New Zealand Labour Party

The New Zealand Labour Party (Māori: Rōpū Reipa o Aotearoa),[8] or simply Labour (Māori: Reipa), is a centre-left political party in New Zealand.[3] The party's platform programme describes its founding principle as democratic socialism,[9][10] while observers describe Labour as social-democratic and pragmatic in practice.[1][2] The party participates in the international Progressive Alliance.[6]

New Zealand Labour Party

Rōpū Reipa o Aotearoa
AbbreviationNZLP
PresidentClaire Szabó
General SecretaryDianna Lacy (acting)
LeaderJacinda Ardern
Deputy LeaderKelvin Davis
Founded7 July 1916 (7 July 1916)
Merger ofSocial Democratic Party
United Labour Party
HeadquartersFraser House, 160–162 Willis St, Wellington 6011
Youth wingYoung Labour
LGBT+ wingRainbow Labour
IdeologySocial democracy[1][2]
Political positionCentre-left[3][4][5]
International affiliationProgressive Alliance[6]
Colours     Red
Slogan"Let's Keep Moving"[7]
MPs in the House of Representatives
46 / 120
Website
labour.org.nz
Part of a series on
Organised labour
Labour parties

The New Zealand Labour Party formed in 1916 out of various socialist parties and trade unions. It is the country's oldest political party still in existence.[11] Alongside its main rival, the New Zealand National Party, Labour has dominated New Zealand governments since the 1930s.[12] As of 2020, there have been six periods of Labour government under ten Labour prime ministers.

The party first came to power under prime ministers Michael Joseph Savage and Peter Fraser from 1935 to 1949, when it established New Zealand's welfare state. It governed from 1957 to 1960, and again from 1972 to 1975 (a single term each time). In 1974, the prime minister Norman Kirk died in office, which contributed to a decline in party support. Up to the 1980s, the party advocated a strong role for governments in economic and social matters. When it governed from 1984 to 1990, Labour instead privatised state assets and reduced the role of the state in the economy; Labour prime minister David Lange also introduced New Zealand's nuclear-free policy. Labour again became the largest party from 1999 to 2008, when it governed in coalition with, or based on negotiated support from, several minor parties; Helen Clark became the first Labour prime minister to lead her government through the third term in office.

Since the 2008 general election Labour has comprised the second-largest caucus represented in the House of Representatives. In the 2017 general election the party under Jacinda Ardern returned to prominence with its best showing since the 2005 general election, winning 36.9% of the party vote and 46 seats.[13] On 19 October 2017, Labour formed a minority coalition government with New Zealand First, with confidence and supply from the Green Party. Jacinda Ardern currently serves as the party leader and prime minister, while Kelvin Davis is the deputy leader.

History
See also: Socialism in New Zealand

The New Zealand Labour Party was established on 7 July 1916 in Wellington,[11] bringing together socialist groups advocating proportional representation; the abolition of the country quota; the recall of members of Parliament; as well as the nationalisation of production and of exchange.[14] Despite its Wellington origins, the West Coast town of Blackball is often regarded as the birthplace of the party,[15] as it was the location of the founding of one of the main political organisations which became part of the nascent Labour Party. The party was created by, and has always been influenced by, the trade unions, and in practice Labour Party politicians regard themselves as part of a broader labour movement and tradition.[16]

Formation

The New Zealand Labour Party was an amalgamation of a number of early groups, the oldest of which was founded in 1901. The process of unifying these diverse groups into a single party was difficult, with tensions between different factions running strong.[17]

At the turn of the century, the radical side of New Zealand working class politics was represented by the Socialist Party, founded in 1901. The more moderate leftists were generally supporters of the Liberal Party.[18] In 1905, a group of working-class politicians who were dissatisfied with the Liberal approach established the Independent Political Labour League,[19] which managed to win a seat in Parliament in the 1908 election.[20][21] This established the basic dividing line in New Zealand's left-wing politics – the Socialists tended to be revolutionary and militant, while the moderates focused instead on progressive reform.[22]

In 1910, the Independent Political Labour League was relaunched as an organisation called the Labour Party, distinct from the modern party. Soon, however, the leaders of the new organisation decided the additional effort was needed to promote left-wing cooperation, and organised a "Unity Conference". The Socialists refused to attend, but several independent labour activists agreed. The United Labour Party was born.[22]

Soon afterward, the labour movement was hit by the Waihi miners' strike, a major industrial disturbance prompted by radicals in the union movement.[23] The movement was split between supporting and opposing the radicals, and in the end, the conservative government of William Massey suppressed the strike by force. In the strike's aftermath, there was a major drive to end the divisions in the movement and establish a united front. Therefore another Unity Conference was called, and this time the Socialists attended.[23] The resulting group was named the Social Democratic Party.

