Whanganui (New Zealand electorate)

Whanganui (known as Wanganui until 1996) is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate. It was first established in 1860 for the 3rd Parliament and has existed continuously since then.

Whanganui electorate boundaries used since the 2014 election

It has been held by Harete Hipango of the National Party since the 2017 general election.

Population centres

In the 1860 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives increased the number of representatives by 12, reflecting the immense population growth since the original electorates were established in 1853. The redistribution created 15 additional electorates with between one and three members, and the Wanganui and Rangitikei electorate was split into two separate electorates: the Rangitikei electorate and the Wanganui electorate.[1]

The electorate is based on the city of Whanganui, the towns Opunake and Hawera, and smaller centres Kaponga, Eltham, Normanby, Manaia, Patea and Waverley.

History

Henry Shafto Harrison was the first representative. His 7 February 1861 election was declared invalid. He stood again in the 1861 by-election and was elected again. He then served the electorate until the end of the term in 1866.[2][3]

Harrison, John Bryce and John Garner contested the 1866 election. The nomination meeting was held on Friday, 2 March 1866. Harrison, Bryce and Garner received 51, 102 and 7 votes, respectively, at the election on the following day. Bryce was thus declared elected.[4] Bryce resigned in 1867.[5]

The resulting 6 May 1867 by-election was won by Harrison, and he served until the dissolution of Parliament on 30 December 1870.[2]

Bryce was again elected in the 30 January 1871 election. This time, he served three parliamentary terms until the dissolution in November 1881.[5]

Wanganui became a two-member electorate for the 12 January 1876 election. Apart from Bryce, Julius Vogel was elected, who was later to become Premier. Vogel resigned on 9 September 1876. [6]

The resulting 2 October 1876 by-election was won by William Fox, resulting in his second period of representation of this electorate. He served until the end of the term on 15 August 1879.[7]

Bryce and John Ballance won the 1879 election. They both server until the end of the term, with Parliament being dissolved on 8 November 1881. [8]

For the 1881 election, the electorate reverted to being represented by a single member. The election, held on 9 December, was won by William Hogg Watt. He served until the end of the term, with Parliament being dissolved on 27 June 1884.[9]

The 1884 election was once again won by John Ballance. This time, he would serve in three successive Parliaments. He died in office on 27 April 1893 during the 11th Parliament. [8] Ballance formed the Liberal Party after the 1890 election and became its leader, and thus introduced party politics to New Zealand. The Liberal Government of New Zealand would last for 21 years and is the longest serving government in New Zealand's history.

Ballance's death triggered the 1893 by-election, which was held on 13 June and won by Archibald Willis, who was re-elected at the 1893 election a few months later.[10]

Gilbert Carson was successful in the 1896 election. He served one term.[11] He was succeeded by Willis in the 1899 election, who served two more terms for the electorate.[10]

James Thomas Hogan won the 1905 election. He served two terms[12] and was defeated in the 1911 election by Bill Veitch.

Veitch had a long career in the electorate, serving until 1935, when he defeated. He was initially an Independent, but joined the Liberal Party in 1925, and changed to the United Party in 1928.

Joe Cotterill won the electorate in the 1935 election for the Labour Party. He also had a long career, retiring in 1960 from the Wanganui seat.

He was succeeded by his party colleague George Spooner in the 1960 election, who served three terms and was defeated in 1969 election by Bill Tolhurst from the National Party.

Tolhurst served one term and at the 1972 election, the electorate returned to Labour. Russell Marshall served six terms and retired in 1990.

In the 1990 election, Cam Campion secured the seat for National. He retired in 1993 and died two years after that.

The seat returned to Labour again, with Jill Pettis winning the 1993 election. She was the first woman to represent Wanganui. She served four terms, until her defeat in the 2005 election by Chester Borrows of the National Party.[13] Pettis served an additional term as a List MP until 2008. Borrows announced in 2016 that he would not seek reelection at the 2017 general election[14] and the seat was won by Harete Hipango, retaining it for the National Party.

