Australian Labor Party

The Australian Labor Party (ALP), also simply known as Labor and historically spelt Labour, is a major centre-left political party in Australia. The party has been in opposition at the federal level since the 2013 federal election. The party is a federal party with branches in each state and territory. Labor is in government in the states of Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia and also in the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. The party competes against the Liberal/National Coalition for political office at the federal, state and sometimes local levels. It is the oldest political party in Australia.

This article is about the federal Labor Party. For state and territory Labor parties, see List of state branches of the Australian Labor Party.

Australian Labor Party
Abbreviation	ALP
Leader	Anthony Albanese
Deputy Leader	Richard Marles
President	Wayne Swan[1]
National Secretary	Paul Erickson
Founded	8 May 1901 (1901-05-08)
Headquarters	5/9 Sydney Avenue, Barton, Australian Capital Territory
Youth wing	Australian Young Labor
Membership (2018)	53,550[2]
Ideology	Social democracy[3]
Political position	Centre-left
National affiliation	ACTU
International affiliation	Progressive Alliance Socialist International (1966–2014)
Colours	Red
Slogan	"A Fair Go For Australia"
House of Representatives	68 / 151
Senate	26 / 76
State and territory governments	5 / 8
State and territory lower house members	238 / 455
State and territory upper house members	58 / 155
Website
alp.org.au
Politics of Australia Political parties Elections

Labor's constitution has long stated: "The Australian Labor Party is a democratic socialist party and has the objective of the democratic socialisation of industry, production, distribution and exchange, to the extent necessary to eliminate exploitation and other anti-social features in these fields".[4] This "socialist objective" was introduced in 1921, but was later qualified by two further objectives: "maintenance of and support for a competitive non-monopolistic private sector" and "the right to own private property". Labor governments have not attempted the "democratic socialisation" of any industry since the 1940s, when the Chifley Government failed to nationalise the private banks, and in fact have privatised several industries such as aviation and banking.[5][6][7][8] Labor's current National Platform describes the party as "a modern social democratic party".[4]

The ALP was not founded as a federal party until after the first sitting of the Australian Parliament in 1901. Nevertheless, it is regarded as descended from labour parties founded in the various Australian colonies by the emerging labour movement in Australia, formally beginning in 1891. Colonial labour parties contested seats from 1891, and federal seats following Federation at the 1901 federal election. The ALP formed the world's first labour party government as well as the world's first social democratic government at a national level.[9] Labor was the first party in Australia to win a majority in either house of the Australian Parliament, at the 1910 federal election. At federal and state/colony level, the Australian Labor Party predates, among others, both the British Labour Party and the New Zealand Labour Party in party formation, government, and policy implementation.[10] Internationally, the ALP is a member of the Progressive Alliance network of social-democratic parties,[11] having previously been a member of the Socialist International.

Name and spelling

In standard Australian English, the word "labour" is spelled with a u. However, the political party uses the spelling "Labor", without a u. There was originally no standardised spelling of the party's name, with "Labor" and "Labour" both in common usage. According to Ross McMullin, who wrote an official history of the Labor Party, the title page of the proceedings of Federal Conference used the spelling "Labor" in 1902, "Labour" in 1905 and 1908, and then "Labor" from 1912 onwards.[12] In 1908, James Catts put forward a motion at Federal Conference that "the name of the party be the Australian Labour Party", which was carried by 22 votes to two. A separate motion recommending state branches to adopt the name was defeated. There was no uniformity of party names until 1918, when Federal Conference resolved that state branches should adopt the name "Australian Labor Party" – now spelled without a u. Each state branch had previously used a different name, due to their different origins.[13][lower-alpha 1]

Despite the ALP officially adopting the spelling without a u, it took decades for the official spelling to achieve widespread acceptance.[16][lower-alpha 2] According to McMullin, "the way the spelling of 'Labor Party' was consolidated had more to do with the chap who ended up being in charge of printing the federal conference report than any other reason".[20] Some sources have attributed the official choice of "Labor" to influence from King O'Malley, who was born in the United States and was reputedly an advocate of spelling reform; the spelling without a u is the standard form in American English.[21][22] It has been suggested that the adoption of the spelling without a u "signified one of the ALP's earliest attempts at modernisation", and served the purpose of differentiating the party from the Australian labour movement as a whole and distinguishing it from other British Empire labour parties. The decision to include the word "Australian" in the party's name – rather than just "Labour Party" as in the United Kingdom – has been attributed to "the greater importance of nationalism for the founders of the colonial parties".[23]

History

Main article: History of the Australian Labor Party

The Australian Labor Party has its origins in the Labour parties founded in the 1890s in the Australian colonies prior to federation. Labor tradition ascribes the founding of Queensland Labour to a meeting of striking pastoral workers under a ghost gum tree (the "Tree of Knowledge") in Barcaldine, Queensland in 1891. The Balmain, New South Wales branch of the party claims to be the oldest in Australia. Labour as a parliamentary party dates from 1891 in New South Wales and South Australia, 1893 in Queensland, and later in the other colonies.

