2020 in mammal paleontology

This article records new taxa of fossil mammals of every kind are scheduled to be described during the year 2020, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of mammals that are scheduled to occur in the year 2020.

List of years in mammal paleontology
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In paleontology 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 In science 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
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General research

• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the haramiyidans and on the consistency between the known morphology and age of Juramaia and other mammaliaforms from the Yanliao Biota, as indicated by Bayesian tip-dated phylogenetic methods, is published by King & Beck (2020).[1]
• A study aiming to determine resource and habitat use, niche occupation and trophic interactions of mammals living during the Great American Interchange, as indicated by carbon and oxygen stable isotope compositions of tooth enamel of fossil mammals from the late Miocene to the late Pleistocene of the Pampean region of Argentina, is published by Domingo et al. (2020).[2]
• A study on predator richness in mammalian communities from the Miocene Santa Cruz Formation (Argentina), aiming to determine whether the mammalian predator guild from this area was impoverished prior to the Great American Interchange, is published by Rodríguez-Gómez et al. (2020).[3]

Metatherians

• A study comparing the anatomy of the skull and teeth of Thylacosmilus atrox and placental saber-toothed carnivores is published by Janis et al. (2020), who question the interpretation of T. atrox as having a similar type of predatory behavior to placental saber-tooths, and consider it unlikely that T. atrox used its canines to dispatch its prey.[4]
• A study on the anatomy of the petrosal and inner ear of Peratherium elegans and Amphiperatherium elegans, and on its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of herpetotheriids and peradectids, is published online by Ladevèze, Selva & de Muizon (2020).[5]
• A study on the anatomy of the teeth of Groeberia, and on the phylogenetic affinities of this genus, is published by Zimicz & Goin (2020).[6]
• A study on the relationship between variation in skull and mandibular shape of extant and extinct macropodiforms and ecological factors such as diet, locomotion and body mass, and on the implications of this relationship for the knowledge of the feeding ecology of the fossil macropodiforms from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, is published online by Butler et al. (2020).[7]
• A study on the morphology of the humeri of fossil kangaroos belonging to the subfamily Sthenurinae and of Protemnodon, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the mode of locomotion in these marsupials, is published online by Janis et al. (2020).[8]
• The hypothesis that marsupial forelimbs are restricted by long-term developmental constraints resulting from their reproductive strategy, is challenged in a paper to be published by Martin-Serra and Benson (2020).[9]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Apeirodon[10]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Babot et al.	Eocene (Priabonian)	Geste	Argentina	A small bunodont metatherian, possibly an early divergent member of Polydolopimorphia. Genus includes new species A. sorianoi. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Australogale[11]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Engelman, Anaya & Croft	Laventan (Serravallian)	Honda Group	Bolivia	A member of Sparassodonta. Genus includes new species A. leptognathus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Copedelphys superstes[12]	Sp. nov	Valid	Korth et al.	Whitneyan	Brule	United States ( North Dakota)	A member of the family Herpetotheriidae.
Eomakhaira[13]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Engelman et al.	Early Oligocene	Abanico	Chile	A member of Sparassodonta belonging to the group Thylacosmilinae. The type species is E. molossus.
Lekaneleo[14]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Gillespie, Archer & Hand	Oligocene–Miocene	Riversleigh	Australia	A marsupial lion; a new genus for "Priscileo" roskellyae Gillespie (1997)
Mukupirna[15]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Beck et al.	Late Oligocene	Namba	Australia	A member of Vombatoidea. The type species is M. nambensis.
Pujatodon[16]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Goin et al.	Eocene (Ypresian)	La Meseta	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	Probably a member of Polydolopimorphia. Genus includes new species P. ektopos. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Eutherians

• A review of the origins, evolution and paleoecology of major clades of extinct native South American ungulates is published by Croft, Gelfo & López (2020).[17]
• A study on zinc isotope ratios in tooth enamel of Late Pleistocene mammals from the Tam Hay Marklot cave (Laos) is published by Bourgon et al. (2020), who evaluate potential utility of zinc isotopes as dietary tracers in paleontology and archeology.[18]

Xenarthrans

• A metacarpal of a member of Xenarthra of uncertain phylogenetic placement is reported from the Eocene La Meseta Formation (Seymour Island) by Davis et al. (2020), supporting previously controversial reports of Xenarthra from Antarctica.[19]
• A study on an assemblage of at least 22 specimens of Eremotherium laurillardi from the Pleistocene locality Tanque Loma (Ecuador) is published by Lindsey et al. (2020), who interpret this assemblage as likely resulting from a mass mortality event, and evaluate its implications for the knowledge of the ecology of ground sloths.[20]
• A study on the external and internal anatomy of the skull of Catonyx tarijensis is published by Boscaini et al. (2020).[21]
• A study on a late Pleistocene assemblage of several individuals of Lestodon armatus from Playa del Barco site (Argentina), aiming to determine the origin of this assemblage and its implications for the knowledge of the biology of L. armatus, is published by Tomassini et al. (2020).[22]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Chlamydophractus[23][24]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Barasoain et al.	Late Miocene	Arroyo Chasicó	Argentina	A fairy armadillo. Genus includes new species C. dimartinoi.
Glyptodon jatunkhirkhi[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cuadrelli et al.	Quaternary		Bolivia
Prozaedyus scillatoyanei[26]	Sp. nov	In press	Barasoain et al.	Miocene (Chasicoan)	Loma de Las Tapias	Argentina	An armadillo belonging to the subfamily Euphractinae.
Sibotherium[27]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rincón, Valerio & Laurito	Miocene (Hemphillian)	Curré	Costa Rica	A sloth belonging to the family Megatheriidae. Genus includes new species S. ka.
Xibalbaonyx exinferis[28]	Sp. nov	In press	Stinnesbeck et al.	Pleistocene		Mexico	A sloth belonging to the family Megalonychidae.