Several members (Fox, Vogel and Ballance) became Premier. Terry Heffernan stood in the electorate five times for four parties, from 1981 to 1993.

Members of Parliament

Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at a general election.

Key

  Independent     Liberal     Conservative     Liberal–Labour     United Labour     United     Labour     National  

single-member electorate
Election Winner
1861 election Henry Harrison
1861 by-election
1866 election John Bryce
1867 by-election Henry Harrison (2nd time)
1871 election John Bryce (2nd time)

multi-member electorate
Election Winners
1876 election John Bryce Julius Vogel
1876 by-election William Fox
1879 election John Ballance

single-member electorate
Election Winner
1881 election William Watt
1884 election John Ballance (2nd time)
1887 election
1890 election
1893 by-election Archibald Willis
1893 election
1896 election Gilbert Carson
1899 election Archibald Willis (2nd time)
1902 election
1905 election James Thomas Hogan
1908 election
1911 election Bill Veitch
1914 election
1919 election
1922 election
1925 election
1928 election
1931 election
1935 election Joe Cotterill
1938 election
1943 election
1946 election
1949 election
1951 election
1954 election
1957 election
1960 election George Spooner
1963 election
1966 election
1969 election Bill Tolhurst
1972 election Russell Marshall
1975 election
1978 election
1981 election
1984 election
1987 election
1990 election Cam Campion
1993 election Jill Pettis
1996 election
1999 election
2002 election
2005 election Chester Borrows
2008 election
2011 election
2014 election
2017 election Harete Hipango

List MPs

Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

Election Winner
1996 election Peter Gresham
2005 election Jill Pettis

Election results

2017 election
2017 general election: Whanganui[15]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Harete Hipango 16,751 44.91 −8.24 16,874 44.73 −2.4
Labour Steph Lewis 15,045 40.34 +0.03 13,748 36.44 +10.99
NZ First Reg Skipworth 2,580 6.92 — 3,783 10.02 −1.9
Green Nicola Patrick 2,067 5.54 — 1,775 4.70 −2.49
ACT Alan Davidson 294 0.79 +0.07 168 0.44 −0.03
Opportunities   639 1.69 —
Māori   162 0.43 −0.15
Legalise Cannabis   154 0.41 −0.13
New Conservative   94 0.25 −4.75
Ban 1080   56 0.15 −0.01
Outdoors   25 0.07 —
People's Party   23 0.06 —
United Future   23 0.06 −0.15
Democrats   20 0.05 −0.11
Mana   12 0.03 −0.7[lower-alpha 1]
Internet   7 0.02 −0.71[lower-alpha 2]
Informal votes 560 161
Total Valid votes 37,297 37,724
National hold Majority 1,706 4.57 −8.27

2014 election
2014 general election: Whanganui[16]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Y Chester Borrows 18,649 53.15 -0.54 16,687 47.13 -0.43
Labour Hamish McDouall 14,144 40.31 +2.80 9,012 25.45 -1.96
New Conservative Kim MacIntyre 872 2.49 +2.49 1,771 5.00 +1.77
Māori Nancy Tuaine 610 1.74 +1.74 205 0.58 +0.13
ACT Alan Daniel Davidson 252 0.72 +0.29 167 0.47 -0.61
Democrats Heather Marion Smith 208 0.59 +0.20 57 0.16 +0.01
NZ First   4,221 11.92 +2.39
Green   2,546 7.19 -1.77
Internet Mana   259 0.73 +0.49
Legalise Cannabis   190 0.54 -0.01
United Future   75 0.21 -0.24
Ban 1080   56 0.16 +0.16
Civilian   22 0.06 +0.06
Focus   14 0.04 +0.04
Independent Coalition   13 0.04 +0.04
Informal votes 350 112
Total Valid votes 35,085 35,407
National hold Majority 4,505 12.84 -3.34