The first election contested by Labour candidates was the 1891 New South Wales election, when Labour candidates (then called the Labor Electoral League of New South Wales) won 35 of 141 seats. The major parties were the Protectionist and Free Trade parties and Labour held the balance of power. It offered parliamentary support in exchange for policy concessions.[24] The United Labor Party (ULP) of South Australia was founded in 1891, and three candidates were that year elected to the South Australian Legislative Council.[25] The first successful South Australian House of Assembly candidate was John McPherson at the 1892 East Adelaide by-election. Richard Hooper however was elected as an Independent Labor candidate at the 1891 Wallaroo by-election, while he was the first "labor" member of the House of Assembly he was not a member of the newly formed ULP.

At the 1893 South Australian elections the ULP was immediately elevated to balance of power status with 10 of 54 lower house seats. The liberal government of Charles Kingston was formed with the support of the ULP, ousting the conservative government of John Downer. So successful, less than a decade later at the 1905 state election, Thomas Price formed the world's first stable Labor government. John Verran led Labor to form the state's first of many majority governments at the 1910 state election.

In 1899, Anderson Dawson formed a minority Labour government in Queensland, the first in the world, which lasted one week while the conservatives regrouped after a split.

Chris Watson, first leader of then Federal Labour Party 1901–07 (held the balance of power) and Prime Minister in 1904

The colonial Labour parties and the trade unions were mixed in their support for the Federation of Australia. Some Labour representatives argued against the proposed constitution, claiming that the Senate as proposed was too powerful, similar to the anti-reformist colonial upper houses and the British House of Lords. They feared that federation would further entrench the power of the conservative forces. However, the first Labour leader and Prime Minister Chris Watson was a supporter of federation.

Historian Celia Hamilton, examining New South Wales, argues for the central role of Irish Catholics. Before 1890, they opposed Henry Parkes, the main Liberal leader, and of free trade, seeing them both as the ideals of Protestant Englishmen who represented landholding and large business interests. In the strike of 1890 the leading Catholic, Sydney's Archbishop Patrick Francis Moran was sympathetic toward unions, but Catholic newspapers were negative. After 1900, says Hamilton, Irish Catholics were drawn to the Labour Party because its stress on equality and social welfare fitted with their status as manual labourers and small farmers. In the 1910 elections Labour gained in the more Catholic areas and the representation of Catholics increased in Labour's parliamentary ranks.[26]

Early decades at the federal level

The federal parliament in 1901 was contested by each state Labour Party. In total, they won 14 of the 75 seats in the House of Representatives, collectively holding the balance of power, and the Labour members now met as the Federal Parliamentary Labour Party (informally known as the caucus) on 8 May 1901 at Parliament House, Melbourne, the meeting place of the first federal Parliament.[27] The caucus decided to support the incumbent Protectionist Party in minority government, while the Free Trade Party formed the opposition. It was some years before there was any significant structure or organisation at a national level. Labour under Chris Watson doubled its vote at the 1903 federal election and continued to hold the balance of power. In April 1904, however, Watson and Alfred Deakin fell out over the issue of extending the scope of industrial relations laws concerning the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill to cover state public servants, the fallout causing Deakin to resign. Free Trade leader George Reid declined to take office, which saw Watson become the first Labour Prime Minister of Australia, and the world's first Labour head of government at a national level (Anderson Dawson had led a short-lived Labour government in Queensland in December 1899), though his was a minority government that lasted only four months. He was aged only 37, and is still the youngest Prime Minister in Australia's history.[28]

George Reid of the Free Trade Party adopted a strategy of trying to reorient the party system along Labour vs. non-Labour lines prior to the 1906 federal election and renamed his Free Trade Party to the Anti-Socialist Party. Reid envisaged a spectrum running from socialist to anti-socialist, with the Protectionist Party in the middle. This attempt struck a chord with politicians who were steeped in the Westminster tradition and regarded a two-party system as very much the norm.[29]

Andrew Fisher, Prime Minister 1908–09, 1910–13, 1914–15

Although Watson further strengthened Labour's position in 1906, he stepped down from the leadership the following year, to be succeeded by Andrew Fisher who formed a minority government lasting seven months from late 1908 to mid 1909. At the 1910 federal election, Fisher led Labor to victory, forming Australia's first elected federal majority government, Australia's first elected Senate majority, the world's first Labour Party majority government at a national level, and after the 1904 Chris Watson minority government the world's second Labour Party government at a national level. It was the first time a Labour Party had controlled any house of a legislature, and the first time the party controlled both houses of a bicameral legislature.[30] The state branches were also successful, except in Victoria, where the strength of Deakinite liberalism inhibited the party's growth. The state branches formed their first majority governments in New South Wales and South Australia in 1910, Western Australia in 1911, Queensland in 1915 and Tasmania in 1925. Such success eluded equivalent social democratic and labour parties in other countries for many years.

Billy Hughes, Prime Minister 1915–16

Analysis of the early NSW Labor caucus reveals "a band of unhappy amateurs", made up of blue collar workers, a squatter, a doctor, and even a mine owner, indicating that the idea that only the socialist working class formed Labor is untrue. In addition, many members from the working class supported the liberal notion of free trade between the colonies; in the first grouping of state MPs, 17 of the 35 were free-traders.