Afrotherians

• A study on dietary differences among Pleistocene proboscideans in North America, and their implications for the knowledge of the causes of extinction of Cuvieronius, is published by Smith & DeSantis (2020).[29]
• Evidence of dietary resource partitioning among three proboscidean taxa from the early Pliocene locality of Langebaanweg in South Africa (Anancus capensis, Mammuthus subplanifrons and Loxodonta cookei) is presented by Groenewald et al. (2020).[30]
• A study on the morphology of teeth and mandible of Serridentinus gobiensis and Miomastodon tongxinensis, as well as on the phylogenetic affinities of these taxa, is published by Wang, Zhang & Li (2020), who reestablish Miomastodon as a genus distinct from Zygolophodon, and transfer S. gobiensis to the genus Miomastodon.[31]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Trichechus hesperamazonicus[32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Perini, Nascimento & Cozzuol	Late Pleistocene		Brazil	A manatee.

Bats

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Mops kerio[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gunnell & Manthi	Pliocene	Kanapoi site	Kenya	A species of Mops. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Mops turkwellensis[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gunnell & Manthi	Pliocene	Kanapoi site	Kenya	A species of Mops. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Rousettus pattersoni[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gunnell & Manthi	Pliocene	Kanapoi site	Kenya	A species of Rousettus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Saccolaimus kenyensis[33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gunnell & Manthi	Pliocene	Kanapoi site	Kenya	A species of Saccolaimus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Turkanycteris[33]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gunnell & Manthi	Pliocene	Kanapoi site	Kenya	A very large fruit bat, larger than all extant fruit bats other than some species of Pteropus and Hypsignathus. Genus includes new species T. harrisi. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Notoungulates

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Archaeogaia[34]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Zimicz et al.	Paleocene	Mealla	Argentina	An early notoungulate. Genus includes new species A. macachaae.
Juchuysillu[35]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Croft & Anaya	Miocene	Nazareno	Bolivia	A member of the family Interatheriidae. Genus includes new species J. arenalesensis.
Teratopithecus[36]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	López et al.	Early Eocene	?Laguna del Hunco	Argentina	A member of the family Archaeopithecidae. Genus includes new species T. elpidophoros.

Odd-toed ungulates

• A study comparing changes of body mass of ungulates belonging to the genera Lophiodon and Propalaeotherium from the middle Eocene site of Geiseltal (Germany) is published by Ring et al. (2020).[37]
• A study on the diet of lophialetid tapiroids from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin (China), as indicated by tooth wear, is published online by Gong et al. (2020).[38]
• Iurino et al. (2020) describe the braincase with a natural brain endocast of a 12–18 months old rhinocerotine rhinoceros from the Middle Pleistocene site of Melpignano (Italy).[39]
• A study on the demographic history of the woolly rhinoceros leading up to its extinction, based on data from one complete nuclear genome and 14 mitogenomes, is published by Lord et al. (2020).[40]
• Revision of the fossil material of hipparionines from the Miocene locality of Tizi N’Tadderht (Morocco) is published by Cirilli et al. (2020).[41]
• Catalano et al. (2020) reconstruct a near complete mitogenome of a specimen of Equus hydruntinus from San Teodoro Cave (Sicily, Italy), and evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon.[42]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Amynodontopsis jiyuanensis[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Middle Eocene	Niezhuang	China	A member of the family Amynodontidae
"Ceratotherium" advenientis[44]	Sp. nov	In press	Pandolfi et al.	Late Miocene		Italy	A rhinoceros. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
"Dihoplus" bethlehemsis[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pandolfi, Rivals & Rabinovich	Pliocene		Israel-Palestine water divide	A rhinoceros
Mesaceratherium tschani[46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tissier, Antoine & Becker	Late Oligocene		Switzerland	A rhinoceros.