2011 election
2011 general election: Whanganui[17]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Y Chester Borrows 16,743 53.69 -2.61 15,151 47.56 +1.25
Labour Hamish McDouall 11,697 37.51 -0.10 8,733 27.41 -8.10
Green John Milnes 1,444 4.63 +0.19 2,855 8.96 +3.68
NZ First Ian Brougham 1,043 3.34 +3.34 3,035 9.53 +4.39
ACT Alan Daniel Davidson 135 0.43 -0.56 345 1.08 -1.99
Democrats Heather Marion Smith 121 0.39 -0.28 47 0.15 -0.07
New Conservative   1,030 3.23 -+3.23
Māori   225 0.71 -0.29
Legalise Cannabis   176 0.55 +0.21
United Future   143 0.45 -0.20
Mana   75 0.24 +0.24
Libertarianz   22 0.07 +0.02
Alliance   21 0.07 -0.02
Informal votes 616 235
Total Valid votes 31,183 31,858
National hold Majority 5,046 16.18 -2.51

Electorate (as at 11 November 2011): 43,350[18]

2008 election
2008 general election: Whanganui[19]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Y Chester Borrows 19,072 56.30 15,869 46.30
Labour Hamish McDouall 12,739 37.61 12,170 35.51
Green John Milnes 1,503 4.44 1,809 5.28
ACT Alan Davidson 336 0.99 1,052 3.07
Democrats Heather Marion Smith 225 0.66 73 0.21
NZ First   1,761 5.14
Māori   342 1.00
Progressive   253 0.74
Bill and Ben   249 0.73
United Future   224 0.65
Kiwi   186 0.54
Legalise Cannabis   116 0.34
Family Party   91 0.27
Alliance   28 0.08
Libertarianz   18 0.05
Workers Party   16 0.05
Pacific   10 0.03
RONZ   3 0.01
RAM   2 0.01
Informal votes 304 162
Total Valid votes 33,875 34,272
National hold Majority 6,333

2005 election
2005 general election: Whanganui[20]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Y or N denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Chester Borrows 15,846 49.28 +9.70 13,417 41.13
Labour N Jill Pettis 13,444 41.81 -4.56 13,045 39.99
Green John Milnes 1,171 3.64 1,466 4.49
United Future David Ball 502 1.56 885 2.71
Māori Aaron Makutu 429 1.33 265 0.841
Progressive Debbie Lucas 371 1.15 448 1.37
One NZ Ian Brougham 214 0.67 52 0.16
Democrats Malcolm Murchie 175 0.54 68 0.21
NZ First   2,185 6.70
ACT   296 0.91
Destiny   282 0.86
Legalise Cannabis   68 0.21
Christian Heritage   62 0.19
Alliance   31 0.10
99 MP   18 0.06
Libertarianz   16 0.05
Family Rights   7 0.02
RONZ   7 0.02
Direct Democracy   6 0.02
Informal votes 376 144
National gain from Labour Majority 2,402 7.47 +14.26

1999 election

Refer to Candidates in the New Zealand general election 1999 by electorate#Whanganui for a list of candidates.

1993 election
1993 general election: Wanganui[21]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Jill Pettis 7,399 36.6 +5.6
National Gael Donoghue 4,028 19.9
NZ First Terry Heffernan 3,621 17.9
Independent Cam Campion 2,525 12.4 -20.6
Alliance F Frederiske 2,253 11.1
Christian Heritage J Rush 378 1.8
Majority 3,371 16.6
Turnout 20,204

1990 election
1990 general election: Wanganui[22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
National Cam Campion 6,751 33.0
Labour Jill Pettis 6,342 31.0
Democrats Terry Heffernan 5,983 29.2 -5.7
Green T Sarten 762 3.7
NewLabour M Blakely 446 2.1
Social Credit G Butler 123 0.6
Independent C Fackney 22 0.1
Majority 409 2.0
Turnout 20,429