James Scullin, Prime Minister 1929–32

In the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution of 1917, support for socialism grew in trade union ranks, and at the 1921 All-Australian Trades Union Congress a resolution was passed calling for "the socialisation of industry, production, distribution and exchange." The 1922 Labor Party National Conference adopted a similarly worded "socialist objective," which remained official policy for many years. The resolution was immediately qualified, however, by the "Blackburn amendment," which said that "socialisation" was desirable only when was necessary to "eliminate exploitation and other anti-social features."[31] In practice the socialist objective was a dead letter. Only once has a federal Labor government attempted to nationalise any industry (Ben Chifley's bank nationalisation of 1947), and that was held by the High Court to be unconstitutional. The commitment to nationalisation was dropped by Gough Whitlam, and Bob Hawke's government carried out many free market reforms including the floating of the dollar and privatisation of state enterprises such as Qantas airways and the Commonwealth Bank.

The Labor Party is commonly described as a social democratic party, and its constitution stipulates that it is a democratic socialist party.[32] The party was created by, and has always been influenced by, the trade unions, and in practice its policy at any given time has usually been the policy of the broader labour movement. Thus at the first federal election 1901 Labor's platform called for a White Australia policy, a citizen army and compulsory arbitration of industrial disputes.[33] Labor has at various times supported high tariffs and low tariffs, conscription and pacifism, White Australia and multiculturalism, nationalisation and privatisation, isolationism and internationalism.

Historically, Labor and its affiliated unions were strong defenders of the White Australia policy, which banned all non-European migration to Australia. This policy was partly motivated by 19th century theories about "racial purity" and by fears of economic competition from low-wage overseas workers which was shared by the vast majority of Australians and all major political parties. In practice the Labor party opposed all migration, on the grounds that immigrants competed with Australian workers and drove down wages, until after World War II, when the Chifley Government launched a major immigration program. The party's opposition to non-European immigration did not change until after the retirement of Arthur Calwell as leader in 1967. Subsequently, Labor has become an advocate of multiculturalism, although some of its trade union base and some of its members continue to oppose high immigration levels.

World War II and beyond

John Curtin, Prime Minister 1941–45

Frank Forde, Prime Minister 1945

Ben Chifley, Prime Minister 1945–49

The Curtin and Chifley governments governed Australia through the latter half of the Second World War and initial stages of transition to peace. Labor leader John Curtin became prime minister in October 1941 when two independents crossed the floor of Parliament. Labor, led by Curtin, then led Australia through the years of the Pacific War. In December 1941, Curtin announced that "Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom", thus helping to establish the Australian-American alliance (later formalised as ANZUS by the Menzies Government). Remembered as a strong war time leader and for a landslide win at the 1943 federal election, Curtin died in office just prior to the end of the war and was succeeded by Ben Chifley.[34] Chifley Labor won the 1946 federal election and oversaw Australia's initial transition to a peacetime economy.

Labor was defeated at the 1949 federal election. At the conference of the New South Wales Labor Party in June 1949, Chifley sought to define the labour movement as follows:

We have a great objective – the light on the hill – which we aim to reach by working for the betterment of mankind. [...] [Labor would] bring something better to the people, better standards of living, greater happiness to the mass of the people.[35]

To a large extent, Chifley saw centralisation of the economy as the means to achieve such ambitions. With an increasingly uncertain economic outlook, after his attempt to nationalise the banks and a strike by the Communist-dominated Miners' Federation, Chifley lost office in 1949 to Robert Menzies' Liberal-National Coalition. Labor commenced a 23-year period in opposition.[36][37] The party was primarily led during this time by H. V. Evatt and Arthur Calwell.

Gough Whitlam, Prime Minister 1972–75

Various ideological beliefs were factionalised under reforms to the ALP under Gough Whitlam, resulting in what is now known as the Socialist Left who tend to favour a more interventionist economic policy and more socially progressive ideals, and Labor Right, the now dominant faction that tends to be more economically liberal and focus to a lesser extent on social issues. The Whitlam Labor government, marking a break with Labor's socialist tradition, pursued social-democratic policies rather than democratic socialist policies. In contrast to earlier Labor leaders, Whitlam also cut tariffs by 25 percent.[38] Whitlam led the Federal Labor Party back to office at the 1972 and 1974 federal elections, and passed a large amount of legislation. The Whitlam Government lost office following the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis and dismissal by Governor-General John Kerr after the Coalition blocked supply in the Senate after a series of political scandals, and was defeated at the 1975 federal election.[39] Whitlam remains the only Prime Minister to have his commission terminated in that manner. Whitlam also lost the 1977 federal election and subsequently resigned as leader.

Bill Hayden succeeded Whitlam as leader in the 1980 federal election the party managed to gain more seats however they still lost. In 1983, Bob Hawke became leader of the party after Hayden resigned to avoid a leadership spill.

Bob Hawke, Prime Minister 1983–91

Paul Keating, Prime Minister 1991–96

Bob Hawke led Labor back to office at the 1983 federal election and the party won 4 elections under Hawke. In December 1991 Paul Keating defeated Bob Hawke in a leadership spill. The Party then won the 1993 federal election. The Hawke–Keating Government was in power for 13 years with 5 terms until defeated by John Howard at the 1996 federal election. This was the longest period the party was in Government.

Kim Beazley led the party to the 1998 federal election, winning 51 percent of the two-party-preferred vote but falling short on seats, and lost ground at the 2001 federal election. Mark Latham led Labor to the 2004 federal election but lost further ground. Beazley replaced Latham in 2005. Beazley in turn was challenged by Kevin Rudd.

Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister 2007–10, 2013

Julia Gillard, Prime Minister 2010–13

Rudd went on to defeat John Howard at the 2007 federal election with 52.7 percent of the two-party vote. The Rudd Government ended prior to the 2010 federal election with the replacement of Rudd as leader of the Party by deputy leader Julia Gillard. The Gillard Government was commissioned to govern in a hung parliament following the election with a one-seat parliamentary majority and 50.12 percent of the two-party vote. The Gillard government lasted until 2013 when Gillard lost a leadership spill with Rudd becoming leader once again. The party subsequently lost the 2013 federal election.

After the 2013 election, Rudd resigned as leader and Bill Shorten became leader of the party. The party narrowly lost the 2016 federal election however it gained 14 seats and was 7 seats away from majority Government. It remained in opposition after the 2019 federal election despite having been ahead in opinion polls for 2 years. The party lost some of the seats it had gained at the previous election. After the 2019 election, Shorten stood down as leader. Anthony Albanese was elected as leader unopposed.

Between the 2007 federal election and the 2008 Western Australian state election, Labor was in government nationally and in all eight state and territory legislatures. This was the first time any single party or any coalition had achieved this since the ACT and the NT gained self-government.[40] Labor narrowly lost government in Western Australia at the 2008 state election and Victoria at the 2010 state election. These losses were further compounded by landslide defeats in New South Wales in 2011, Queensland in 2012, the Northern Territory in 2012, Federally in 2013 and Tasmania in 2014.[41] Labor secured a good result in the Australian Capital Territory in 2012 and, despite losing its majority, the party retained government in South Australia in 2014.[42]

However, most of these reversals proved only temporary with Labor returning to government in Victoria in 2014 and in Queensland in 2015 after spending only one term in opposition in both states.[43] Furthermore, after winning the 2014 Fisher by-election by nine votes from a 7.3 percent swing, the Labor government in South Australia went from minority to majority government.[44] Labor won landslide victories in the 2016 Northern Territory election, the 2017 Western Australian election and the 2018 Victorian state election. However, Labor lost the 2018 South Australian state election after 16 years in government. Despite favourable polling, the party also did not return to government in the 2019 New South Wales state election or the 2019 federal election. The latter has been considered a historic upset due to Labor's consistent and significant polling lead; the result has been likened to the Coalition's loss in the 1993 federal election, with 2019 retrospectively referred to as "unloseable election".[45][46]

National platform

The policy of the Australian Labor Party is contained in its National Platform, which is approved by delegates to Labor's National Conference, held every three years. According to the Labor Party's website, "The Platform is the result of a rigorous and constructive process of consultation, spanning the nation and including the cooperation and input of state and territory policy committees, local branches, unions, state and territory governments, and individual Party members. The Platform provides the policy foundation from which we can continue to work towards the election of a federal Labor Government."[47]

The platform gives a general indication of the policy direction which a future Labor government would follow, but does not commit the party to specific policies. It maintains that "Labor's traditional values will remain a constant on which all Australians can rely." While making it clear that Labor is fully committed to a market economy, it says that: "Labor believes in a strong role for national government – the one institution all Australians truly own and control through our right to vote." Labor "will not allow the benefits of change to be concentrated in fewer and fewer hands, or located only in privileged communities. The benefits must be shared by all Australians and all our regions." The platform and Labor "believe that all people are created equal in their entitlement to dignity and respect, and should have an equal chance to achieve their potential." For Labor, "government has a critical role in ensuring fairness by: ensuring equal opportunity; removing unjustifiable discrimination; and achieving a more equitable distribution of wealth, income and status." Further sections of the platform stress Labor's support for equality and human rights, labour rights and democracy.

In practice, the platform provides only general policy guidelines to Labor's federal, state and territory parliamentary leaderships. The policy Labor takes into an election campaign is determined by the Cabinet (if the party is in office) or the Shadow Cabinet (if it is in opposition), in consultation with key interest groups within the party, and is contained in the parliamentary Leader's policy speech delivered during the election campaign. When Labor is in office, the policies it implements are determined by the Cabinet, subject to the platform. Generally, it is accepted that while the platform binds Labor governments, how and when it is implemented remains the prerogative of the parliamentary caucus. It is now rare for the platform to conflict with government policy, as the content of the platform is usually developed in close collaboration with the party's parliamentary leadership as well as the factions. However, where there is a direct contradiction with the platform, Labor governments have sought to change the platform as a prerequisite for a change in policy. For example, privatisation legislation under the Hawke government occurred only after holding a special national conference to debate changing the platform.

Party structure

National executive and secretariat

The Australian Labor Party National Executive is the party's chief administrative authority, subject only to Labor's national conference. The executive is responsible for organising the triennial national conference; carrying out the decisions of the conference; interpreting the national constitution, the national platform and decisions of the national conference; and directing federal members.[48]

The party holds a national conference every three years, which consists of delegates representing the state and territory branches (many coming from affiliated trade unions, although there is no formal requirement for unions to be represented at the national conference). The national conference decides the party's platform, elects the national executive and appoints office-bearers such as the national secretary, who also serves as national campaign director during elections. The current national secretary is Paul Erickson. The most recent national conference was the 48th conference held in December 2018.[49]

The head office of the ALP, the national secretariat, is managed by the national secretary. It plays a dual role of administration and a national campaign strategy. It acts as a permanent secretariat to the national executive by managing and assisting in all administrative affairs of the party. As the national secretary also serves as national campaign director during elections, it is also responsible for the national campaign strategy and organisation.

