Christchurch Central

Christchurch Central is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate in the South Island city of Christchurch. The electorate was established for the 1946 election and, until 2011 had always been won by the Labour Party. Since 2008, the incumbent was Brendon Burns but the election night results for the 2011 election resulted in a tie; the special vote results combined with a judicial recount revealed a 47-vote majority for Nicky Wagner, the National list MP based in the electorate. Wagner significantly increased her winning margin in the 2014 election after having declared the electorate "unwinnable" for National earlier in the year following a boundary review.

This article is about the Christchurch Central electorate. For the Christchurch central city suburb, see Christchurch Central City.

Christchurch Central electorate boundaries used since the 2014 election

Population centres
Christchurch Central electorate boundaries for the 2008 and 2011 elections

The 1941 New Zealand census had been postponed due to World War II, so the 1946 electoral redistribution had to take ten years of population growth and movements into account. The North Island gained a further two electorates from the South Island due to faster population growth. The abolition of the country quota through the Electoral Amendment Act, 1945 reduced the number and increased the size of rural electorates. None of the existing electorates remained unchanged, 27 electorates were abolished, eight former electorates were re-established, and 19 electorates were created for the first time, including Christchurch Central.[1]

As the name suggests, the electorate covers the Christchurch Central City, plus several inner suburbs to the north and east of the central city. Since the 2008 election, the following suburbs, in alphabetical order, are at least partially located in the electorate: Avonside, Central City, Edgeware, Linwood, Mairehau, Merivale, North Linwood, Northcote, Papanui, Phillipstown, Redwood, Richmond, Shirley, St Albans, Sydenham, and Waltham.[2] In the 2013/14 redistribution, the electorate lost Mairehau and Shirley to Christchurch East and gained more of Sydenham and Beckenham from Port Hills and more of Redwood from Waimakariri.[3]

History

The Christchurch Central electorate was created in 1946.[4] Labour held the seat for the next 65 years, though a high turnout for the Alliance saw Tim Barnett's 1996 majority come in at under a thousand. The incumbent, Brendon Burns, had a majority in the 2008 election of also just under one thousand.[5]

The first representative was Robert Macfarlane, who had earlier represented the Christchurch South electorate. He held Christchurch Central until the 1969 election, when he retired. He was succeeded by Bruce Barclay, who died in office in 1979. This caused the 1979 by-election held on 18 August, which was won by Geoffrey Palmer. Palmer eventually went on to become Prime Minister.[6]

Palmer retired at the 1990 election and was succeeded by Lianne Dalziel. At the 1996 election, i.e. with the advent of MMP, Dalziel did not contest an electorate but stood as a list candidate only. Tim Barnett succeeded her and held the electorate until the 2008 election, when he retired. Brendon Burns succeeded Barnett.

The election night results for the 2011 election resulted in a tie; Burns and Nicky Wagner of the National Party received 10,493 votes each. The outcome of the election thus depended on the special votes.[7] This was the first time a tie result had been achieved since 1928.[8] When the final vote count was announced on 10 December, Wagner was declared the winner with a majority of 45 over Burns, making the result the second-smallest majority after Waitakere. Due to the closeness of the results a judicial recount was held where Wagner's majority increased by 2 votes to 47.[9][10]

When draft electoral boundary changes were released, Wagner declared the electorate "unwinnable" for National. Although she was expected to not contest the 2014 general election, she announced at the end of January 2014 that she would try to defend her seat.[11] Labour chose Tony Milne as their candidate for Christchurch Central.[12] Wagner had a 2,420 majority over Milne.[13] The Labour Party chose Duncan Webb as its candidate for the 2017 general election. He is a prominent lawyer and earthquake claims advocate.[14]

Members of Parliament

Christchurch Central has been represented by eight MPs. Since its creation in 1946 until the 2011 general election it had been a safe seat for the Labour Party. It was then held by the National Party until the 2017 general election when it swung back to Labour.