Even-toed ungulates

• New sample of isolated fossil auditory ossicles of cainotheriids is reported from the Paleogene karstic infillings of Dams (France) by Assemat et al. (2020), who provide the first description of a reconstructed ossicular chain of Caenomeryx filholi.[47]
• A study on the Old World fossil record of the family Camelidae, aiming to determine the timing of the divergence between the Bactrian camel and the dromedary, is published by Geraads et al. (2020).[48]
• A study on the systematic relationships of extant and fossil members of the family Cervidae is published by Heckeberg (2020).[49]
• Description of new fossil bovid material from Xishuigou (Gansu, China) and a revision of the type material of "Eotragus" halamagaiensis from the Halamagai Formation (Xinjiang, China) is published by Li et al. (2020), who transfer "E." halamagaiensis to the genus Turcocerus.[50]
• A study on the anatomy of molars of extant and fossil suids, and on its implications for reconstructions of diets of fossil suids from the Plio‐Pleistocene Turkana Basin (Kenya), is published by Rannikko et al. (2020).[51]
• A study comparing the distribution of ecomorphologies in the artiodactyl communities of North American Neogene savannas and modern-day African savannas is published by Morales-García, Säilä & Janis (2020).[52]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Cervus canadensis combrayicus[53]	Subsp. nov	In press	Croitor	Late Pleistocene		France	A subspecies of the elk. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Geniokeryx[54]	Gen. et comb. nov	In press	Ducrocq	Late Eocene	Krabi Basin	Thailand	A member of the family Anthracotheriidae; a new genus for "Anthracokeryx" thailandicus Ducrocq (1999).
Heliosus[55]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Burger & Jolley	Eocene (Bridgerian)	Washakie	United States ( Wyoming)	A member of the family Helohyidae. The type species is H. apophis.
Nyanzachoerus nakaliensis[56]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tsubamoto et al.	Late Miocene	Nakali	Kenya	A member of the family Suidae belonging to the subfamily Tetraconodontinae
Paukkaungmeryx[57]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ducrocq et al.	Middle Eocene	Pondaung	Myanmar	A relative of Archaeomeryx. Genus includes new species P. minutus.
Qurliqnoria chorakensis[58]	Sp. nov	In press	Kostopoulos et al.	Late Miocene		Turkey	A stem-caprine bovid. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Stenomeryx[57]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ducrocq et al.	Middle Eocene	Pondaung	Myanmar	Probably an early chevrotain. Genus includes new species S. bahinensis.

Cetaceans

• A study on the evolution of asymmetry in the skulls of living and extinct cetaceans is published by Coombs et al. (2020).[59]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Ankylorhiza[60]	Gen. et comb. nov		Boessenecker et al.	Oligocene	Ashley Chandler Bridge	United States ( South Carolina)	A large dolphin. Genus includes "Squalodon" tiedemani.
Antwerpibalaena[61]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lavigerie et al.	Pliocene		Belgium	A stem-balaenid. Genus includes new species A. liberatlas.
Archaebalaenoptera liesselensis[62]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bisconti et al.	Miocene (Tortonian)	Breda	Netherlands	A rorqual
Archaeobalaena[63]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tanaka, Furusawa & Kimura	Pliocene (Zanclean)	Chippubetsu	Japan	A member of the family Balaenidae. The type species is A. dosanko.
Dolgopolis[64]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Viglino et al.	Miocene (Burdigalian)	Gaiman	Argentina	A toothless platanistoid dolphin. Genus includes new species D. kinchikafiforo.
Ensidelphis[65]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bianucci et al.	Miocene (Burdigalian)	Chilcatay	Peru	A member of Platanistoidea. The type species is E. riveroi.
Furcacetus[65]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bianucci et al.	Miocene (Burdigalian)	Chilcatay	Peru	A member of the family Squalodelphinidae. The type species is F. flexirostrum.
Norisdelphis[66]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kimura & Hasegawa	Miocene (Tortonian)	Haraichi	Japan	An oceanic dolphin. Genus includes new species N. annakaensis.
Perditicetus[67]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Nelson & Uhen	Oligocene–Miocene (Chattian–Aquitanian)	Nye	United States ( Oregon)	A member of Platanistoidea. Genus includes new species P. yaconensis.
Protororqualus wilfriedneesi[68]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bisconti & Bosselaers	Pliocene (Zanclean	Kattendijk Sands Yorktown	Belgium  Netherlands  United States ( North Carolina)
Samaydelphis[69]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lambert et al.	Miocene (Tortonian)	Pisco	Peru	A member of the family Pontoporiidae. Genus includes new species S. chacaltanae.
Scaphokogia totajpe[70]	Sp. nov	Valid	Benites-Palomino et al.	Late Miocene	Pisco	Peru	A member of the family Kogiidae.