Federal Parliamentary Labor Party

The elected members of the Labor party in both houses of the national Parliament meet as the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party, also known as the Australian Labor Party Caucus (see also caucus).[50] Besides discussing parliamentary business and tactics, the Caucus also is involved in the election of the federal parliamentary leaders.

Federal parliamentary leaders

Main article: Leaders of the Australian Labor Party

Until 2013, the parliamentary leaders were elected by the Caucus from among its members. The leader has historically been a member of the House of Representatives. Since October 2013, a ballot of both the Caucus and by the Labor Party's rank-and-file members determined the party leader and the deputy leader.[51] When the Labor Party is in government, the party leader is the Prime Minister and the deputy leader is the Deputy Prime Minister. If a Labor prime minister resigns or dies in office, the deputy leader acts as prime minister and party leader until a successor is elected. The deputy prime minister also acts as prime minister when the prime minister is on leave or out of the country. Members of the Ministry are also chosen by Caucus, though the leader may allocate portfolios to the ministers.

Anthony Albanese is the leader of the federal Labor party, serving since 30 May 2019. The deputy leader is Richard Marles, also serving since 30 May 2019.

State and territory branches

Main article: List of state branches of the Australian Labor Party

The Australian Labor Party is a federal party, consisting of eight branches from each state and territory. While the National Executive is responsible for national campaign strategy, each state and territory are an autonomous branch and are responsible for campaigning in their own jurisdictions for federal, state and local elections. State and territory branches consist of both individual members and affiliated trade unions, who between them decide the party's policies, elect its governing bodies and choose its candidates for public office.

Members join a state branch and pay a membership fee, which is graduated according to income. The majority of trade unions in Australia are affiliated to the party at a state level. Union affiliation is direct and not through the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Affiliated unions pay an affiliation fee based on the size of their membership. Union affiliation fees make up a large part of the party's income. Another source of funds for the party are political donations and public funding.

Members are generally expected to attend at least one meeting of their local branch each year, although there are differences in the rules from state to state. In practice only a dedicated minority regularly attend meetings. Many members are only active during election campaigns.

The members and unions elect delegates to state and territory conferences (usually held annually, although more frequent conferences are often held). These conferences decide policy, and elect state or territory executives, a state or territory president (an honorary position usually held for a one-year term), and a state or territory secretary (a full-time professional position). However, ACT Labor directly elects its president. The larger branches also have full-time assistant secretaries and organisers. In the past the ratio of conference delegates coming from the branches and affiliated unions has varied from state to state, however under recent national reforms at least 50% of delegates at all state and territory conferences must be elected by branches.

In some states it also contests local government elections or endorses local candidates. In others it does not, preferring to allow its members to run as non-endorsed candidates. The process of choosing candidates is called preselection. Candidates are preselected by different methods in the various states and territories. In some they are chosen by ballots of all party members, in others by panels or committees elected by the state conference, in still others by a combination of these two.

The state and territory Labor branches are the following:

Branch		Leader	Deputy Leader	Last election				Government
				Year	Votes (%)	Seats	2PP (%)
	New South Wales Labor Party	Jodi McKay	Yasmin Catley	2019	33.3	36 / 93	48.0	Opposition
	Victorian Labor Party	Daniel Andrews	James Merlino	2018	42.9	55 / 88	57.3	Majority government
	Queensland Labor Party	Annastacia Palaszczuk	Steven Miles	2017	35.4	47 / 93	51.2	Majority government
	Western Australian Labor Party	Mark McGowan	Roger Cook	2017	42.2	40 / 59	55.5	Majority government
	South Australian Labor Party	Peter Malinauskas	Susan Close	2018	32.8	19 / 47	48.1	Opposition
	Tasmanian Labor Party	Rebecca White	Michelle O'Byrne	2018	32.6	9 / 25	[52]	Opposition
	ACT Labor Party	Andrew Barr	Yvette Berry	2016	38.4	12 / 25	[53]	Coalition government with the ACT Greens
	Northern Territory Labor Party	Michael Gunner	Nicole Manison	2016	42.2	15 / 25	58.5	Majority government

Country Labor

Country Labor is a subsection of the ALP, and is used as a designation by candidates contesting elections in rural areas. The Country Labor Party is registered as a separate party in New South Wales,[54] and is also registered with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) for federal elections.[55] It does not have the same status in other states and, consequently, that designation cannot be used on the ballot paper.

The creation of a separation designation for rural candidates was first suggested at the June 1999 ALP state conference in New South Wales. In May 2000, following Labor's success at the 2000 Benalla by-election in Victoria, Kim Beazley announced that the ALP intended to register a separate "Country Labor Party" with the AEC;[56] this occurred in October 2000.[55] The Country Labor designation is most frequently used in New South Wales. According to the ALP's financial statements for the 2015–16 financial year, NSW Country Labor had around 2,600 members (around 17 percent of the party total), but almost no assets. It recorded a severe funding shortfall at the 2015 New South Wales election, and had to rely on a $1.68-million loan from the party proper to remain solvent. It had been initially assumed that the party proper could provide the money from its own resources, but the NSW Electoral Commission ruled that this was impermissible because the parties were registered separately. Instead the party proper had to loan Country Labor the required funds at a commercial interest rate.[57]

Australian Young Labor

Main article: Australian Young Labor

Australian Young Labor is the youth wing of the Australian Labor Party, where all members under age 26 are automatically members. It is the peak youth body within the ALP. Former presidents of AYL have included former NSW Premier Bob Carr, Federal Manager of Opposition Business Tony Burke, former Special Minister of State Senator John Faulkner, former Australian Workers Union National Secretary, current Member for Maribyrnong and former Federal Labor Leader Bill Shorten as well as dozens of State Ministers and MPs. The current National President is Jason Byrne from South Australia.