1987 election
1987 general election: Wanganui[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Russell Marshall 7,548 36.0 -10.7
Democrats Terry Heffernan 7,300 34.9 +5.8
National A R Anderson 6,089 29.1
Majority 248 1.1 -16.5
Turnout 22,925 92.7 -1.4

1984 election
1984 general election: Wanganui[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Russell Marshall 10,391 46.7 +6.3
Social Credit Terry Heffernan 6,473 29.1 -3.5
National Sue Westwood 4,579 20.6
NZ Party Ian David Harrex 751 3.4
Independent T L Sullivan 47 0.2
Majority 3,918 17.6 +9.8
Turnout 23,965 94.1 +3.6

1981 election
1981 general election: Wanganui[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Russell Marshall 8,572 40.4 -6.4
Social Credit Terry Heffernan 6,904 32.6
National Jennifer Tolhurst 5,719 27.0
Majority 1,668 7.8 -7.2
Turnout 23,477 90.5 +15.5

1978 election
1978 general election: Wanganui[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Russell Marshall 9,703 46.8 +0.2
National J G Rowan 6,601 31.8 -8.6
Social Credit Oliver Marks 3,956 19.1 +9.4
Values R W Holmes 449 2.2
Independent T L Sullivan 34 0.1 ±0.0
Majority 3,102 15.0 +8.8
Turnout 27,741 75.0 -18.3

1975 election
1975 general election: Wanganui[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Russell Marshall 9,313 46.6 -7.8
National J G Rowan 8,069 40.4
Social Credit Oliver Marks 1,937 9.7
Values Roger Angus 541 2.7
Christian Democratic Tom Fouhy 100 0.5
Independent T L Sullivan 16 0.1 -0.2
Majority 1,244 6.2 -9.5
Turnout 22,689 88.3 -4.4

1972 election
1972 general election: Wanganui[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Russell Marshall 9,987 54.4
National Bill Tolhurst 7,108 38.7 -9.3
Social Credit J S Humphreys 1,168 6.3 -2.8
New Democratic R A Dowdie 53 0.3
Independent T L Sullivan 50 0.3 +0.1
Majority 2,879 15.7
Turnout 19,944 92.7 +0.9

1969 election
1969 general election: Wanganui[24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
National Bill Tolhurst 8,233 48.0 +6.1
Labour George Spooner 7,274 42.5 +.06
Social Credit J S Humphreys 1,557 9.1
Independent D M Lewis 40 0.2
Independent T L Sullivan 32 0.2
Majority 959 5.5
Turnout 18,755 91.8 +1.3

1966 election
1966 general election: Wanganui[24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour George Spooner 6,499 41.9 -5.4
National John Grace 5,591 36.0 -1.6
Social Credit Percival John Dempsey 3,206 20.6 +4.5
Christian Democratic D G Tumery 233 1.5
Majority 908 5.9 -2.8
Turnout 17,249 90.5 -2.5

1963 election
1963 general election: Wanganui[24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour George Spooner 7,430 46.3 +6.1
National John Grace 6,033 37.6
Social Credit Percival John Dempsey 2,593 16.1
Majority 1,397 8.7 +7.6
Turnout 17,258 93.4

1960 election
1960 general election: Wanganui[24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour George Spooner 6,071 40.2
National E J Crotty 5,911 39.1
Social Credit Roly Marks 3,132 20.7 -1.7
Majority 160 1.1
Turnout 16,335 93.0 -1.9

1957 election
1957 general election: Wanganui[24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Joe Cotterill 6,550 43.5 +5.6
National A K MacLean 5,131 34.1
Social Credit Roly Marks 3,378 22.4 -4.0
Majority 1,419 9.4 +7.2
Turnout 15,911 94.9 +1.8

1954 election
1954 general election: Wanganui[24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Joe Cotterill 5,115 37.9 -12.9
National J S Rumbold 4,810 35.7
Social Credit Roly Marks 3,378 26.4
Majority 305 2.2 +0.6
Turnout 14,562 93.1 +4.7