Carnivorans

• A study on changes in hindlimb functional diversity in North American carnivoran communities (especially in felids) over the last 19 million years is published by Polly (2020).[71]
• Description of the tarsal bones of the bear dogs from the Paleogene of Europe, and a study on the evolution of posture and locomotion of European bear dogs, is published by Fournier et al. (2020).[72]
• New fossil material of Megamphicyon giganteus, providing new information on the locomotor adaptations of this species and allowing an estimation of its body mass, is described from the middle Miocene (MN6) site of Carpetana (Spain) by Siliceo et al. (2020).[73]
• A study on the anatomy of the holotype specimen of Vulpes alopecoides and on the diversity of the Plio-Pleistocene members of the genus Vulpes from Europe is published by Bartolini Lucenti & Madurell-Malapeira (2020), who consider the species Vulpes praeglacialis and V. praecorsac to be junior synonyms of V. alopecoides.[74]
• A study on the anatomy and likely diet of "Canis" ferox is published online by Bartolini Lucenti & Rook (2020), who transfer this species to the genus Eucyon.[75]
• A study comparing the anatomy of hyoid bones of dire wolves and coyotes from La Brea Tar Pits with those of extant canids, and evaluating the implications of reported anatomical differences for the knowledge of likely vocalizations of fossil canids, is published by Flores et al. (2020).[76]
• The study of the extensive record of Canis from Dmanisi showed the combination so primitive and derived species that contrast with the previous interpretation of these specimens to Canis etruscus and support the description of the new species Canis borjgali, very close to Canis mosbachensis and probably to modern wolves, coyotes and affine dogs (Bartolini Lucenti et al. 2020 [77])
• A study on fossil canid remains from the Pleistocene of the Paglicci Cave and the Romanelli Cave (southern Italy) is published by Boschin et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as attesting the presence of dogs in Italy at least 14,000 calibrated years before present.[78]
• A study on the genomes of modern Greenland sled dogs, an ~9500-year-old Siberian dog associated with archaeological evidence for sled technology, and an ~33,000-year-old Siberian wolf is published by Sinding et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that sled dogs represent an ancient lineage going back at least 9500 years and that wolves bred with the ancestors of sled dogs and precontact American dogs.[79]
• New specimen of Agnotherium antiquum, providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is described from the Miocene locality of Eppelsheim (Germany) by Morlo et al. (2020), who interpret this species as a powerful, strictly carnivorous ambush hunter.[80]
• A study on anatomical specializations in cave bears for longer hibernation periods, and on their impact on feeding biomechanics in cave bears, is published by Pérez-Ramos et al. (2020).[81]
• A study on the diet of cave bears from cave sites in Romania, as indicated by nitrogen isotope values of individual amino acids from fossil collagen, is published by Naito et al. (2020).[82]
• Description of new fossils and a review of the fossil material of large mustelids Sivaonyx hendeyi and Plesiogulo aff. monspessulanus from the Pliocene of the Langebaanweg fossil site (South Africa) is published by Valenciano & Govender (2020).[83]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil pinnipeds is published by Paterson et al. (2020).[84]
• New fossil material of pinnipeds, including fossils referrable to Phocidae and a humerus referrable specifically to Monachinae, is described from the Upper Miocene–Lower Pliocene Beaumaris Local Fauna (Victoria, Australia) by Rule, Adams & Fitzgerald (2020), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the origins of the southern true seals from the Southern Ocean.[85]
• Rule, Hocking & Fitzgerald (2020) describe a tooth of a monachine seal from the Pliocene Whalers Bluff Formation (Victoria, Australia), and evaluate its implications for the knowledge of the timing of pinniped faunal turnovers in the Southern Hemisphere.[86]
• A study on the evolutionary history of the genus Crocuta, based on paleogenomic data from Late Pleistocene cave hyenas from across Eurasia and on population-level genomic data from sub-Saharan spotted hyenas, is published by Westbury et al. (2020).[87]
• Description of a skull of Machairodus giganteus from the late Miocene locality Hadjidimovo (Bulgaria), and a study on the evolution of the genus Machairodus, is published by Geraads & Spassov (2020).[88]
• An almost complete skull of Smilodon populator, likely belonging to one of the largest known specimens of the genus with an estimated body mass over 400 kg, is described from the Lujanian Dolores Formation (Uruguay) by Manzuetti et al. (2020).[89]
• Fossil material of Panthera gombaszoegensis georgica, representing the first record of the Eurasian jaguar in southern Asia, is described from the middle Early Pleistocene Haro River quarry (Pakistan) by Jiangzuo & Liu (2020), who present a new dispersal scenario of the jaguar in Eurasia, and compare the morphology of the teeth of the Eurasian jaguar and the living jaguar.[90]
• A study on the evolutionary history of the cave lion, based on data from mitochondrial genomes of cave lions from across their entire prehistoric range, is published by Stanton et al. (2020).[91]
• A study on the evolutionary history of lions, based on whole-genome resequencing data from a set of modern, historic, and Pleistocene lions, is published by de Manuel et al. (2020).[92]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Agriotherium hendeyi[93]	Sp. nov	In press	Jiangzuo & Flynn	Late Hemphillian	Quiburis	United States ( Arizona)	A bear. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Amblonyx barryi[94]	Sp. nov	In press	Jiangzuo, Yu & Flynn	Pliocene	Sivalik	Nepal	A relative of the Asian small-clawed otter. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Aurorarctos[95]	Gen. et sp. nov		Jiangzuo & Flynn	Late Barstovian		United States ( Nebraska)	A bear belonging to the subfamily Ursinae. The type species is A. tirawa.
Ballusia zhegalloi[96]	Sp. nov	In press	Sotnikova et al.	Early Miocene		Mongolia  Russia	A bear. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Canis borjgali[77]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Bartolini Lucenti et al.	Early Pleistocene	Dmanisi	Georgia	An ancestor of wolf-like canids
Circamustela peignei[97]	Sp. nov	Valid	Valenciano et al.	Miocene (Vallesian)	Cerro de los Batallones fossil site	Spain	A member of the family Mustelidae belonging to the subfamily Guloninae.
Cryptailurus tinaynakti[98]	Sp. nov	Valid	Barrett et al.	Hemingfordian	Mascall	United States ( Oregon)	A hypercarnivorous feliform
Cynelos stenos[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hunt & Yatkola	Early Miocene	Runningwater	United States ( Nebraska)	A bear dog
Cynodictis peignei[100]	Sp. nov	Valid	Le Verger, Solé & Ladevèze	Late Eocene to early Oligocene	Quercy Phosphorites	France	A bear dog
Leptoplesictis peignei[101]	Sp. nov	Valid	Grohé et al.	Miocene	Mae Moh Basin	Thailand	A mongoose
Lycophocyon tabrumi[102]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lofgren et al.	Eocene		United States ( Montana)	A caniformian carnivoran.
Oriensmilus[103]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang, White & Guan	Middle Miocene	Tongxin	China	A barbourofeline. Genus includes new species O. liupanensis.
Panthera balamoides[104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stinnesbeck et al.	Pleistocene		Mexico	A species of Panthera. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Siamictis[101]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Grohé et al.	Miocene	Mae Moh Basin	Thailand	A member of the family Viverridae belonging to the subfamily Paradoxurinae. The type species is S. carbonensis.
Siamogale bounosa[101]	Sp. nov	Valid	Grohé et al.	Miocene	Mae Moh Basin	Thailand	An otter
Skopelogale[105]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baskin	Miocene (Barstovian)		United States ( Nebraska)	A member of the family Mustelidae of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is S. melitodes.
Trochictis peignei[106]	Sp. nov	In press	Morlo et al.	early Late Miocene		Germany	A member of the family Mustelidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Tungurictis peignei[107]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Middle Miocene	Suosuoquan	China	A hyena
Vishnuonyx maemohensis[101]	Sp. nov	Valid	Grohé et al.	Miocene	Mae Moh Basin	Thailand	An otter