Not all members of the United Labour Party accepted the new organisation, however, and some continued under their own banner. Gradually, however, the differences between the Social Democrats and the ULP Remnant broke down, and in 1915 they formed a unified caucus both to oppose Reform better and to differentiate themselves from the Liberals.[24] A year later yet another gathering was held. This time, all major factions of the labour movement agreed to unite, establishing the modern Labour Party.[25]

Electoral record of constituent parties pre-1916 Labour
Term Electorate Party Elected MPs
1908–1910 17th Wellington East Ind. Labour League David McLaren
1910–1911 Changed allegiance to: Labour
1911–1912 18th Wellington South Labour Alfred Hindmarsh
1912–1914 Changed allegiance to: United Labour
1914–1916 19th Wellington South United Labour
1911–1914 18th Grey Lynn Labour John Payne
1914–1916 19th Grey Lynn Independent Labour
1916 Changed allegiance to: Independent
1911–1913 18th Otaki Labour John Robertson
1913–1914 Changed allegiance to: Social Democrat
1911–1912 18th Wanganui Independent Labour Bill Veitch
1912–1914 Changed allegiance to: United Labour
1914–1916 19th Wanganui United Labour
1916 Changed allegiance to: Independent
1913–1914 18th Grey Social Democrat Paddy Webb
1914–1916 19th Grey Social Democrat
1913–1914 18th Lyttelton Social Democrat James McCombs
1914–1916 19th Lyttelton Social Democrat
1914–1916 19th Dunedin North United Labour Andrew Walker

Early years

Almost immediately, the new Labour Party became involved in the acrimonious debate about conscription, which arose during World War I – the Labour Party strongly opposed conscription,[26] several leading members were jailed and expelled from Parliament for their stand against the war: Peter Fraser, Harry Holland, Bob Semple and Paddy Webb.[27] The loss of leadership threatened to seriously destabilise the party, but the party survived.[27] (Fraser, Semple and Webb later supported conscription in World War II.[27])

In its first real electoral test as a united party, the 1919 election, Labour won eight seats – the party's quick success shocked many conservatives.[28] This compared with 47 for the governing Reform Party and 21 for the Liberal Party.[29]

Although Labour had split with its more militant faction (who went on to form various socialist parties), it maintained what were at the time radical socialist policies. Labour's 'Usehold' policy on land was, in essence, the replacement of freehold tenure by a system of perpetual lease from the state, with all land transfer conducted through the state (the full nationalisation of farmland). This policy was unpopular with voters and was dropped by Labour, along with other more radical policies, throughout the 1920s.[22]

Members of the Labour parliamentary caucus, 1922. Prominent members are Harry Holland (seated, left of centre), Peter Fraser (seated, right of centre) and Michael Joseph Savage (back row, rightmost).

In the 1922 election, Labour more than doubled its number of seats, winning seventeen. In the 1925 election, it declined somewhat but had the consolation of soon overtaking the Liberals as the second-largest party. Labour leader Harry Holland became the official Leader of the Opposition on 16 June 1926, after the Eden by-election on 15 April elected Rex Mason (Labour) to replace James Parr (Reform) who had resigned. After the 1928 election, however, the party was left in an advantageous position – the Reform Party and the new United Party (a revival of the Liberals) were tied on 27 seats each, and neither could govern without Labour support. Labour chose to back United, the party closest to its own views – this put an end to five terms of Reform Party government.[30]

The rigours of the Great Depression brought Labour considerable popularity, but also caused tension between Labour and the United Party. In 1931, United passed a number of economic measures which Labour deemed hostile to workers, and the agreement between the two parties collapsed. United then formed a coalition government with Reform, making Labour the Opposition. The coalition retained power in the 1931 election, but gradually, the public became highly dissatisfied with its failure to resolve the country's economic problems. Harry Holland died in 1933 and was replaced by his deputy Michael Joseph Savage as party leader. In the 1935 election, the Labour Party gained a significant majority, gaining 53 seats to the coalition's 19, and returned to government.

Several of the early Labour Party stalwarts were Australian-born: Alfred Hindmarsh, Harry Holland, Michael Joseph Savage, Bob Semple, Paddy Webb, Bill Parry and later Jerry Skinner, Mabel Howard, Hugh Watt and Dorothy Jelicich.