Networks

The Australian Labor Party is beginning to formally recognise single interest groups within the party. The national platform currently encourages state branches to formally establish these groups known as policy action caucuses.[58] Examples of such groups include the Labor Environment Action Network,[59] Rainbow Labor,[60] and Labor for Refugees.[61] The Tasmanian Branch of the Australian Labor Party recently gave these groups voting and speaking rights at their state conference.

Factions

The Labor Party has always had a left wing and a right wing, but since the 1970s it has been organised into formal factions, to which party members may belong and often pay an additional membership fee. The two largest factions are Labor Right and Labor Left. Labor Right generally supports free-market policies and the US alliance and tends to be conservative on some social issues. The Labor Left favours more state intervention in the economy, is generally less enthusiastic about the US alliance and is often more liberal on social issues. The national factions are themselves divided into sub-factions, primarily state-based such as Centre Unity in New South Wales and Labor Forum in Queensland.

Some trade unions are affiliated with the Labor Party and are also factionally aligned. The largest unions supporting the right faction are the Australian Workers' Union (AWU), the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association (SDA) and the Transport Workers Union (TWU).[62] Important unions supporting the left include the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union (AMWU), United Workers Union, the Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union (CFMMEU) and the Community and Public Sector Union (CPSU).[62]

Preselections are usually conducted along factional lines, although sometimes a non-factional candidate will be given preferential treatment (this happened with Cheryl Kernot in 1998 and again with Peter Garrett in 2004). Deals between the factions to divide up the safe seats between them often take place. Preselections, particularly for safe Labor seats, can sometimes be strongly contested. A particularly fierce preselection sometimes gives rise to accusations of branch stacking (signing up large numbers of nominal party members to vote in preselection ballots), personation, multiple voting and, on occasions, fraudulent electoral enrolment. Trade unions were in the past accused of giving inflated membership figures to increase their influence over preselections, but party rules changes have stamped out this practice. Preselection results are sometimes challenged, and the National Executive is sometimes called on to arbitrate these disputes.

Faction		Caucus seats
	Labor Right	44 / 94
	Labor Left	35 / 94

Federal election results

Election	Leader	Seats won	±	Total votes	%	Position
1901	Chris Watson	14 / 75	14	79,736	15.76%	Third party
1903		22 / 75	7	223,163	30.95%	Third party
1906		26 / 75	4	348,711	36.64%	Third party
1910	Andrew Fisher	42 / 75	16	660,864	49.97%	Majority government
1913		37 / 75	5	921,099	48.47%	Opposition
1914		42 / 75	5	858,451	50.89%	Majority government
1917	Frank Tudor	22 / 75	20	827,541	43.94%	Opposition
1919		26 / 75	4	811,244	42.49%	Opposition
1922	Matthew Charlton	29 / 75	3	665,145	42.30%	Opposition
1925		23 / 75	6	1,313,627	45.04%	Opposition
1928	James Scullin	31 / 75	8	1,158,505	44.64%	Opposition
1929		46 / 75	15	1,406,327	48.84%	Majority government
1931		14 / 75	32	859,513	27.10%	Opposition
1934		18 / 74	4	952,251	26.81%	Opposition
1937	John Curtin	29 / 74	11	1,555,737	43.17%	Opposition
1940		32 / 74	3	1,556,941	40.16%	Opposition
						Minority government
1943		49 / 74	17	2,058,578	49.94%	Majority government
1946	Ben Chifley	43 / 75	6	2,159,953	49.71%	Majority government
1949		47 / 121	4	2,117,088	45.98%	Opposition
1951		52 / 121	5	2,174,840	47.63%	Opposition
1954	H. V. Evatt	57 / 121	5	2,280,098	50.03%	Opposition
1955		47 / 122	10	1,961,829	44.63%	Opposition
1958		45 / 122	2	2,137,890	42.81%	Opposition
1961	Arthur Calwell	60 / 122	15	2,512,929	47.90%	Opposition
1963		50 / 122	10	2,489,184	45.47%	Opposition
1966		41 / 124	9	2,282,834	39.98%	Opposition
1969	Gough Whitlam	59 / 125	18	2,870,792	46.95%	Opposition
1972		67 / 125	8	3,273,549	49.59%	Majority government
1974		66 / 127	1	3,644,110	49.30%	Majority government
1975		36 / 127	30	3,313,004	42.84%	Opposition
1977		38 / 124	2	3,141,051	39.65%	Opposition
1980	Bill Hayden	51 / 125	13	3,749,565	45.15%	Opposition
1983	Bob Hawke	75 / 125	24	4,297,392	49.48%	Majority government
1984		82 / 148	7	4,120,130	47.55%	Majority government
1987		86 / 148	4	4,222,431	45.76%	Majority government
1990		78 / 148	8	3,904,138	39.44%	Majority government
1993	Paul Keating	80 / 148	2	4,751,390	44.92%	Majority government
1996		49 / 148	31	4,217,765	38.69%	Opposition
1998	Kim Beazley	67 / 148	18	4,454,306	40.10%	Opposition
2001		65 / 150	2	4,341,420	37.84%	Opposition
2004	Mark Latham	60 / 150	5	4,408,820	37.63%	Opposition
2007	Kevin Rudd	83 / 150	23	5,388,184	43.38%	Majority government
2010	Julia Gillard	72 / 150	11	4,711,363	37.99%	Minority government
2013	Kevin Rudd	55 / 150	17	4,311,365	33.38%	Opposition
2016	Bill Shorten	69 / 150	14	4,702,296	34.73%	Opposition
2019		68 / 151	1	4,752,631	33.34%	Opposition