Key   Labour     Alliance     NZ First     National  

Election Winner
1946 election Robert Macfarlane
1949 election
1951 election
1954 election
1957 election
1960 election
1963 election
1966 election
1969 election Bruce Barclay
1972 election
1975 election
1978 election
1979 by-election Geoffrey Palmer
1981 election
1984 election
1987 election
1990 election Lianne Dalziel
1993 election
1996 election Tim Barnett
1999 election
2002 election
2005 election
2008 election Brendon Burns
2011 election Nicky Wagner
2014 election
2017 election Duncan Webb

List MPs

Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the Christchurch Central electorate.

Election Winner
1996 election Ron Mark
Liz Gordon
1999 election
2005 election Nicky Wagner
2008 election
2017 election


Election results

2017 election
2017 general election: Christchurch Central[15]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Duncan Webb 16,631 47.47 +8.54 14,541 40.57 +14.31
National N Nicky Wagner 13,760 39.27 −6.95 13,956 38.94 −5.72
Green Peter Richardson 1,957 5.58 −2.85 3,492 9.74 −6.08
NZ First Phil Robinson 1,091 3.11 −0.64 1,869 5.21 −1.98
Opportunities Doug Hill 879 2.50 — 1,246 3.47 —
Legalise Cannabis Janine Shufflebotham 304 0.86 — 108 0.30 −0.18
United Future Ian Gaskin 80 0.22 — 45 0.12 −0.05
ACT   155 0.43 −0.06
Māori   139 0.38 −0.08
New Conservative   94 0.26 −2.85
Outdoors   21 0.05 —
Ban 1080   21 0.05 −0.03
People's Party   16 0.04 —
Mana   11 0.03 −1.00[lower-alpha 1]
Internet   8 0.02 −1.01[lower-alpha 2]
Democrats   5 0.01 −0.08
Informal votes 331 111
Total Valid votes 35,033 35,838
Turnout 36,220 81.01[16] +2.51
Labour gain from National Majority 2,871 8.20 +15.49

2014 election
2014 general election: Christchurch Central[17]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Y Nicky Wagner 15,346 46.22 +1.69 15,301 44.66 +0.03
Labour Tony Milne 12,926 38.93 −5.43 8,995 26.25 −3.15
Green David Moorhouse 2,800 8.43 −0.14 5,419 15.82 −0.44
NZ First George Abraham 1,245 3.75 +3.75 2,462 7.19 +2.23
New Conservative Michael Cooke 598 1.80 +0.18 1,065 3.11 +1.37
ACT Toni Severin 122 0.37 −0.04 167 0.49 −0.29
Māori Lenis Davidson 109 0.33 +0.33 157 0.46 −0.04
Democrats Robin Columbus 57 0.17 +0.17 30 0.09 +0.06
Internet Mana   353 1.03 +0.67[lower-alpha 3]
Legalise Cannabis   165 0.48 −0.16
United Future   79 0.23 −0.31
Civilian   40 0.12 +0.12
Ban 1080   27 0.08 +0.08
Independent Coalition   3 0.01 +0.01
Focus   1 0.00 +0.00
Informal votes 281 108
Total Valid votes 33,203 34,264
Turnout 34,480 78.01 +6.32
National hold Majority 2,420 7.29 +7.12

2011 election
2011 general election: Christchurch Central[18]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Nicky Wagner 12,064 44.53 +3.61 12,506 44.63 +7.05
Labour N Brendon Burns 12,017 44.36 +0.52 8,240 29.40 -9.96
Green David Moorhouse 2,321 8.57 +0.14 4,556 16.26 +5.09
New Conservative Michael Cooke 439 1.62 +1.62 487 1.74 +1.74
Independent Luke Chandler 138 0.51 +0.51
ACT Toni Severin 110 0.41 -1.09 219 0.78 -1.93
NZ First   1,391 4.96 +1.83
Legalise Cannabis   180 0.64 +0.08
United Future   151 0.54 -0.18
Māori   139 0.50 -0.20
Mana   100 0.36 +0.36
Alliance   24 0.09 -0.04
Libertarianz   22 0.08 +0.01
Democrats   9 0.03 -0.02
Informal votes 532 237
Total Valid votes 27,089 28,024
National gain from Labour Majority 47 0.17 +3.08

Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 39,419[19]