First Government (1935–1949) and opposition
Main article: First Labour Government of New Zealand
Michael Joseph Savage, the first Prime Minister from the Labour Party

Party leader Michael Joseph Savage became Prime Minister on 6 December 1935, marking the beginning of Labour's first term in office. The new government quickly set about implementing a number of significant reforms, including a reorganisation of the social welfare system and the creation of the state housing scheme.[31] Workers also benefited from the introduction of the forty-hour week, and legislation making it easier for unions to negotiate on their behalf.[32] Savage himself was highly popular with the working classes, and his portrait could be found on the walls of many houses around the country.[33] At this time the Labour Party pursued an alliance with the Māori Rātana movement.[34]

The opposition, meanwhile, attacked the Labour Party's more left-wing policies and accused it of undermining free enterprise and hard work. The year after Labour's first win, the Reform Party and the United Party took their coalition to the next step, agreeing to merge with each other. The combined organisation was named the National Party, and would be Labour's main rival in future years.[35]

Members of the First Labour Government on the steps of the Parliamentary Library in Wellington, 1935

Labour also faced opposition from within its ranks. While the Labour Party had been explicitly socialist at its inception, it had been gradually drifting away from its earlier radicalism. The death of the party's former leader, the "doctrinaire" Harry Holland, had marked a significant turning point in the party's history. Some within the party, however, were displeased about the changing focus of the party, most notably John A. Lee. Lee, whose views were a mixture of socialism and social credit theory, emerged as a vocal critic of the party's leadership, accusing it of behaving autocratically and of betraying the party's rank and file. After a long and bitter dispute, Lee was expelled from the party, establishing his own breakaway Democratic Labour Party.[36]

Savage died in 1940 and was replaced by Peter Fraser, who became Labour's longest-serving prime minister. Fraser is best known as New Zealand's leader for most of World War II. In the post-war period, however, ongoing shortages and industrial problems cost Labour considerable popularity, and the National Party, under Sidney Holland, gained ground although Labour was able to win the 1943 and 1946 elections. Eventually, in the 1949 election, Labour was defeated.[37]

Fraser died shortly afterward, and was replaced by Walter Nash, the long-serving Minister of Finance.[38] It was to be some time before Labour would return to power; however – Nash lacked the charisma of his predecessors, and National won considerable support for opposing the "industrial anarchy" of the 1951 waterfront dispute. In the 1957 election, however, Labour had a narrow majority of two seats, and returned to office.

Second Government (1957–1960) and opposition
Main article: Second Labour Government of New Zealand

Nash, Labour's third prime minister, took office in late 1957. Upon coming to power, Labour decided that drastic measures were needed to address balance of payments concerns.[39] This resulted in the highly unpopular "Black Budget" of Arnold Nordmeyer, the new Minister of Finance, which raised taxes on alcohol, cigarettes, cars, and petrol.[40] It is widely thought to have doomed the party to defeat despite the economy having rejuvenated less than a year after the Black Budget was adopted.[40] In the 1960 election, the National Party returned to power.

Leader Norman Kirk opening Labour's election campaign in 1966

The elderly Nash retired in 1963, suffering from ill health.[41] He was replaced by Nordmeyer, but the taint of the Black Budget ensured that Nordmeyer did not have any appreciable success in reversing the party's fortunes. In 1965, the leadership was assumed by the younger Norman Kirk, who many believed would revitalise the party. Labour was defeated again in the next two elections, but in the 1972 election, the party gained a significant majority over its rival.

Third Government (1972–1975) and opposition
Main article: Third Labour Government of New Zealand

Kirk proved to be an energetic Prime Minister and introduced a number of new policies. His foreign policy stances included strong criticism of nuclear weapons testing and of South Africa's apartheid system. Kirk's health was poor, however, and was worsened by his refusal to slow the pace of his work. In 1974, Kirk was taken ill and died. He was replaced by Bill Rowling, who did not have the same appeal – in the 1975 election, Labour was defeated by National, which was led by Robert Muldoon.[42]

Party logo from the mid-1960s until the early 1990s

Rowling remained the leader of the Labour Party for some time after his defeat. In the 1978 election and the 1981 election Labour won a larger share of the vote than National but failed to win an equivalent number of seats. Rowling himself was compared unfavourably to Muldoon, and did not cope well with Muldoon's aggressive style. Rowling was eventually replaced by David Lange, who the caucus perceived as more charismatic.[43] In the snap election of 1984, Labour defeated the National party.

Fourth Government (1984–1990) and opposition
Main article: Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand
The free-market policies of David Lange's government deviated sharply from previous Labour governments

When the Fourth Labour Government came into power it uncovered a fiscal crisis that had been largely hidden by the outgoing Third National Government.[44] Government debt was skyrocketing, due largely to the costs of borrowing to maintain a fixed exchange rate. When the result of the election became clear Lange asked Muldoon to devalue the dollar, which he refused to do, resulting in a constitutional crisis and precipitating some of the changes in the Constitution Act 1986.[45]

The economic policy agenda of the Fourth Labour Government differed significantly from previous Labour governments. The Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas, was a supporter of free market theories, and sought to implement sweeping reforms ("Rogernomics") to the economy and tax system.[46][47] This involved floating the New Zealand dollar, cutting government spending, reducing taxes and removing almost all industry subsidies.[47] The government also revolutionised New Zealand's foreign policy, making the country a nuclear-free zone,[48] and effectively leaving the ANZUS alliance. Immigration policy was liberalised and migration from Asia was promoted.[49]

