	Early Cretaceous (Berriasian–Valanginian)	Lakota	United States ( South Dakota)	A member of the family Baenidae. The type species is L. australodakotensis.
Laurasichersis[42]	Gen. et sp. nov		Pérez García	Paleocene (Thanetian)	Sables de Bracheux	France	A member of the family Sichuanchelyidae. The type species is L. relicta.
Melanochelys tapani[43]	Nom. nov	Valid	Garbin, Bandyopadhyay & Joyce	Miocene/Pliocene	Siwalik Hills	India	A species of Melanochelys; a replacement name for Nicoria tricarinata var. sivalensis Lydekker (1889).
Mesoclemmys vanegasorum[44]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cadena et al.	Laventan	La Victoria	Colombia	A species of Mesoclemmys
Prochelidella buitreraensis[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Maniel et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Candeleros	Argentina
Testudo hellenica[46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Garcia et al.	Miocene (Vallesian)		Greece	A species of Testudo.
Waluchelys[47]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sterli et al.	Late Triassic		Argentina	A member of the family Australochelyidae. Genus includes new species W. cavitesta.
Yaminuechelys sulcipeculiaris[48]	Sp. nov	In press	Oriozabala, Sterli & De La Fuente	Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian)	La Colonia	Argentina	A member of the family Chelidae

Research

• A study on the evolution of turtle skull architecture, aiming to assess the functional significance of changes in their skull architecture during feeding on the basis of data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by Ferreira et al. (2020).[49]
• A study on non‐marine turtle distribution and diversity from the Late Triassic to the Paleogene is published by Cleary et al. (2020).[50]
• Description of new fossil material of Indochelys spatulata from the Jurassic Kota Formation (India), and a study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of this taxon, is published by Joyce & Bandyopadhyay (2020).[51]
• Cadena et al. (2020) describe new fossil material of Stupendemys geographicus from the Miocene of Venezuela and Colombia, providing new information on the anatomy and paleobiology of this species.[52]
• Peltochelys duchastelii is reinterpreted as a member of Paracryptodira by Joyce & Rollot (2020).[53]
• Description of the anatomy of the skull of Pleurosternon bullockii is published by Evers, Rollot & Joyce (2020).[54]
• Redescription of the anatomy of the skull and mandible of Sandownia harrisi is published by Evers & Joyce (2020).[55]
• A revision of the extinct geoemydid Echmatemys from North America, based mainly on data from a slab containing several turtle shells collected from the Bridgerian of Levett Creek (Wyoming, United States), is published by Vlachos (2020).[56]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of a putative testudinoid Cardichelyon rogerwoodi is published by Joyce & Claude (2020), who consider it more likely that this taxon is a member of Kinosternoidea.[57]

Archosauriformes

Archosaurs

Main article: 2020 in archosaur paleontology

Other archosauriforms

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Polymorphodon[58]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sues et al.	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)	Erfurt	Germany	A non-archosaurian member of Archosauriformes. Genus includes new species P. adorfi.
Rugarhynchos[59]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Wynd et al.	Late Triassic	Chinle	United States ( New Mexico)	A member of the family Doswelliidae; a new genus for "Doswellia" sixmilensis Heckert, Lucas & Spielmann (2012).

Research

• Redescription of the anatomy of the holotype specimen of Chanaresuchus bonapartei and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Trotteyn & Ezcurra (2020).[60]
• Redescription of the anatomy of the skull and mandible of Euparkeria capensis is published Sookias et al. (2020).[61]
• Phytosaur remains are described from the Upper Triassic Upper Karoo Group (Zimbabwe) by Barrett et al. (2020), representing the first record of members of this group from sub-Saharan Africa.[62]
• An assemblage of at least 21 phytosaur specimens dominated by juveniles and subadults is described from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation (India) by Datta, Mukherjee & Ray (2020), who interpret this finding as likely evidence of parental care in phytosaurs, and study the taphonomy of the assemblage.[63]