Donors

See also: Political funding in Australia

For the 2015–2016 financial year, the top ten disclosed donors to the ALP were the Health Services Union NSW ($389,000), Village Roadshow ($257,000), Electrical Trades Union of Australia ($171,000), National Automotive Leasing and Salary Packaging Association ($153,000), Westfield Corporation ($150,000), Randazzo C&G Developments ($120,000), Macquarie Telecom ($113,000), Woodside Energy ($110,000), ANZ Bank ($100,000) and Ying Zhou ($100,000).[63][64]

The Labor Party also receives undisclosed funding through several methods, such as "associated entities". John Curtin House, Industry 2020, IR21 and the Happy Wanderers Club are entities which have been used to funnel donations to the Labor Party without disclosing the source.[65][66][67][68]

A 2019 report found that the Labor Party received $33,000 from pro-gun groups during the 2011–2018 periods, threatening to undermine Australian gun control laws.[69] However, the Coalition received over $82,000 in donations from pro-gun groups, almost doubling Labor's pro-gun donors.[69]

Notes

1. According to The Australian Worker, in 1918 the state parties comprised the Political Labor League (New South Wales), the Queensland Labor Party, the United Labor Party (South Australia), the Workers' Political Labor League (Tasmania), the Political Labor Council (Victoria), and the Australian Labor Federation (Western Australia).[14] However, according to the South Australian Register, the state parties in New South Wales, South Australia, and Victoria had already adopted the standardised name by 1917.[15]
2. In 1954, Labor MP Ted Johnson complained in the Parliament of Western Australia that both Hansard and the daily newspapers were still using the spelling "Labour".[17] As late as the 1980s, historian Finlay Crisp used the spelling "Labour" in academic works about the party.[18][19]