Other Fourth Labour Government innovations included extended the jurisdiction of the Waitangi Tribunal back to the date of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi; Homosexual Law Reform, which legalised homosexual relations; and the Bill of Rights Act, which enumerated civil and political rights. Throughout its first term, the government remained largely unified behind the radical financial, economic and social policy reforms that were enacted but early signs of dissension began to appear before the 1987 election.[50]

In 1987 Labour won another considerable election victory against the National Party while ruptures over the direction of policy remained concealed. Despite taking votes from affluent areas, Labour suffered negative swings in more traditional seats, the blue ribbon seat of Remuera nearly fell into the Labour column. This second term, which increased Labour's majority and was won mostly on the back of its anti-nuclear stance, caused emerging divisions over economic policy to begin arising within Cabinet.[51] Ministers were divided on the extent and pace of further reforms, and there was a rebellion among party members and disillusion among Labour voters. The party was also criticised by the Council of Trade Unions. One vocal critic of government policy, Jim Anderton, left to establish the NewLabour Party which later formed the basis of the left-wing Alliance Party.[51][52] At the same time Roger Douglas and Lange fought intermittent battles inside Cabinet with Douglas wanting to dramatically expand his economic programme. A flat tax proposal by Douglas was strongly opposed by Lange who moved to sack him, resulting in political clashes throughout 1988, but Lange successfully removed him following extended struggles. After Douglas was re-elected to Cabinet the next year, Lange thereafter resigned from office himself in 1989, interpreting Douglas's reappointment as a vote of no confidence in his leadership.[53]

Lange was replaced by Geoffrey Palmer.[53] However, Palmer failed to rebuild the shattered remnants of Lange's government and, by September 1990, Palmer was replaced by Mike Moore. Despite Moore's ascension somewhat salvaging poll ratings Labour suffered its worst defeat since it first took office in 1935 (losing twenty-eight seats) and was flung into the political wilderness after their election landslide loss.[52] National swept to power seemingly repudiating the Lange/Douglas program but then engaged in even more radical policies than Labour had contemplated, political disillusionment caused by both governments was decisive in the later adoption of MMP.

Moore himself was eventually replaced by Helen Clark, despite recovering sixteen seats at the 1993 election. Clark led the party in opposition to the National government for six years under the administrations of Bolger (1993–1997) and Shipley (1997–1999). During this period in opposition, the party made a measured repudiation of Rogernomics, although it has never returned to its original leftist roots (Labour's contemporary position is left-of-centre).[3] When the 1996 election, the first conducted under the MMP electoral system, gave the balance of power to the centrist New Zealand First party, many believed that Labour would return to power, but in the end New Zealand First formed their own coalition arrangement with the National Party. Despite initially appearing coherent, the coalition became increasingly unstable and eventually collapsed, leaving the National Party to govern as a minority government from 1998 to 1999.

Fifth Government (1999–2008) and opposition
Main article: Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand
Helen Clark, Labour Prime Minister from 1999 to 2008

After the 1999 election, a coalition government of Labour and the Alliance took power, with Helen Clark becoming New Zealand's second female Prime Minister.[54] This government, while undertaking a number of reforms, was not particularly radical when compared to previous Labour governments, and maintained a high level of popularity. The Alliance, however, fell in popularity and split internally, the latter factor being one of the reasons cited by Clark for her calling the 2002 election several months early, which Labour comfortably won.[55]

Policies of the Fifth Labour Government include the KiwiSaver scheme,[56] the Working for Families package, increasing the minimum wage 5% a year, interest-free student loans, creation of District Health Boards, the introduction of a number of tax credits, overhauling the secondary school qualifications by introducing NCEA, and the introduction of fourteen weeks’ parental leave.[57] Labour also supported the Civil Union Act 2004, which legalised civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples.[58]

In early 2004, Labour came under attack for its policies on the foreshore and seabed controversy.[59] There were significant internal tensions within the party, eventually culminating in the resignation of junior minister Tariana Turia and her establishment of the new Māori Party.[60]

Party logo in 2008

Following the 2005 election, Labour formed a coalition with the Progressive Party (breakaway party of the old Alliance), and entered into complex confidence and supply agreements with the centrist United Future and New Zealand First parties, which gave both parties' leaders a ministerial portfolio, while remaining outside the Cabinet. A limited support agreement was also made with the Green Party, whereby certain policy concessions were to be made to the Greens in return for abstention on confidence and supply votes. Labour lost power when the National Party soundly defeated it in the 2008 election.