Rodents

• A study on brain anatomy and size in Neoepiblema acreensis is published by Ferreira et al. (2020).[108]
• A study on a specimen of Ischyromys douglassi from the White River Formation of West Canyon Creek (Wyoming, United States), representing the oldest and most complete articulated skeleton yet known of Ischyromys, is published by Rankin, Emry & Asher (2020), who report that this specimen exhibits anatomical sciuromorphy, and evaluate its implications for the knowledge of jaw musculature evolution in rodents.[109]
• A study on the morphology of the skull of the endemic dormouse Leithia melitensis from the Pleistocene of Sicily is published by Hennekam et al. (2020), who present a composite digital model of the skull of this rodent.[110]
• Partial mitochondrial genome of the extinct beaver Castoroides is reported by Xenikoudakis et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the origin of aquatic behavior of beavers.[111]
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Megaoryzomys curioi is published by Ronez et al. (2020).[112]
• A study aiming to determine whether insularity might have affected bone metabolism in Late Quaternary murine rodents from Timor is published by Miszkiewicz et al. (2020).[113]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Anomalomys grytsivensis[114]	Sp. nov	In press	Nesin & Kovalchuk	Miocene		Ukraine	A member of the family Anomalomyidae
Bibimys massoiai[115]	Sp. nov	Valid	Das Neves et al.	Late Quaternary		Brazil	A species of Bibimys.
Borikenomys[116]	Gen. et sp. nov		Marivaux et al.	late Early Oligocene	San Sebastián	United States ( Puerto Rico)	A member of the superfamily Chinchilloidea, possibly belonging to the family Dinomyidae. The type species is B. praecursor.
Ceratogaulus cornutasagma[117]	Sp. nov	Valid	Calede & Samuels			United States ( Nebraska)
"Cricetodon" venczeli[118]	Sp. nov	In press	Hír, Codrea & Prieto	Miocene		Romania	A large hamster. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Ctenomys viarapaensis[119]	Sp. nov	In press	De Santi et al.	Holocene		Argentina	A tuco-tuco
Episiphneus dalianensis[120]	Sp. nov	In press	Qin et al.	Late Pliocene		China	A zokor.
Golunda aouraghei[121]	Sp. nov	Valid	Piñero et al.	Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary		Morocco	A relative of the Indian bush rat
Honeymys[122]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Martin et al.	Miocene (Clarendonian)		United States ( Nebraska  Oklahoma)	A member of the family Cricetidae, possibly belonging to the subfamily Sigmodontinae; a new genus for "Copemys" mariae Baskin & Korth (1996).
Huerzelerimys asiaticus[123]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Qiu & Li	Late Miocene	Liushu	China	A member of the family Muridae belonging to the subfamily Murinae
Hystrix brevirostra[124]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang & Qiu	Late Miocene and early Pliocene	Hewangjia Liushu	China	A species of Hystrix.
Luantus sompallwei[125]	Sp. nov	In press	Solórzano et al.	Miocene	Cura-Mallín	Chile	A member of Caviomorpha.
Pareumys flynni[126]	Sp. nov	Valid	Korth	Eocene (Bridgerian and Uintan)	Washakie	United States ( Wyoming)	A member of the family Cylindrodontidae.
Pareumys muffleri[102]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lofgren et al.	Eocene		United States ( Montana)
Pauromys turnbulli[126]	Sp. nov	Valid	Korth	Eocene (Uintan)	Washakie	United States ( Wyoming)	A member of the family Sciuravidae.
Petaurista tetyukhensis[127]	Sp. nov	In press	Tiunov & Gimranov	Late Pleistocene		Russia	A species of Petaurista. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is scheduled to be published in 2020.
Pseudocylindrodon yihesubuensis[128]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li	Late Eocene	Erlian Basin	China	A member of the family Cylindrodontidae.
Spermophilinus kumkolensis[129]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Middle Miocene	Shimagou	China	A member of the family Sciuridae belonging to the subfamily Sciurinae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Thisbemys intermedius[130]	Sp. nov	Valid	Korth	Bridgerian	Washakie	United States ( Wyoming)	A member of the family Ischyromyidae.
Thryonomys kamulai[131]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tanabe et al.	Late Miocene	Nakali	Kenya	A cane rat.