1951 election
1951 general election: Wanganui[25]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Joe Cotterill 6,779 50.8 -2.9
National E V O'Keefe 6,553 49.2 +2.9
Majority 226 1.6 -5.8
Turnout 14,993 89.2 -3.1

1949 election
1949 general election: Wanganui[26]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Joe Cotterill 7,336 53.7 -3.4
National E V O'Keefe 6,317 46.3
Majority 1,019 7.4 -6.6
Turnout 14,863 92.3 -0.7

1946 election
1946 general election: Wanganui[27]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Joe Cotterill 7,833 57.0
National Eric Merewether 5,899 43.0
Majority 1,934 14.0
Turnout 14,730 93.0

1943 election
1943 general election: Wanganui[28]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Joe Cotterill 6,691 49.05 -15.34
National E J Kirk 4,254 31.18
Real Democracy Roly Marks 1,722 12.62
Democratic Labour S Duffy 832 6.09
Informal votes 142 1.04 +0.58
Majority 2,437 17.86 +11.38
Turnout 13,641 96.69 +1.95
Registered electors 14,107

1938 election
1938 general election: Wanganui[29]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Joe Cotterill 8,630 64.39 +18.09
National Bill Veitch 4,710 35.14 +3.70
Informal votes 62 0.46 -0.20
Majority 3,920 29.24 +14.38
Turnout 13,402 94.74
Registered electors 14,145

1935 election
1935 general election: Wanganui[30]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Labour Joe Cotterill 4,887 46.66
Democrat Bill Veitch 3,318 31.68 -21.39
Reform Norman Rhind Bain 1,754 16.74
Independent Liberal James Thomas Hogan 524 5.00
Informal votes 61 0.58 +0.06
Majority 1,569 14.98
Turnout 10,473 91.59 +8.41
Registered electors 11,434

1931 election
1931 general election: Wanganui[31]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
United Bill Veitch 5,096 53.07 +5.52
Labour Bill Rogers 4,506 46.93 +19.79
Majority 590 6.14 -14.26
Informal votes 50 0.52 -0.05
Turnout 9,652 83.18 -4.55
Registered electors 11,604

1928 election
1928 general election: Wanganui[32]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
United Bill Veitch 4,979 47.55 +4.28
Labour Bill Rogers 2,842 27.14 +4.80
Reform N. G. Lewis 2,650 25.31
Majority 2,137 20.41 +11.52
Informal votes 60 0.57 -0.11
Turnout 10,531 87.73 -4.09
Registered electors 12,004

1925 election
1925 general election: Wanganui[33]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Liberal Bill Veitch 4,339 43.27
Reform John Coull[34] 3,448 34.39
Labour Bill Rogers 2,240 22.34
Majority 891 8.89
Informal votes 69 0.68
Turnout 10,096 91.82
Registered electors 10,996

1908 election
1908 general election: Wanganui, first ballot[35]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Liberal–Labour James Thomas Hogan 3,041 45.85
Conservative George Hutchison 1,882 28.37
Independent Charles Mackay 1,710 25.78
Majority 1,159 17.47
Turnout 6,633 78.06
Registered electors 8,497
1908 general election: Wanganui, second ballot[36]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Liberal–Labour James Thomas Hogan 3,602 54.30 +8.46
Conservative George Hutchison 2,860 43.12 14.74
Majority 742 11.19 -6.29
Turnout 6,462 76.05 -2.01
Registered electors 8,497

1899 election
1899 general election: Wanganui[37][38]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Liberal Archibald Willis 2,878 55.83
Conservative Gilbert Carson 2,169 42.08
Independent Liberal John Michael Murphy 108 2.10
Majority 709 13.75
Turnout 5,155 80.53
Registered electors 6,401

1893 by-election
1893 Wanganui by-election[39]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Liberal Archibald Willis 1,031 62.37
Conservative Gilbert Carson 622 37.62
Majority 409 24.74
Turnout 1,653