References

1. "Wayne Swan elected Labor national president". 18 June 2018.
2. Crowe, David (21 February 2019). "The incredibly shrunken Liberal Party and its structural challenge". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
3. Wright, George (3 December 2011). "National Platform". Australian Labour Party. "The Australian Labor Party is a modern social democratic party". Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
4. Wright, George (3 December 2011). "National Platform". Australian Labour Party. Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
5. Frankel, Boris (1997). "Beyond Labourism and Socialism: How the Australian Labor Party developed the Model of 'New Labour'" (PDF). New Left Review. 1 (221): 3–33. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
6. Lavelle, Ashley (1 December 2005). "Social Democrats and Neo-Liberalism: A Case Study of the Australian Labor Party". Political Studies. 53 (4): 753–771. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00555.x.
7. Lavelle, Ashley (May 2010). "The Ties that Unwind? Social Democratic Parties and Unions in Australia and Britain". Labour History. 53 (98): 55–75. doi:10.5263/labourhistory.98.1.55. JSTOR 10.5263/labourhistory.98.1.55. S2CID 152364613.
8. Humphrys, Elizabeth (8 October 2018). How Labour Built Neoliberalism: Australia's Accord, the Labour Movement and the Neoliberal Project. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-38346-3.
9. Rhodes, Campbell (27 April 1904). "A perfect picture of the statesman: John Christian Watson". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
10. "Australian Labor Party". AustralianPolitics.com. 6 October 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
11. "Participants". Progressive Alliance. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
12. McMullin 1991, p. ix.
13. McMullin 1991, p. 116.
14. "'The Australian Labor Party': Labor's Uniform Name". The Australian Worker. 12 December 1918.
15. "What's in a Name?". South Australian Register. 15 September 1917.
16. Crowley, Frank (2000). Big John Forrest: A Founding Father of the Commonwealth of Australia. UWA Press. p. 394. The Commonwealth conference of the party adopted the spelling 'Labor' in the official title of the Labor Party, but the parliamentary debates did not follow suit. Thereafter the debates recorded the same proceedings with different spellings, and it was many years before the spelling 'Labor' was accepted officially or used consistently in print.
17. "Australian Labour Party, as to spelling of "Labour"" (PDF). Hansard / Parliament of Western Australia. 7 July 1954. p. 302. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
18. Crisp, Finlay (1978) [1951]. The Australian Federal Labour Party, 1901–1951.
19. Crisp, Finlay; Atkinson, Barbara (1981). Australian Labour Party Federal Parliamentarians, 1901–1981.
20. McMullin, Ross (2006). "First in the World: Australia's Watson Labor Government". Papers on Parliament. Australian Parliamentary Library (44).
21. Bastian, Peter (2009). Andrew Fisher: An Underestimated Man. UNSW Press. p. 372.
22. "Disemvowelled". BBC News. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
23. Scott, Andrew (2000). Running on Empty: 'Modernising' the British and Australian Labour Parties (PDF). Pluto Press. p. 39.
24. McMullen, Ross (2004). So Monstrous a Travesty: Chris Watson and the World's First National Labour Government. Carlton North, Victoria: Scribe Publications. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-920769-13-0.
25. Alison Painter. "9 May 1891 United Labor Party elected to Legislative Council (Celebrating South Australia)". Retrieved 11 June 2015.
26. Celia Hamilton, "Irish‐Catholics of New South Wales and the Labor Party, 1890–1910." Historical Studies: Australia & New Zealand (1958) 8#31: 254–267.
27. Faulkner & Macintyre 2001, p. 3.
28. Nairn, Bede (1990). "Watson, John Christian (Chris) (1867–1941)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. 12. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 9 February 2010 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
29. Charles Richardson (25 January 2009). "Fusion: The Party System We Had To Have?" (PDF). Retrieved 19 September 2017.
30. Murphy, D. J. (1981). Fisher, Andrew (1862–1928). Australian Dictionary of Biography. 8. Canberra: Australian National University. Archived from the original on 19 June 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
31. McKinlay 1981, p. 53.
32. "National Constitution of the ALP". Official Website of the Australian Labor Party. Australian Labor Party. 2009. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2009. The Australian Labor Party is a democratic socialist party and has the objective of the democratic socialisation of industry, production, distribution and exchange, to the extent necessary to eliminate exploitation and other anti-social features in these fields.
33. McKinlay 1981, p. 19.
34. "John Curtin – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers". Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
35. "In office – Ben Chifley – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers". National Archives of Australia. 24 February 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
36. "Ben Chifley – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers". Primeministers.naa.gov.au. 13 June 1951. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
37. "Elections – Robert Menzies – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers". Primeministers.naa.gov.au. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
38. "Tariff Reduction". The Whitlam Collection. The Whitlam Institute. Archived from the original on 20 July 2005.
39. "The dismissal: a brief history". The Age. Melbourne. 11 November 2005.
40. In 1969–1970, before the ACT and NT achieved self-government, the Liberal and National Coalition was in power federally and in all six states. University of WA elections database
41. Crawford, Barclay (27 March 2011). "Barry O'Farrell smashes Labor in NSW election". The Sunday Telegraph.
42. "Weatherill pledges more regional focus amid Brock support". the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 March 2014.
43. Remeikis, Amy (1 February 2015). "Queensland election: State wakes to new political landscape". the Brisbane Times.
44. "Fisher by-election: Recount sees Labor's Nat Cook win by nine votes". the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 December 2014.
45. Murphy, Katharine (19 May 2019). "Labor lost the unlosable election – now it's up to Morrison to tell Australia his plan". The Guardian.
46. Norman, Jane (22 September 2019). "Labor was going to hit the ground running – it hit a brick wall instead". ABC News.
47. "ALP National Platform and Constitution 2007". Australian Labor Party. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
48. "ALP National Platform 2011" (PDF). Australian Labor Party. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
49. ALP: 2018 Australian Labor Party National Conference
50. "National Platform of the Australian Labor Party" (PDF). Australian Labor Party. p. 215. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
51. Harrison, Bill (13 October 2013). "Bill Shorten elected Labor leader". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
52. Two-party-preferred counts are not recorded in Tasmanian state elections.
53. Two-party-preferred counts are not recorded in ACT general elections.
54. List of Registered Parties, Electoral Commission NSW.
55. Current register of political parties, Australian Electoral Commission.
56. Country Labor: a new direction?, 7 June 2000. Retrieved 29 September 2017
57. Near-insolvent Country Labor ‘may never repay’ $1.68m to party, The Australian, 28 July 2017.
58. "National Platform of the Australian Labor Party" (PDF). Australian Labor Party. p. 232. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
59. "Labor Environment Action Network". Retrieved 11 June 2015.
60. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
61. "Labor for Refugees". Facebook. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
62. Marin-Guzman, David (16 December 2018). "Inside the union factions that rule the ALP conference". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
63. "Donor Summary by Party Group". periodicdisclosures.aec.gov.au. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
64. "Donor Summary by Party". periodicdisclosures.aec.gov.au. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
65. "Australian political donations: Who gave how much?". 24 October 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
66. "Slush fund royal commission: the labour movement faces its demons". 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
67. "Bill Shorten: Campaign for Labor leadership received money from allegedly dodgy, multi-million-dollar-union slush fund". Retrieved 7 September 2017.
68. "Union set up Labor slush fund, court told". Retrieved 7 September 2017.
69. Knowles, Lorna (27 March 2019). "Gun lobby's 'concerted and secretive' bid to undermine Australian laws". ABC News. Retrieved 15 July 2019.

Bibliography

• Bramble, Tom, and Rick Kuhn. Labor's Conflict: Big Business, Workers, and the Politics of Class (Cambridge University Press; 2011) 240 pages.
• Calwell, A. A. (1963). Labor's Role in Modern Society. Melbourne, Lansdowne Press.
• Faulkner, John; Macintyre, Stuart (2001). True Believers – The story of the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-609-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• McKinlay, Brian (1981). The ALP: A Short History of the Australian Labor Party. Melbourne: Drummond/Heinemann. ISBN 0-85859-254-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• McMullin, Ross (1991). The Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party 1891–1991. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia. ISBN 0-19-553451-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

External links

• Official website
• Australian Labor Party Victorian Branch Rules, April 2013