Primates

• A study aiming to determine whether the relationship between primate brain size and brain shape is characterized by allometry, and whether any such relationship may reflect shared macroevolutionary trends in primate brain shape, based on data from extant and four fossil primates (Homo heidelbergensis, Australopithecus africanus, Antillothrix bernensis and Archaeolemur sp.), is published by Sansalone et al. (2020).[132]
• Marigó et al. (2020) describe navicular bones of Anchomomys frontanyensis from the Eocene fossil site of Sant Jaume de Frontanyà-3C (Barcelona, Spain), representing first known navicular bones of an Eocene euprimate from Europe, and evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of early patterns of locomotor evolution in primates.[133]
• A study evaluating the potential impact of a large-scale mid-Cenozoic extinction and diversification event on lemurs from Madagascar, based on comparison of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna of Madagascar in the Holocene to that of early Cenozoic continental Africa and on phylogenetic modeling, is published by Godfrey et al. (2020).[134]
• Virtual endocast of a specimen of Necrolemur antiquus is presented by Harrington, Yapuncich & Boyer (2020), who compare the endocast morphology of N. antiquus with those of other Eocene primates.[135]
• A study on the anatomy of the talus of Paralouatta marianae and P. varonai, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the locomotor behaviors of these primate (especially for the knowledge whether or not Paralouatta represents the first known semi-terrestrial platyrrhine), is published by Püschel et al. (2020).[136]
• A study on the evolution of the vestibular apparatus in hominoids and on the utility of the study of the inner ear morphology for reconstructions of phylogenetic relationships of fossil apes, based on data from extant anthropoids and two fossil taxa (Oreopithecus and Australopithecus), is published by Urciuoli et al. (2020).[137]
• A study on the biomechanical performance of the patella of Pierolapithecus catalaunicus is published by Pina et al. (2020).[138]
• A study on the ecology of fossil hominins and co-existing primates in the Turkana Basin area (circa 4 to 2 Ma), based on data from tooth enamel stable calcium isotope values, is published by Martin et al. (2020).[139]