Then-leader Phil Goff with current leader Jacinda Ardern and Carol Beaumont at a 2010 anti-mining march in Auckland

Following the loss to the National Party in the November 2008 election, Helen Clark stood down as leader of the party.[61] She was succeeded by Phil Goff (2008–2011).[62] Labour had a relatively high turnover of four leaders during its most recent term in opposition; this has been attributed in part to changes within public media and the political environment.[63] Goff led Labour into a second electoral defeat in 2011 and was succeeded by David Shearer (2011–2013).[64] Shearer resigned after losing the confidence of caucus. David Cunliffe (2013–2014) was elected in the 2013 leadership election.[65] Cunliffe was disliked by some factions within the Labour caucus but had strong support from the party membership. In the leadership contest he won first-preference votes from only one-third of Labour MPs.[66] Cunliffe's tenure as leader quickly became mired in internal disputes and falling poll ratings. Labour went on to suffer its worst electoral reversal since 1922 at the 2014 election, Cunliffe opted to resign after initially wishing to re-contest the leadership. He was replaced by Andrew Little (2014–2017). Little then resigned in 2017 following new polling showing the party sinking to a record low result of 24% with internal voices hoping rising star Jacinda Ardern would takeover in his stead.[67] Jacinda Ardern (2017–present) was confirmed as the new Labour leader.[67][68]

After Ardern's ascension to the leadership Labour rose dramatically in opinion polls. By late August they had risen to 43% in one poll (having been 24% under Little's leadership), as well as managing to overtake National in opinion polls for the first time in over a decade.[69]

Sixth Government (2017–present)
Main article: Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand

During the 2017 election, Labour gained 36.6% of the party vote and increased its presence in the House of Representatives to 46 seats, making it the second largest party in Parliament.[13]

On 19 October 2017, New Zealand First leader Winston Peters announced that his party would form a coalition government with Labour,[70] citing changing international and internal economic circumstances as the reasoning behind his decision,[71] coupled with a belief that a Labour government was best-placed to handle the social and economic welfare of New Zealanders in a global environment that was undergoing rapid and seismic change.[72] This coalition, combined with confidence and supply from the Green Party,[73] saw Labour return to government for the first time since 2008. Ardern became Prime Minister, with Peters as her deputy.[74]

The Labour government has pledged to eliminate child poverty, make tertiary education free, reduce immigration by 20,000–30,000, decriminalise abortion, and make all rivers swimmable within 10 years.[72]

In mid-July 2020, the Serious Fraud Office announced that it was investigating donations made to the Labour Party by two Chinese businessmen during the 2017 general election. Labour Party President Claire Szabó announced that the Party would be cooperating with the investigation.[75][76]

Ideology
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Social democracy
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Labour's 1916 policy objectives called for "the socialisation of the means of production, distribution and exchange", including state ownership of major parts of the economy, and increased rights for workers.[2] Up to the 1980s Labour remained a party that believed in a strong role for governments in economic and social matters. However, it had been transformed from a union-dominated, socialist-oriented movement into a moderate social-democratic party.[2][1][77] The Labour Government of the 1980s deviated sharply from a social-democratic path; in a series of economic reforms, the government removed a swathe of regulations and subsidies, privatised state assets and introduced corporate practices to state services.[78]

From the 1990s onwards, Labour has again aimed to use the power of the state to try to achieve a "fairer and more equal society", based on a mixed economy in which both the state and private enterprise play a part.[2] Subsequently, the party has also been described as embracing certain social liberal policies.[79][80]

Principles

According to its constitution (amended most recently in 2014), the party accepts "democratic socialist" principles, including:[81]

  • The management of New Zealand's natural resources for the benefit of all, including future generations.
  • Equal access to all social, economic, cultural, political, and legal spheres, regardless of wealth or social position.
  • Co-operation as the main governing factor in economic relations, to ensure a just distribution of wealth.
  • Universal rights to dignity, self-respect, and the opportunity to work.
  • The right to wealth and property, subject to the provisos of regarding people as always more important than property and the obligations of the state to ensure a just distribution of wealth.
  • Honouring the Treaty of Waitangi as the founding document of New Zealand.
  • The promotion of peace and social justice throughout the world by international co-operation.
  • Equality in human rights regardless of race, sex, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, religious faith, political belief or disability.

Voter base

Historically, the party drew upon a stable sectional voter base comprising the urban working class, predominantly manual labourers and trade unionists. From the 1930s onwards, Labour has increasingly positioned itself as a broad-based party by responding and adapting to different social and economic problems and changing demographics (appealing to an expanding migrant population and a diversified ethnic, social make-up).[2] Beginning in the 1980s, there was a shift away from class-issues and towards the promotion of individual freedoms, particularly for members of disadvantaged groups such as women and Māori. The modern party's core support base lies among young people, urban workers, civil servants, and minorities (particularly the Māori and Pacific Islander communities).[82][83]

Organisation

Party structure

General and special branches

Party membership is tied into geographically-based branches in each parliamentary electorate. General branches must consist of at least 10 members aged 15 or over.[84] Members may also form special branches where they have a special community of interest (such as university students and academics, young people, women, Māori people, Pacific Islanders, multicultural groups, people with disabilities, the rainbow community and industrial workers).[84] Influential branches include Princes Street Labour (this Auckland university branch is described as the "ideological powerhouse of the party",[85] and has contributed many prominent Labour politicians) and Vic Labour (the Victoria University of Wellington branch).[86]