1890 election
1890 general election: Wanganui[40]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Liberal John Ballance 808 50.85 -15.95
Conservative Gilbert Carson 781 49.15 +15.95
Majority 27 1.69 -31.9
Turnout 1,589 75.20 -4.19
Registered electors 2,113

1887 election
1887 general election: Wanganui[41]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Independent John Ballance 865 66.80
Independent Gilbert Carson 430 33.20
Majority 435 33.59
Turnout 1,295 79.39
Registered electors 1,631

1884 election
1884 general election: Wanganui[42]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Independent John Ballance 541 60.11 +10.36
Independent George Hutchison 205 22.77
Independent William Hogg Watt 154 17.11 -33.14
Majority 336 37.33 2.69
Turnout 900 66.86
Registered electors 1,346

1881 election
1881 general election: Wanganui[43]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Independent William Hogg Watt 397 50.25
Independent John Ballance 393 49.75 -18.28
Majority 4 0.50
Turnout 790 64.17 +4.44
Registered electors 1,231

1879 election
1879 general election: Wanganui[44]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Independent John Bryce 560 69.65
Independent John Ballance 547 68.03
Independent Sir William Fox 501 62.31
Majority 46 5.72
Turnout 804 59.73
Registered electors 1,346

1876 by-election
1876 Wanganui by-election[45]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Independent William Fox 256 60.81
Independent John Morgan 165 39.19
Turnout 421
Majority 91 21.62

1867 by-election
1867 Wanganui by-election[46]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Independent Henry Shafto Harrison 143 57.66
Independent William Hutchison 105 42.34
Turnout 248
Majority 38 15.32

Notes
  1. 2017 Mana Party swing is relative to the votes for Internet-Mana in 2014; it shared a party list with the Internet Party in the 2014 election
  2. 2017 Internet Party swing is relative to the votes for Internet-Mana in 2014; it shared a party list with Mana Party in the 2014 election
gollark: Yes, it uses RF to make cobble.
gollark: Wastes it in what way?
gollark: It doesn't waste RF, it uses to make cobblestone.
gollark: Just upgrade it to resonant and put in auxiliary reception coils.
gollark: You can't make it do 64 cobble per operation, I think.

References
  1. McRobie 1989, pp. 32f.
  2. Scholefield 1925, p. 100.
  3. Wilson 1985, p. 203.
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  5. Scholefield 1925, p. 81.
  6. Scholefield 1925, pp. 142-143.
  7. Scholefield 1925, p. 94.
  8. Scholefield 1925, p. 77.
  9. Scholefield 1925, p. 145.
  10. Scholefield 1925, p. 147.
  11. Scholefield 1925, p. 84.
  12. Scholefield 1925, p. 103.
  13. "Hon Chester Borrows". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  14. Moir, Jo (29 November 2016). "In hindsight National's Chester Borrows says he "could have had more fights" as an MP". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
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  16. 2014 election results
  17. 2011 election results
  18. "Enrolment statistics". Electoral Commission. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  19. 2008 election results
  20. 2005 election results
  21. Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1993.
  22. Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1990.
  23. Norton 1988, pp. 385.
  24. Norton 1988, pp. 384.
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  35. AtoJs 1908 election 1909, p. 30.
  36. AtoJs 1908 election 1909, p. 11.
  37. "The General Election, 1899". Wellington: Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives. 19 June 1900. p. 3. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
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  41. "The General Election, 1887". National Library. 1887. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  42. Cooper, G. S. (1884). The General Election, 1884. National Library. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  43. Cooper, G. S. (1882). Votes Recorded for Each Candidate. Government Printer. Retrieved 24 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  44. "Wanganui Election". Wanganui Herald. XII (9507). 6 September 1879. p. 2. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  45. "Local and General". The Oamaru Mail. 3 October 1876.
  46. "Wanganui". Wellington Independent. 4 May 1867.

Bibliography
  • Mansfield, F. W. (1909). The General Election, 1908. National Library. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  • Scholefield, Guy (1925) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record (2nd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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