General paleoanthropology

• A study on the impact caused by hard plant tissues in contact with tooth enamel is published by van Casteren et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the diet of early hominins.[140]
• A study on the mandible morphology, chewing biomechanics and probable diet of early hominins is published by Marcé-Nogué et al. (2020).[141]
• A study on metacarpal trabecular and cortical bone in early hominins, and on its implications for the knowledge of diversity in hominin hand use (especially in Australopithecus sediba), is published by Dunmore et al. (2020).[142]
• A study on the phalangeal curvature of a chimpanzee who was raised during the 1930s to live much like a human, having very few opportunities to engage in arboreal activities, is published by Wallace, Burgess & Patel (2020), who attempt to determine the extent to which phalangeal curvature is shaped by arboreal locomotion during life relative to genetic factors, and evaluate the implications of their findings for the interpretations of phalangeal curvature among fossil hominins.[143]
• A study on the evolution of human brain size, shape, and asymmetry, based on data from apes and from species belonging to the genus Homo, is published by Melchionna et al. (2020), who report evidence indicating a significant shift in the rate of brain shape evolution in the clade including modern humans, Neanderthals and Homo heidelbergensis.[144]
• Two hominin skulls, representing the earliest definitive occurrence of Paranthropus robustus and the earliest occurrence of a cranium with clear affinities to Homo erectus reported so far, are described from Drimolen (South Africa) by Herries et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as evidence that Homo, Paranthropus and Australopithecus were contemporaneous at ~2 million years ago.[145]
• A study on the locomotion of two hominins from the Sterkfontein Caves in South Africa (Australopithecus africanus and a geologically younger hominin of uncertain phylogenetic placement, either Paranthropus robustus or a member of the genus Homo), testing for evidence of committed terrestrial bipedalism and for significant bouts of climbing, is published by Georgiou et al. (2020).[146]
• A study on the maturational pattern of Paranthropus robustus, based on data from fossils from the Kromdraai B cave site (South Africa), is published by Cazenave et al. (2020), who report evidence indicating that P. robustus had a maturational pattern that more closely approached the extant ape rather than the human condition.[147]
• Richmond et al. (2020) report the first associated hand and upper limb skeleton of Paranthropus boisei from the Ileret site (Kenya).[148]
• A study aiming to determine the length of the Achilles tendon in Australopithecus is published by McNutt & DeSilva (2020).[149]
• A study on the anatomy of the atlas of the Australopithecus specimen Stw 573 ("Little Foot") and an additional Australopithecus specimen StW 679 from the Sterkfontein Member 4 (South Africa, evaluating their implications for the knowledge of kinematics of head-neck movements and blood supply contributing to brain metabolism in Australopithecus is published by Beaudet et al. (2020).[150]
• A study on brain organization and growth in Australopithecus afarensis is published by Gunz et al. (2020).[151]
• A 1.4-million-y-old large bone fragment shaped into handaxe-like form is described from the Konso Formation (Ethiopia) by Sano et al. (2020), expanding the documented technological repertoire of African Early Pleistocene Homo.[152]
• An assemblage of immature remains of Homo naledi, including the first partial skeleton of a juvenile member of this species, is reported from the Dinaledi Chamber of the Rising Star Cave (South Africa) by Bolter et al. (2020).[153]
• Bolter & Cameron (2020) utilize the methods used to study human growth and development for the reconstruction of ontogeny of Homo naledi.[154]
• A study on the morphology of the mandibular premolars of Homo naledi, and on its implications for the knowledge of possible evolutionary links between H. naledi and hominins from Sterkfontein and Swartkrans, is published by Davies et al. (2020).[155]
• A study on the timing of the first appearance of Homo erectus at the Sangiran site (Indonesia) is published by Matsu’ura et al. (2020).[156]
• Semaw et al. (2020) report the discovery of crania of Homo erectus and both Acheulean and Oldowan artifacts at the Busidima North and Dana Aoule North sites (Gona, Afar, Ethiopia), and interpret these findings as evidence of behavioral diversity and flexibility of H. erectus.[157]
• Reconstruction of the thorax of the juvenile H. erectus skeleton KNM-WT 15000 from Nariokotome (Kenya) is presented by Bastir et al. (2020), who evalute the implications of the anatomy of this individual for the knowledge of the evolution of the modern human body shape.[158]
• Welker et al. (2020) present tooth enamel proteomes of Homo antecessor from Atapuerca (Spain) and Homo erectus from Dmanisi (Georgia), and evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the phylogenetic placement of H. antecessor.[159]
• A study on tooth enamel development in hominins from the paleontological sites of the Atapuerca complex, aiming to determine whether the Atapuerca hominins shared a suite or pattern of dental developmental characteristics with Homo sapiens, is published by Modesto-Mata et al. (2020).[160]
• A study on the age of the Kabwe 1 skull from Broken Hill (Zambia), and on its implications for the knowledge of human evolution, is published by Grün et al. (2020).[161]
• Evidence of interbreeding between common ancestors of Neanderthals and Denisovans with a different hominin population that separated from other humans about 2 million years ago is presented by Rogers, Harris & Achenbach (2020).[162]
• A study on the exploitation of bivalves by Neanderthals from the Moscerini cave site (Italy) is published by Villa et al. (2020), who report evidence indicating that Neanderthals collected aquatic resources by skin diving.[163]
• Zilhão et al. (2020) present evidence from the Figueira Brava site on the Atlantic coast of Portugal indicating that Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals from this site exploited marine resources at a scale on par with the modern human–associated Middle Stone Age of southern Africa.[164]
• A study on an assemblage of Neanderthal remains and Middle Paleolithic artifacts from the Chagyrskaya Cave (Russia) is published by Kolobova et al. (2020), who compare this assemblage with other Altai sites, and interpret their findings as evidence of at least two Neanderthal incursions into southern Siberia.[165]
• A high-quality genome of a Neanderthal from the Chagyrskaya Cave is sequenced by Mafessoni et al. (2020), who interpret the data from the genes expressed in the striatum of the brain as indicating that the striatum may have evolved unique functions in Neanderthals.[166]
• Evidence of use of fibre technology by Neanderthals is reported from the Abri du Maras site (France) by Hardy et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of cognitive abilities of Neanderthals.[167]
• Evidence of stable climatic and environmental conditions in Apulia (Italy) during the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition, when Neanderthals and modern humans coexisted, is presented by Columbu et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that climate did not play a key role in the disappearance of Neanderthals in this area.[168]
• A study on the biological affinities of the Olduvai Hominid 1 is published by Willman et al. (2020), who also report evidence from tooth wear indicating that this individual wore three facial piercings.[169]
• A study on an assemblage more than 400 Late Pleistocene human footprints from Engare Sero (Tanzania), and on their implications for the knowledge of the body sizes, locomotor behaviors and composition of the group of humans who generated these tracks, is published by Hatala et al. (2020), who interpret these tracks as likely evidence of cooperative and sexually divided foraging behaviors in Late Pleistocene humans.[170]
• Wadley et al. (2020) report the discovery of grass bedding likely used to create comfortable areas for sleeping and working by people who lived in Border Cave (South Africa) at least 200,000 years ago.[171]
• A study on the evolution of early symbolic behavior in Homo sapiens, based on data from the engraved ochre and ostrich eggshell fragments from the South African Blombos Cave and Diepkloof Rock Shelter dating up to about 100,000 years ago, is published by Tylén et al. (2020).[172]
• Hublin et al. (2020) report the discovery and study the age of human remains found in association with Initial Upper Paleolithic artefacts from the Bacho Kiro cave (Bulgaria), and argue that this assemblage represents the earliest arrival of Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens in Europe reported so far;[173] a study on the ¹⁴C chronology of this site is published by Fewlass et al. (2020).[174]
• A study aiming to determine the varying reliance of early human colonisers of Wallacea on tropical forest and terrestrial versus marine resources, as indicated by stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from human and faunal tooth enamel from six Late Pleistocene/Holocene archaeological sequences on Timor and Alor Island, is published by Roberts et al. (2020).[175]
• Evidence from fecal biomarkers indicating that pre-Clovis coprolites from the Paisley Caves complex (Oregon, United States) are human is presented by Shillito et al. (2020).[176]
• A study on the timing of the peopling of the Americas, based on chronometric data from 42 North American and Beringian archaeological sites, is published by Becerra-Valdivia & Higham (2020).[177]
• Evidence of human presence in the Americas during the Last Glacial Maximum is reported from the Chiquihuite Cave (Zacatecas, Mexico) by Ardelean et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as pushing back dates for human dispersal to the region possibly as early as 33,000–31,000 years ago.[178]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Fanchangia[179]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Harrison et al.	Early Miocene		China	A member of Pliopithecoidea. Genus includes new species F. jini.
Nesomomys[180]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Beard et al.	Eocene (Lutetian)	Uzunçarşidere	Turkey	A member of the family Omomyidae. Genus includes new species N. bunodens.
Ucayalipithecus[181]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Seiffert et al.	Paleogene	Santa Rosa locality	Peru	A member of the family Parapithecidae. Genus includes new species U. perdita.