Labour Party membership, 1917–2002[87]

Membership figures are rarely released to the public. Full (non-affiliate) membership is known to have peaked at 55,000 in 1976. During the 1980s and 1990s, party membership plummeted to levels not seen since before the First Labour Government. This decline might be attributed to disillusionment on the part of some members with the economic policies of the Fourth Labour Government ("Rogernomics"). Membership figures began to recover under Helen Clark's leadership, with 14,000 members recorded in 2002.[88]

Conference, councils and committees

Delegates from all branches in the electorate, together with delegates from affiliated unions, make up the Labour Electorate Committee (LEC). The LEC is responsible for party organisation in the electorate.[84] The party is divided into six regional areas, which each year convene a Regional Conference.[89] Policy and other matters are debated and passed onto the Annual Conference.[84]

The Annual Conference (called Congress in election years) is the supreme governing body of the Labour Party when it is in session. All constituent bodies of the party are entitled to send delegates to Annual Conference.[84]

The New Zealand Council is the Labour Party's governing executive.[89] It ensures that the party is governed effectively according to its constitution. The NZ Council consists of the president, two senior vice presidents (one of which must be a Māori), three vice presidents (representing women, affiliates, and Pacific Islanders), seven regional representatives, one Policy Council representative, three Caucus representatives, and the general secretary.[84]

The Policy Council, responsible for the development of the policy platform and election manifesto,[9] is elected for a three-year term following each general election. The party structure also provides for Special Interest Group Councils: representing the affiliates, women's issues, Māori issues, Pacific Islands, primary industries, local government, and youth.[84]

Caucus and parliamentary leadership
Leader Jacinda Ardern with party members at a 2017 Labour election campaign event

The elected members representing the Labour Party in the House of Representatives meet as the Parliamentary Labour Party, also called the Caucus. The current parliamentary leader is Jacinda Ardern.[90] A leadership election is triggered upon the vacancy of the position of leader or a motion of no confidence. Candidates are nominated from within the Caucus. Under Labour Party rules, party members have 40% of the votes, MPs have another 40% of the votes, and affiliated unions have 20% of the votes.[84] Some observers have criticised the influence of the unions in leadership elections.[91]

Affiliated trade unions

In the first decades of the 20th century industries grew strongly in New Zealand's main cities and union membership also increased. The Labour Party was formed in this period as the political wing of the labour movement and was financed by trade unions. Since then, the unions have retained close institutional links with the party. There are currently six unions that are directly affiliated to the party and pay affiliation fees, as well as receiving a percentage of the vote in party leadership elections.[91] These unions are the following:

In addition, the president of the New Zealand Council of Trade Unions continues to speak at the Labour Party Annual Conference.[93]

Young Labour
Main article: New Zealand Young Labour

Young Labour is the party's youth wing. It exists to organise young members (under 26[94]) and encourage wider involvement of young New Zealanders in centre-left politics. Young Labour is the most active sector in the Labour Party and plays a significant role in policy development and campaign efforts. It is endearingly called the "conscience of the party".[95]

In March 2018, it was reported that four people under 16 were allegedly sexually assaulted at a Young Labour summer camp in February. The camp was said to have "mountains of alcohol", and people under the legal drinking age of 18 were said to have consumed alcohol. Although Young Labour and the Labour Party were aware of the allegations, party leadership failed to tell the Prime Minister, Jacinda Ardern. The party offered counselling and support after the allegations were publicly reported.[96][97] An independent review into the party's conduct and sexual assault complaint policy was announced by Party President Nigel Haworth, and was completed late August. The party has declined to release the report to the public.[98]

Local government

As of 2019, the Auckland Council had four councillors serving under the Labour ticket and one serving under the affiliated City Vision ticket. Overall, the centre-left maintain a majority and the incumbent mayor, Phil Goff, is a former leader of the party. In addition, there are 27 elected Labour Party community board members across Auckland, while City Vision holds 14 seats.

In New Plymouth, former MP Harry Duynhoven served as mayor from 2010–2013 where upon he was voted out of office. Lianne Dalziel was elected to be Mayor of Christchurch in the 2013 local body elections succeeding Sir Bob Parker, and former Rotorua electorate then list MP Steve Chadwick, was elected as Mayor of Rotorua in the 2013 elections, Both Dalziel and Chadwick ran however as independents.

In Christchurch, Labour maintains an umbrella, including community independents called The People's Choice (formerly Christchurch 2021). Labour candidates stand as 'The People's Choice (Labour)' and hold 10 community board seats, seven council seats, and several community board chairmanships.

Wellington has three Labour Party councillors: Fleur Fitzsimons – Southern Ward councillor, Teri O'Neill – Eastern Ward councillor and Rebecca Matthews – Onslow-Western Ward Councillor. There are many more local councillors in the Wellington region who are Labour Party members, but do not run as endorsed candidates of the party.