2008 election
2008 general election: Christchurch Central[20]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Brendon Burns 14,078 43.83 -8.74 12,999 39.36 -8.95
National Nicky Wagner 13,143 40.92 11.65 12,409 37.58 +7.07
Green Jan McLauchlan 2,708 8.43 +1.78 3,688 11.17 +1.47
Progressive Somnath Bagchi 598 1.86 -1.34 697 2.11 +0.25
Legalise Cannabis Michael Britnell 487 1.52 – 187 0.57 +0.20
ACT Toni Severin 482 1.50 +0.49 897 2.72 +1.66
Kiwi Andrew Beaven 353 1.10 – 218 0.66 –
Workers Party Byron Clark[lower-alpha 4] 164 0.51 +0.24 33 0.10
Alliance Greg Kleis 103 0.32 – 41 0.12 +0.01
NZ First   1,036 3.14 -0.90
United Future   239 0.72 -2.32
Māori   230 0.70 0.36
Bill and Ben   187 0.57 –
Family Party   87 0.26 –
Pacific   31 0.09 –
Libertarianz   21 0.06 +0.04
Democrats   16 0.05 +0.00
RONZ   5 0.02 +0.00
RAM   2 0.01 –
Informal votes 306 119
Total Valid votes 32,116 33,023
Labour hold Majority 935 2.91 -20.38

2005 election
2005 general election: Christchurch Central[21]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Y Tim Barnett 17,685 52.57 16,652 48.31
National Nicky Wagner 9,849 29.28 10,515 30.51
Green Natalie Cutler-Welsh 2,236 6.65 3,342 9.70
Progressive Megan Woods 1,077 3.20 643 1.87
NZ First Kevin Gardener 1,022 3.04 1,391 4.04
United Future John van Buren 761 2.26 1,048 3.04
ACT Shirley Marshall 340 1.01 364 1.06
Destiny Anita Breach 338 1.01 144 0.42
Māori Darryl Gregory 188 0.56 116 0.34
Anti-Capitalist Alliance Byron Clark 90 0.27
Communist League Annalucia Vermunt 53 0.16
Legalise Cannabis   125 0.36
Alliance   40 0.12
Christian Heritage   37 0.11
Democrats   15 0.04
99 MP   10 0.03
Libertarianz   9 0.03
Direct Democracy   7 0.02
RONZ   5 0.01
Family Rights   4 0.01
One NZ   2 0.01
Informal votes 410 193
Total Valid votes 33,639 34,469
Labour hold Majority 7,836

2002 election
2002 general election: Christchurch Central[22]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Y Tim Barnett 17,190 56.2 13,853 43.4
National Nicky Wagner 6,837 22.4 5,338 17.0
Green Matt Morris 1,791 5.9 3,479 11.1
United Future Stephen Russell 1,160 3.8 2,118 6.8
Christian Heritage Vic Pollard 874 2.9 430 1.4
ACT Anthony Watson 762 2.5 1,845 5.9
Progressive Fleur Churton 761 2.5 930 3.0
Alliance Liz Gordon 635 2.1 598 1.9
Legalise Cannabis Jeanette Saxby 469 1.5 327 1.0
Communist League Appu Baskaran 99 0.3
NZ First   2,106 6.7
ORNZ   280 0.9
One NZ   16 0.1
Mana Māori   10 <0.1
NMP   3 (0.1
Informal votes 516 135
Total Valid votes 30,578 31,333
Labour hold Majority 10,353

1999 election
1999 general election: Christchurch Central[23][24]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Y Tim Barnett 17,229 52.80 13,407
National John Stringer 7,825 23.98 8,887
Alliance Liz Gordon 2,690 8.24 3,369
Green Diana Pennell 1,658 5.08 2,421
ACT Katherine Sillars 951 2.91 1,731
Christian Heritage John Bryant 689 2.11 695
NZ First John Ballantyne 641 1.96 880
Future NZ Daryl Gregory 481 1.47 423
McGillicuddy Serious Cecil G. Murgatroyd 232 0.71 56
Independent David Ball 132 0.40
Communist League Ruth Gray 51 0.16
National Democrats Anton Foljambe 44 0.13
Dominion Workers Clifford Mundy 9 0.03
Legalise Cannabis   584
United NZ   154
Libertarianz   132
South Island   69
Animals First   58
Natural Law   17
Mauri Pacific   7
One NZ   7
Republican   7
Mana Māori   6
NMP   4
Freedom Movement 2
People's Choice Party 2
Informal votes 267
Total Valid votes 32,918
Labour hold Majority 9,404