Other eutherians

• A study on the anatomy of the petrosal and inner ear of Ocepeia daouiensis is published by Gheerbrant, Schmitt & Billet (2020).[182]
• Redescription of the type material of Carodnia feruglioi, providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is published by Vera, Fornasiero & del Favero (2020).[183]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the litopterns is published by Chimento & Agnolin (2020), who recover the litopterns as pan-perissodactyls, and evaluate the palaeobiogeographical implications of litoptern affinities.[184]
• A study on the dietary habits of Macrauchenia patachonica and Xenorhinotherium bahiense is published by de Oliveira et al. (2020).[185]
• Virtual endocast of the stem lagomorph Megalagus turgidus is reconstructed by López-Torres et al. (2020).[186]
• A study on the morphology of teeth and likely dietary ecology of the fossil treeshrews Prodendrogale yunnanica and Ptilocercus kylin is published by Selig et al. (2020).[187]
• A study on the anatomy of the skull of Microsyops annectens is published by Silcox, Gunnell & Bloch (2020).[188]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Atelerix steensmai[189]	Sp. nov	In press	Van Dam, Mein & Alcalá	Late Miocene	Teruel Basin	Spain	A hedgehog, a species of Atelerix.
Bisonalveus gracilis[190]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fox & Scott	Paleocene (Tiffanian)	Paskapoo	Canada ( Alberta)	A member of the family Pentacodontidae.
Chiromyoides kesiwah[191]	Sp. nov	Valid	Beard et al.	Tiffanian		United States ( Wyoming)	A member of the family Plesiadapidae.
Ereberix[192]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lopatin	Early Miocene	Loo	Mongolia	A member of the family Erinaceidae. Genus includes new species E. erebericulus.
Leonhardtina meridianum[193]	Sp. nov	Valid	Solé, Marandat & Lihoreau	Eocene		France	A member of the family Hyaenodontidae.
Lophocion grangeri[194]	Sp. nov	In press	Bai, Wang & Meng	Late Paleocene	Clark's Fork	United States ( Wyoming)	A member of the family Phenacodontidae
Matthodon peignei[193]	Sp. nov	Valid	Solé, Marandat & Lihoreau	Eocene		France	A member of the family Hyaenodontidae.
Olisanophus[195]	Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	McGrath, Anaya & Croft	Miocene (Laventan)	Honda Group Honda Group (La Venta)	Bolivia  Colombia	A member of Litopterna belonging to the family Proterotheriidae. Genus includes new species O. riorosarioensis and O. akilachuta, as well as "Prolicaphrium" sanalfonensis.
Oxyaenoides aumelasiensis[193]	Sp. nov	Valid	Solé, Marandat & Lihoreau	Eocene		France	A member of the family Hyaenodontidae.
Plioblarinella[196]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Koenigswald & Reumer	Pliocene		Austria	A shrew belonging to the tribe Blarinellini; a new genus for "Petenyia" dubia
Pseudobrachytherium[197]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Corona et al.	Miocene (Huayquerian)	Camacho	Uruguay	A member of Litopterna belonging to the family Proterotheriidae. Genus includes new species P. breve.
Rodcania[198]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gelfo, García-López & Bergqvist	Paleocene	Río Loro	Argentina	A member of Xenungulata. Genus includes new species R. kakan.
Saltaodus[199]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gelfo et al.	Eocene	Lumbrera	Argentina	A native South American ungulate belonging to the family Didolodontidae. Genus includes new species S. sirolli. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Wyonycteris kingi[200]	Sp. nov	In press	Hooker	Paleogene	Woolwich	United Kingdom	A member of the family Nyctitheriidae

Other mammals

• A study on the evolution of morphological diversity of fourth premolars in cimolodontan multituberculates is published by Weaver & Wilson (2020).[201]

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Adalatherium[202]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Krause, Hoffmann, Wible & Rougier in Krause et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Maevarano	Madagascar	A member of Gondwanatheria. The type species is A. hui.
Amblotherium megistodon[203]	Sp. nov	Valid	Foster, Pagnac & Hunt-Foster	Late Jurassic	Morrison	United States ( Wyoming)	A member of the family Dryolestidae.
Cryoharamiya[204]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Averianov et al.	Early Cretaceous	Batylykh	Russia ( Sakha)	An euharamiyidan of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is C. tarda.
Dolichoprion[205]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Kusuhashi, Wang & Jin	Early Cretaceous	Fuxin	China	An eobaatarid multituberculate. Genus includes new species D. lii. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Fuxinoconodon[206]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kusuhashi et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian)	Fuxin	China	A member of the family Gobiconodontidae. The type species is F. changi. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Magallanodon[207]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Goin et al.	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian to early Maastrichtian)	Dorotea	Chile	A member of Gondwanatheria, possibly belonging to the family Ferugliotheriidae. The type species is M. baikashkenke.
Origolestes[208]	Gen. et sp. nov		Mao et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Yixian	China	A member of the family Zhangheotheriidae. Genus includes new species O. lii. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Tagaria[209]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Averianov et al.	Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)	Itat	Russia ( Krasnoyarsk Krai)	A member of Multituberculata. Genus includes new species T. antiqua.
Tashtykia[209]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Averianov et al.	Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)	Itat	Russia ( Krasnoyarsk Krai)	A member of Multituberculata. Genus includes new species T. primaeva.
Triconodon averianovi[210]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jäger, Cifelli & Martin	Early Cretaceous (Berriasian)	Lulworth	United Kingdom

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