Daran Ponter of the Wellington City ward on the Greater Wellington Regional Council is the only councillor to have been elected on a Labour ticket, although other councillors such as Ros Connelly and Penny Gaylor have a history with the party. Campbell Barry has been the mayor of Lower Hutt since 2019, and was elected on a Labour ticket along with Wainuiomata ward councilor Keri Brown.

In Dunedin, the city councillor and former Labour MP David Benson-Pope announced on 26 February 2016 that he would be contesting the Dunedin local elections in October under the "Local Labour" ticket. While still a Labour Party member, Benson Pope had stood in the 2013 local elections as an independent candidate. This report coincided with the dissolution of the city's main local body ticket, the centre-left Greater Dunedin group. On 20 April, it was reported that the Labour Party had dropped its plan to field a bloc of candidates in the 2016 Dunedin elections. However, the Party has not ruled out endorsing other candidates.[99] In 2019, Steve Walker was elected to the Dunedin City Council and Marian Hobbs was elected to the Otago regional council, both on a Labour Party ticket.[100]

In Palmerston North, councillor Lorna Johnson and Zulfiqar Butt are the only two representatives to have been elected to the city council on a Labour ticket. However, there are several other councilors who are, or have been, members of the Labour Party who serve as independents.

In Whanganui, the town's mayor Hamish McDouall is a Labour member and previously contested the seat of Whanganui for the party. McDouall ran on an independent ticket.

In addition, there are many others councillors in almost all areas of New Zealand that are members or have previously had connections with the Labour Party, but have instead contested local elections as independents.

Electoral results

Parliamentary
1919–1993[101]


MMP era, 1996–present[102][103][104][105][106]
Election Party votes Total % Seats won Status
1919 131,402 24.2%
8 / 80
 Opposition
1922 150,448 23.70%
17 / 80
1925 184,650 27.20%
12 / 80
1928 198,092 26.19%
19 / 80
 Junior in coalition with United
1931 244,881 34.27%
24 / 80
 Opposition
1935 434,368 46.17%
53 / 80
 Government
Two-party system era
1938 528,290 55.82%
53 / 80
 Government
1943 522,189 47.6%
45 / 80
1946 536,994 51.28%
42 / 80
1949 506,073 47.16%
34 / 80
 Opposition
1951 473,146 45.8%
30 / 80
1954 481,631 44.1%
35 / 80
1957 531,740 48.3%
41 / 80
 Government
1960 420,084 43.4%
34 / 80
 Opposition
1963 383,205 43.7%
35 / 80
1966 382,756 41.4%
35 / 80
1969 464,346 44.2%
39 / 84
1972 677,669 48.37%
55 / 87
 Government
1975 634,453 39.56%
32 / 87
 Opposition
1978 691,076 40.41%
40 / 92
1981 702,630 39.01%
43 / 91
1984 829,154 42.98%
56 / 95
 Government
1987 878,448 47.96%
57 / 97
1990 640,915 35.14%
29 / 97
 Opposition
1993 666,759 34.68%
45 / 99
Mixed-member proportional representation era
1996 584,159 28.19%
37 / 120
 Opposition
1999 800,199 38.74%
49 / 120
 Government (coalition)
2002 838,219 41.26%
52 / 120
2005 935,319 41.10%
50 / 121
2008 796,880 33.99%
43 / 122
 Opposition
2011 614,936 27.48%
34 / 121
2014 604,534 25.13%
32 / 121
2017 956,184 36.89%
46 / 120
 Government (coalition)
Labour did not stand candidates in every electorate until 1946, when it stood candidates in all 80 electorates. According to the National Executive reports,[107] the number of official candidates in 1919 is uncertain (53 or possibly 46). The party ran 41 candidates in 1922; 56 in 1925; 55 in 1928; 53 in 1931; 70 in 1935; 78 in 1938; and 77 in 1943. Labour did not run against independent candidates who voted with Labour, such as Harry Atmore in Nelson and David McDougall in Mataura, Southland. Labour did not run candidates against the two Country Party candidates in 1935, but did in 1938, when both candidates were defeated.

Auckland local government
Election Candidates nominated Seats won
Local board Council Health board Licensing trust Local board Council Health board Licensing trust
2010 17/149 3/20 0/21 6/41
12 / 149
2 / 20
0 / 21
6 / 41
2013 27/149 4/20 2/21 8/35
20 / 149
2 / 20
1 / 21
7 / 35
2016 46/149 7/20 9/21 9/35
26 / 149
3 / 20
2 / 21
9 / 35

Leadership
For detailed lists, see Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party and Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party.

