Gzhelian

The Gzhelian is an age in the ICS geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest stage of the Pennsylvanian, the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Gzhelian lasted from 303.7 to 298.9 Ma.[2] It follows the Kasimovian age/stage and is followed by the Asselian age/stage, the oldest subdivision of the Permian system.

System Subsystem/
Series
Stage Age (Ma)
Permian Cisuralian Asselian younger
Carboniferous Pennsylvanian Gzhelian 298.9 303.7
Kasimovian 303.7 307.0
Moscovian 307.0 315.2
Bashkirian 315.2 323.2
Mississippian Serpukhovian 323.2 330.9
Visean 330.9 346.7
Tournaisian 346.7 358.9
Devonian Late Famennian older
Subdivision of the Carboniferous system
according to the ICS, as of 2017.[1]

The Gzhelian is more or less coeval with the Stephanian stage of the regional stratigraphy of Europe.

Name and definition

Type locality for the Gzhelian in Gzhel, Russia

The Gzhelian is named after the Russian village of Gzhel (Russian: Гжель), nearby Ramenskoye, not far from Moscow. The name and type locality were defined by Sergei Nikitin (1850–1909) in 1890.

The base of the Gzhelian is at the first appearance of the Fusulinida genera Daixina, Jigulites and Rugosofusulina, or at the first appearance of the conodont Streptognathodus zethus. The top of the stage (the base of the Permian system) is at the first appearance of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus within the Streptognathus "wabaunsensis" chronocline.[3] Six meters higher in the reference profile, the Fusulinida species Sphaeroschwagerina vulgaris aktjubensis appears.

At the moment (2008), a golden spike for the Gzhelian stage is yet lacking. A candidate is a section along the Ussolka river (a tributary of the Belaya river) at the edge of the hamlet of Krasnoussolsky, about 120 kilometres south-east of Ufa and 60 kilometres north-east of Sterlitamak (in Bashkortostan).[4]

Biozones

The Gzhelian stage is subdivided into five biozones, based on the conodont genus Streptognathodus:

  • Streptognathodus wabaunsensis and Streptognathodus bellus Zone
  • Streptognathodus simplex Zone
  • Streptognathodus virgilicus Zone
  • Streptognathodus vitali Zone
  • Streptognathodus simulator Zone

Gzhelian life

Arthropods

Arthropoda of the Gzhelian
TaxaPresenceLocationDescriptionImages
Flénu Formation, Belgium
Middle Coal Formation, Pictou Group, Nova Scotia, Canada
France
Bochum Formation and Saarbrücker Schichten, Germany
the Netherlands
Middle and Lower Coal Measures, United Kingdom
Arkansas, Carbondale Formation, Illinois, Allegheny Formation, Maryland, Pottsville Formation, Pennsylvania, United States
Flénu Formation, Belgium
France
Saarbrücker Schichten, Germany
Foel and Farrington Formations, United Kingdom and northeastern North America
A 2 m (79 in) long millipede
Pennsylvanian France, England A dragonfly with wingspans ranging from 65 cm (25.6 in) to over 70 cm (28 in)
Pallero member, Bajo de Véliz Formation, Argentina A eurypterid

Cartilaginous fishes

Chondrichthyes of the Gzhelian
TaxaPresenceLocationDescriptionImages
Carboniferous Czech Republic A xenacanthidan elasmobranch
Carboniferous to Cisuralian Germany A xenacanthidan elasmobranch
Carboniferous to Cisuralian Germany; Nebraska, United States A xenacanthidan elasmobranch

Amphibians

†Temnospondyls

Temnospondyli of the Gzhelian
TaxaPresenceLocationDescriptionImages
Joggins and Parrsboro Formations, Nova Scotia, Canada
Spain A genus of basal temnospondyl amphibian which lived in a marine environment.
New Mexico A dvinosaurian temnospondyl within the family Trimerorhachidae
  • Onchiodon
    • O. langenhani
    • O. manebachensis
    • O. thuringiensis
Thuringia, Germany A genus of temnospondyl in the family Eryopidae.

†Lepospondyls

Lepospondyli of the Gzhelian
TaxaPresenceLocationDescriptionImages
Bond Formation, Danville, Illinois

Reptiliomorphs

Reptiliomorphs of the Gzhelian
TaxaPresenceLocationDescriptionImages
New Mexico A diadectomorph
Colorado, New Mexico, United States A diadectomorph

Eureptiles

Eureptilia of the Gzhelian
Taxa Presence Location Description Images
Pennsylvanian United States An araeoscelidian diapsid

Synapsids

Synapsids of the Gzhelian
TaxaPresenceLocationDescriptionImages
Kasimovian-Gzhelian Calhouns Shale Formation, Kansas, United States A varanopid
Pennsylvanian Czech Republic An edaphosaurid
Remigiusberg Formation, Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany A sphenacodontid
Kasimovian-Asselian Ludwikowice Formation, Nowa Ruda, Poland A caseasaur
Pennsylvanian to Cisuralian New Mexico, United States An edaphosaurid
Pennsylvanian Kansas, United States An edaphosaurid
Pennsylvanian Mattoon Formation, Illinois A haptodontiform
Kasimovian-Kungurian Ada Formation, Oklahoma An ophiacodont
Gzhelian-Artinskian New Mexico; Utah-Arizona border region, both in USA; possibly England The English specimen known as S?. brittanicus is now generally classified as Sphenacodontidae incertae sedis separate from the other Sphenacodon species so may need reassigning.
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References

  1. http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale
  2. Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press
  3. Davydov, V.I.; Glenister, B.F.; Spinosa, C.; Ritter, S.M.; Chernykh, V.V.; Wardlaw, B.R. & Snyder, W.S.; 1998: Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System, Episodes 21(1): pp 11-18, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-09-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. Chernykh, V.V.; Chuvashov, B.I.; Davydov, V.I.; Schmitz, M. & Snyder, W.S.; 2006: Usolka section (southern Urals, Russia): a potential candidate for GSSP to define the base of the Gzhelian Stage in the global chronostratigraphic scale Geologija 49(2): pp 205–217, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-12-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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