1996 election
1996 general election: Christchurch Central[25][26][27]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
Labour Tim Barnett 9,689 32.28 9,967 32.79
National Kerry Sullivan 9,036 30.10 9,355 30.77
Alliance Liz Gordon 6,377 21.25 4,372 14.38
NZ First Ron Mark 3,067 10.22 2,434 8.01
ACT Matthew Ball 953 3.18 1,517 4.99
Progressive Greens Gillian Baillie 386 1.29 106 0.35
United NZ Jacinta Grice 224 0.75 226 0.74
Natural Law Raymond Cain 112 0.37 66 0.22
Independent David Christopher Ball 102 0.34
Communist League Patrick Brown 69 0.23
Christian Coalition   1,162 3.82
Legalise Cannabis   931 3.06
McGillicuddy Serious   102 0.34
Animals First   85 0.28
Green Society 19 0.06
Superannuitants & Youth 16 0.05
Mana Māori   11 0.04
Ethnic Minority Party 10 0.03
Conservatives 8 0.03
Libertarianz   7 0.02
Advance New Zealand 3 0.01
Asia Pacific United 1 0.00
Te Tawharau 1 0.00
Informal votes 476 92
Total Valid votes 30,015 30,399
Labour hold Majority 653 2.18

1993 election
1993 general election: Christchurch Central[28]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Lianne Dalziel 9,841 55.21 +6.69
National Andrew Rowe 3,652 20.49
Alliance Michael Vercoe 3,501 19.64
Christian Heritage Tony Le Cren 413 2.32 +0.06
McGillicuddy Serious Kieran Kelly 240 1.35
Natural Law Glenda Martin 126 0.71
Communist League Carmen Bain 52 0.29
Majority 6,189 34.72
Informal votes 764 4.11
Turnout 18,589 82.61 +3.70
Registered electors 22,502

1990 election
1990 general election: Christchurch Central[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Lianne Dalziel 8,487 48.52
National Ross Gluer 4,718 26.97
NewLabour Sidonie Bradbury-Moore 1,963 11.22
Green Ruth Gardner 1,541 8.81
Christian Heritage Tony Le Cren 396 2.26
Democrats Joe Pounsford 164 0.93 -2.27
McGillicuddy Serious Shane Dion Murphy 101 0.57
Social Credit Neville Minchington 94 0.53
Communist League Brigid Rotheram 27 0.15
Majority 3,769 21.54
Turnout 17,491 78.91 -3.33
Registered electors 22,163

1987 election
1987 general election: Christchurch Central[30]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Geoffrey Palmer 11,836 65.28 +1.92
National Graham Burnett 5,031 27.75
Democrats Joe Pounsford 557 3.07 +0.06
Breakfast Party James Daniels 235 1.29
Socialist Action Felicity Brereton 196 1.08
Wizard Party David Hanlon 119 0.65
Values Stephen Symons 85 0.46
NZ Party Lynn Yeoman 70 0.38
Majority 6,805 37.53 -2.72
Turnout 18,129 82.24 -7.32
Registered electors 22,043

1984 election
1984 general election: Christchurch Central[30]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Geoffrey Palmer 13,394 63.36 +0.11
National Tony Willy 4,886 23.11
NZ Party Murray Ludemann 2,072 9.80
Social Credit Joe Pounsford 662 3.13
Independent Suzanne Sadler 123 0.58
Majority 8,508 40.25 -0.94
Turnout 21,137 89.56 +4.46
Registered electors 23,599

1981 election
1981 general election: Christchurch Central[30]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Geoffrey Palmer 10,793 63.25 -0.95
National Ian Wilson 3,765 22.06
Social Credit Peter Admore 2,426 14.21
Communist League W E C Iversen 78 0.45
Majority 7,028 41.19 -4.64
Turnout 17,062 85.10 +49.10
Registered electors 20,048