The Labour Party has had seventeen leaders, ten of whom have served as Prime Minister. To date, Helen Clark served longest as leader of the Labour Party. While some dispute exists as to when Harry Holland officially became leader, by 26 October 2008, Clark had passed his longest possible leadership term.[108]

List of leaders

The following is a complete list of Labour Party leaders in the House of Representatives:
Key:
  Labour   Reform   United   National
PM: Prime Minister
LO: Leader of the Opposition
†: Died in office

No. Leader Portrait Term of office Position Prime Minister
1 Alfred Hindmarsh 7 July 1916 13 November 1918† — Massey
2 Harry Holland 27 August 1919 8 October 1933† —
Bell
LO 1926–1928 Coates
Junior coalition partner
1928–1931		 Ward
LO 1931–1933 Forbes
3 Michael Joseph Savage 12 October 1933 27 March 1940† LO 1933–1935
PM 1935–1940 Savage
4 Peter Fraser 1 April 1940 12 December 1950† PM 1940–1949 Fraser
LO 1949–1950 Holland
5 Walter Nash December 1950 31 March 1963 LO 1951–1957
Holyoake
PM 1957–1960 Nash
LO 1960–1963 Holyoake
6 Arnold Nordmeyer 1 April 1963 16 December 1965 LO 1963–1965
7 Norman Kirk 16 December 1965 31 August 1974† LO 1965–1972
Marshall
PM 1972–1974 Kirk
8 Bill Rowling 6 September 1974 3 February 1983 PM 1974–1975 Rowling
LO 1975–1983 Muldoon
9 David Lange 3 February 1983 8 August 1989 LO 1983–1984
PM 1984–1989 Lange
10 Geoffrey Palmer 8 August 1989 4 September 1990 PM 1989–1990 Palmer
11 Mike Moore 4 September 1990 1 December 1993 PM 1990 Moore
LO 1990–1993 Jim Bolger
12 Helen Clark 1 December 1993 19 November 2008 LO 1993–1999
Shipley
PM 1999–2008 Clark
13 Phil Goff 19 November 2008 13 December 2011 LO 2008–2011 Key
14 David Shearer 13 December 2011 15 September 2013 LO 2011–2013
15 David Cunliffe 15 September 2013 30 September 2014 LO 2013–2014
16 Andrew Little 18 November 2014 1 August 2017 LO 2014–2017
English
17 Jacinda Ardern 1 August 2017 Incumbent LO 2017
PM 2017–present Ardern

List of deputy leaders

The following is a complete list of Labour Party deputy leaders:

No. Deputy leader Term
1James McCombs1919–1923
2Michael Joseph Savage1923–1933
3Peter Fraser1933–1940
4Walter Nash1940–1950
5Jerry Skinner1951–1962
6Fred Hackett1962–1963
7Hugh Watt1963–1974
8Bob Tizard1974–1979
9David Lange1979–1983
10Geoffrey Palmer1983–1989
11Helen Clark1989–1993
12David Caygill1993–1996
13Michael Cullen1996–2008
14Annette King2008–2011
15Grant Robertson2011–2013
16David Parker2013–2014
14Annette King2014–2017
17Jacinda Ardern2017
18Kelvin Davis2017–present

List of presidents

The following is a complete list of Labour Party presidents:[109]

No. President Term
1James McCombs1916–1917[110]
2Andrew Walker1917–1918 [111]
3Tom Paul1918–1920[112]
4Peter Fraser1920–1921
5Frederick Cooke1921–1922
6Tom Brindle1922–1926
7Bob Semple1926–1928
8John Archer1928–1929
9Jim Thorn1929–1931[113]
10Rex Mason1931–1932
11Bill Jordan1932–1933
12Frank Langstone1933–1934
13Tim Armstrong1934–1935
14Walter Nash1935–1936
15Clyde Carr1936–1937
16James Roberts1937–1950[114]
17Arnold Nordmeyer1950–1955
18Michael Moohan1955–1960
19Martyn Finlay1960–1964
20Norman Kirk1964–1966
21Norman Douglas1966–1970
22Bill Rowling1970–1973
23Charles Bennett1973–1976[115]
24Arthur Faulkner1976–1978
25Jim Anderton1979–1984
26Margaret Wilson1984–1987
27Rex Jones1987–1988[116]
28Ruth Dyson1988–1993
29Maryan Street1993–1995
30Michael Hirschfeld1995–1999
31Bob Harvey1999–2000
32Mike Williams2000–2009
33Andrew Little2009–2011
34Moira Coatsworth2011–2015
35Nigel Haworth2015–2019
36Claire Szabó2019–present[117]
gollark: You can actually semi-automatically farm fish with construction bots and a large lake.
gollark: They may actually have some kind of outrage maximization algorithm going on, possibly by accident.
gollark: I say it's not, "they" is mostly plural still, and you say "they are" even for the singular form.
gollark: In servers, though, not "desktop" systems.
gollark: You've been able to get unreasonably large amounts of RAM in one machine for *ages*.

See also

Notes
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References
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