Other reptiles

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Carbonodraco	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mann et al.	Carboniferous (Moscovian)	Allegheny	United States	A member of the family Acleistorhinidae. The type species is C. lundi. Announced in 2019;[64] the correction including the required ZooBank accession number was published in 2020.[65]
Elessaurus[66]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	De-Oliveira et al.	Early Triassic	Sanga do Cabral	Brazil	An archosauromorph reptile of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a relative of tanystropheids. The type species is E. gondwanoccidens.
Gunakadeit[67]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Druckenmiller et al.	Late Triassic (Norian)	Hound Island	United States ( Alaska)	A thalattosaur. The type species is G. joseeae.
Heishanosaurus[68]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Dong et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian)	Shahai	China	A member of Choristodera. The type species is H. pygmaeus.
Lanceirosphenodon[69]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Vivar et al.	Late Triassic (Norian)	Candelária	Brazil	A rhynchocephalian. Genus includes new species L. ferigoloi.
Oryctorhynchus[70]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sues, Fitch & Brochu	Late Triassic (Carnian? - Norian?)	Wolfville	Canada ( Nova Scotia)	A rhynchosaur. Genus includes new species O. bairdi.
Raibliania[71]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Dalla Vecchia	Late Triassic (Carnian)	Calcare del Predil	Italy	A member of the family Tanystropheidae. The type species is R. calligarisi.
Smilodonterpeton[72]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Skinner, Whiteside & Benton	Late Triassic (Rhaetian)		United Kingdom	A procolophonid. Genus includes new species S. ruthinensis.
Tanystropheus hydroides[73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Spiekman et al.	Late Triassic	Besano	Italy-Switzerland border
Trilophosaurus phasmalophos[74]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kligman et al.	Late Triassic (Norian)	Chinle	United States ( Arizona)
Vellbergia[75]	Gen. et sp. nov		Sobral, Simões & Schoch	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)	Erfurt	Germany	A non-lepidosaurian lepidosauromorph. The type species is V. bartholomaei.

Research

• A study on fracture planes (unossified regions in the middle of vertebral centra) in tail vertebrae of mesosaurs is published by MacDougall et al. (2020), who argue that mesosaurs were theoretically capable of tail autotomy, but probably did not utilize this ability.[76]
• A study on patterns of tooth development and replacement in Belebey and Bolosaurus, indicating that bolosaurid teeth had thecodont implantation with deep roots, is published by Snyder et al. (2020).[77]
• A study on the dental wear along the tooth rows of nearly one hundred jaws of Captorhinus aguti, indicating that this reptile preferred to feed using the right side of the jaw, is published by Reisz et al. (2020).[78]
• A study on the feeding mechanics and ecology of Clevosaurus hudsoni and C. cambrica, as indicated by their bite force, resistance of skull bones to bending and torsion, and the distribution of stresses in the jaws during biting, is published by Chambi‐Trowell et al. (2020).[79]
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Colobops noviportensis is published by Scheyer et al. (2020), who reinterpret this taxon as a probable rhynchocephalian.[80]
• A study on the morphology of teeth of Priosphenodon avelasi is published by LeBlanc et al. (2020).[81]
• Partial skeleton of a small reptile, probably a juvenile specimen of Eusaurosphargis dalsassoi, is described from the Anisian Buchenstein Formation (northern Dolomites, Italy) by Renesto, Kustatscher & Gianolla (2020), who interpret this finding as possible evidence of that the lands emerged near the basins of the northern Dolomites, Besano Formation and Prosanto Formation had a similar reptilian fauna during the middle-late Anisian.[82]
• A study on the anatomy of the skull of Champsosaurus lindoei is published by Dudgeon et al. (2020), who evaluate the morphology of a putative neomorphic bone in the skull and its possible developmental and functional origins.[83]
• A study on the internal anatomy of the skull of Champsosaurus lindoei and C. natator, and on their probable sensory abilities, is published by Dudgeon et al. (2020).[84]
• Redescription of the anatomy of the skeleton of Macrocnemus fuyuanensis is published by Scheyer et al. (2020).[85]
• Description of the morphology of the skull of Macrocnemus bassanii is published by Miedema et al. (2020).[86]
• A study on bone histology of three archosauromorph reptiles (Lagerpeton chanarensis, Tropidosuchus romeri and Chanaresuchus bonapartei) from the Triassic Chañares Formation (Argentina), evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the paleobiology of these taxa, is published by Marsà, Agnolín & Novas (2020).[87]

Reptiles in general

• A study on the dynamics of phenotypic and molecular evolution of reptiles during the early diversification of the major lineages of diapsid reptiles in the Permian and Triassic periods, and during the evolution of lepidosaurs from the Jurassic to the present, is published by Simões et al. (2020).[88]
• A large, soft-shelled egg, most closely resembling eggs of extant lizards and snakes and possibly produced by a mosasaur, is described from the Upper Cretaceous Lopez de Bertodano Formation (Antarctica) by Legendre et al. (2020), who name a new ootaxon Antarcticoolithus bradyi.[89]
• A study on the evolution of the archosauromorph ankle, aiming to test the hypothesis of fusion between the centrale and astragalus and the alternative hypothesis of a complete loss of the centrale, based on embryological and palaeontological data, is published by Blanco, Ezcurra & Bona (2020).[90]

References

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