1979 by-election
1979 Christchurch Central by-election[30]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Geoffrey Palmer 6,149 64.20 +3.03
Social Credit Terry Heffernan 1,759 18.37 +9.02
National David Duncan 1,634 17.06 -8.55
Tory Suzanne Sadler 26 0.27
Economic Euthenics Tubby Hansen 10 0.10
Majority 4,390 45.83 +10.27
Turnout 9,578 36.00
Registered electors 26,605
Labour hold Swing +11.58

1978 election
1978 general election: Christchurch Central[30]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Bruce Barclay 10,229 61.17 +8.21
National Gwen Clucas 4,282 25.60
Social Credit R M Gyde 1,564 9.35
Values Robin Duff 616 3.68
Socialist Action M W Gourley 30 0.17
Majority 5,947 35.56 +17.32
Turnout 16,721 52.32 -18.19
Registered electors 31,956

1975 election
1975 general election: Christchurch Central[30]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Bruce Barclay 8,630 52.96 -7.96
National T G B Armitage 5,657 34.71
Values Robin Duff 1,415 8.68
Social Credit A C Easterbrook 555 3.40
Imperial British Conservative C P Whealleans 37 0.22
Majority 2,973 18.24 -12.94
Turnout 16,294 70.51 -14.49
Registered electors 23,107

1972 election
1972 general election: Christchurch Central[30]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Bruce Barclay 9,971 60.92 +2.87
National Barbara Beaven 4,868 29.74
Social Credit Ray Thomas 700 4.27
Values Diane Roberts 693 4.23
Socialist Unity Arnold James Cox 68 0.41
New Democratic Cairn George Jensen 66 0.40
Majority 5,103 31.18 +8.72
Turnout 16,366 85.00 -1.61
Registered electors 19,252

1969 election
1969 general election: Christchurch Central[31]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Bruce Barclay 8,801 58.05
National Colin Knight 5,395 35.58
Social Credit Stan Fitchett 964 6.35
Majority 3,406 22.46
Turnout 15,160 86.61 +6.79
Registered electors 17,502

1966 election
1966 general election: Christchurch Central[31]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Robert Macfarlane 6,771 49.32 -2.92
National Fred Francis 5,362 39.06
Social Credit Lola Thompson 1,455 10.60 +3.11
Communist Jack Locke 138 1.00 -0.26
Majority 1,409 10.26 -2.98
Turnout 13,726 79.82 -4.10
Registered electors 17,196

1963 election
1963 general election: Christchurch Central[31]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Robert Macfarlane 7,552 52.24 -1.52
National David John Patchett 5,637 38.99
Social Credit Lola Thompson 1,084 7.49
Communist Jack Locke 183 1.26 +0.21
Majority 1,915 13.24 -2.09
Turnout 14,456 83.92 -0.69
Registered electors 17,225

1960 election
1960 general election: Christchurch Central[31]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Robert Macfarlane 6,786 53.76 -7.01
National Tom Flint 4,851 38.43
Social Credit W Green 851 6.74
Communist Jack Locke 133 1.05 -0.01
Majority 1,935 15.33 -12.90
Turnout 12,621 84.61 -4.62
Registered electors 14,916

1957 election
1957 general election: Christchurch Central[31]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Robert Macfarlane 8,763 60.77 +6.84
National Colin McLachlan 4,692 32.54
Social Credit W J Campbell 811 5.62
Communist Jack Locke 153 1.06
Majority 4,071 28.23 +3.30
Turnout 14,419 89.23 +3.15
Registered electors 16,158

1954 election
1954 general election: Christchurch Central[31]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Robert Macfarlane 7,345 53.93 -8.79
National Oliver G. Moody 3,950 29.00
Social Credit Albert E. Willyams 2,185 16.04
Communist Alec Ostler 137 1.00
Majority 3,395 24.93 -0.89
Turnout 13,617 86.08 +3.61
Registered electors 15,819

1951 election
1951 general election: Christchurch Central[32]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Robert Macfarlane 6,901 62.72 -1.81
National Alma Schumacher 4,103 37.28
Majority 2,798 25.42 -5.50
Turnout 11,004 82.47 -6.90
Registered electors 13,343

1949 election
1949 general election: Christchurch Central[33]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Robert Macfarlane 7,589 64.53 -1.96
National Kevin Marlow 3,952 33.60
Communist Alec Ostler 218 1.85 -0.56
Majority 3,637 30.92 -4.49
Turnout 11,759 89.37 +0.40
Registered electors 13,157

1946 election
1946 general election: Christchurch Central[34]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Robert Macfarlane 8,300 66.49
National Alan J. Wills 3,880 31.08
Communist Alec Ostler 302 2.41
Majority 4,420 35.41
Turnout 12,482 88.97
Registered electors 14,028

Table footnotes
  1. 2017 Mana Party swing is relative to the votes for Internet-Mana in 2014; it shared a party list with the Internet Party in the 2014 election
  2. 2017 Internet Party swing is relative to the votes for Internet-Mana in 2014; it shared a party list with Mana Party in the 2014 election
  3. 2014 Internet Mana swing is relative to the votes for Mana in 2011; it shared a party list with Internet in the 2014 election.
  4. Byron Clark contested the seat in the 2005 election for the same party, which was then called the Anti-Capitalist Alliance.

Notes
  1. McRobie 1989, pp. 91–96.
  2. "Electorate Boundaries". Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2011.
  3. Report of the Representation Commission 2014 (PDF). Representation Commission. 4 April 2014. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-477-10414-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  4. Scholefield, Guy (1950) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer. p. 156.
  5. New Zealand Parliament — Brendon Burns MP
  6. "Geoffrey Palmer". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
  7. "Unprecedented dead heat in ChCh central". The Press. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
  8. "Nail-biting dead heat in Christchurch". 27 November 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  9. "Election results to declare new Govt". The New Zealand Herald. 10 December 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  10. Chapman, Kate (14 December 2011). "Recount confirms Christchurch central seat". Stuff. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  11. Conway, Glenn (30 January 2014). "Wagner to defend Chch Central seat". The Press. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  12. Robinson, Shelley (8 March 2014). "Tony Milne to run for Chch Central". The Press. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  13. Mathewson, Nicole; Stylianou, Georgina; Fulton, Tim (21 September 2014). "Election 2014: Canterbury decides". The Press. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  14. Stylianou, Georgina (4 May 2016). "Claims advocate to seek election". The Press. p. A7. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  15. "Official Count Results -- Christchurch Central (2017)". Electoral Commission. 7 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  16. "Party Votes and Turnout by Electorate". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  17. "Official Count Results – Christchurch Central". Electoral Commission. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  18. Christchurch Central results, 2011
  19. "Enrolment statistics". Electoral Commission. 11 November 2011. Archived from the original on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  20. Official Count Results – Christchurch Central 2008
  21. "Official Count Results – Christchurch Central". Electoral Commission. 1 October 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  22. 2002 election results
  23. "Official Count Results (1999) – Electoral Votes for registered parties by electorate". NZ Electoral Commission. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  24. "Official Count Results (1999) – Candidate Vote Details". NZ Electoral Commission. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  25. "Electorate Candidate and Party Votes Recorded at Each Polling Place – Christchurch Central, 1996" (PDF). Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  26. "Part III – Party Lists of Successful Registered Parties" (PDF). Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  27. "Part III – Party Lists of unsuccessful Registered Parties" (PDF). Electoral Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  28. Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1993. pp. 12, 161.
  29. Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1990. p. 17.
  30. Norton 1988, p. 206.
  31. Norton 1988, p. 205.
  32. "The New Zealand Official Year-Book, 1951–52". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  33. "The General Election, 1949". National Library. 1950. pp. 1–5, 8. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  34. "The General Election, 1946". National Library. 1947. pp. 1–11, 14. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
gollark: Arguably "how much money does money cost" is just exchange rates.
gollark: =wolf cost of money
gollark: It gave you the base pair count, that's what you want surely.
gollark: =wolf potato
gollark: =wolf potato genetic diversity

References
  • McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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