Odia script

The Odia script (Odia: ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲିପି) is a Brahmic script used to write primarily Odia language and others including Sanskrit, Kui, Santali, Ho and Chhattisgarhi. The script has developed over more than 1000 years from a variant of Siddhaṃ script which was used in Eastern India, where the characteristic top line transformed into a distinct round umbrella shape due to the influence of palm leaf manuscripts and also being influenced by the neighbouring scripts from the Western and Southern regions.
Odia is a syllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel embedded within. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.
An important feature of the Odia language seen in the script is the retention of inherent vowel in consonants, also known as schwa at both medial and final positions. This absence of schwa deletion which is also seen in Sanskrit, marks it from the rest of modern Indo-Aryan languages and their equivalent usage in related Brahmic scripts. The absence of the inherent vowel in the consonant is marked by a virama or halanta sign below the consonant.

Odia script
Oṛiā lipi, Oṛiā akṣara
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲିପି, ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର
Type
LanguagesOdia, Sanskrit, Kui, Santali, Ho, Chhattisgarhi
Time period
c. 14th century – present[1]
Parent systems
Sister systems
Bengali-Assamese script, Tirhuta, Nāgarī script, Nepal script[2][3][5]
DirectionLeft-to-right
ISO 15924Orya, 327
Unicode alias
Oriya
Unicode range
U+0B00–U+0B7F
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
Brahmic scripts
The Brahmic script and its descendants

History

In Eastern India, a derivative of Siddham script yielded a group of scripts that eventually Bengali-Assamese scripts, Tirhuta script and the Odia script, with the latter turning the hook into a characteristic umbrella.[2] The earliest known example of Odia language, in the Kalinga script, dates from 1051.[6][7]

Sample of the Odia alphabet from a Buddhist text from around 1060 AD, written by Sarahapada
Temple inscription showing 13th century Siddham script variant ancestor of modern Odia script at Ananta Vasudeva Temple
15th century copper plate grant of Gajapati emperor Purushottama Deva, showing the distinct formation of the shape of the modern Odia script

The script in the Edicts of Ashoka at Dhauli and Jaugada and the Minor Inscriptions of Kharavela in the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves give the first glimpse of possible origin of the Odia language. From a linguistic perspective, the Hati Gumpha inscriptions are similar to modern Odia and essentially different from the language of the Ashokan edicts. The question has also been raised as to whether Pali was the prevalent language in Odisha during this period. The Hati Gumpha inscriptions, which are in Pali, are perhaps the only evidence of stone inscriptions in Pali. This may be the reason why the famous German linguist Professor Oldenburg mentioned that Pali was the original language of Odisha.[8]

The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear if you use too many straight lines.[9]

As with all the Brahmic scripts in the region, the Odia script developed through four stages which can be seen from the stone inscriptions, copper-plates and the manuscripts. The periods of development are in the following order,


i. Proto-Odia: ca 7th- 9th CE
ii. Medieval Odia: ca 10th- 12th CE
iii. Transitional Odia: ca 12th- 14th CE
iv. Modern(current) Odia: ca 14th- 16th CE


The archaic and medieval forms of Odia are more influenced by the calligraphy of the scripts of neighbouring regions, such as,
i. In Northern Odisha-where the letters are written in Odia, mixed in with proto-Bengali style(that is the right vertical part of the letter is slightly bent inwards)
ii. In southern Odisha-where it is mixed with Telugu-Kannada round, cursive form
iii. In Western Odisha. Where it is mixed with Nagari and Siddhamatrika(squarish shape in upper-part).
With regards to the epigraphical sources, the antiquities which display the various historical forms of writing in Odia script include rock-edicts, temple inscriptions, stone-slabs, pillar inscriptions, sculptures, copper-plates, coins and palm-leaf manuscripts, illustrated manuscripts, ivory plates and allied materials. Numerous instances of the items depicting all the respective stages of the development of the Odia script during the illustrious dynasties of Eastern Ganga, Somavanshi, Bhanja, Bhauma-kara, Sailodbhava dynasties.
Some of them belonging to different centuries are as follows-
i. One of the earliest specimens of the Odia script is that of the Urjam inscription dating from the 11th CE (1051 CE). The language used in the inscriptions is a dialect spoken on the border regions of Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. The same applies to a bilingual and biscriptual stone inscription (Odia and Tamil) from the reign of Narasimhadeva (13th CE), found at Bhubaneswar. Odia language in old Odia script is seen on the right side while Tamil in Grantha on the left side.
ii. The Gumsur copper-plate grant of Netribhanjadeva (11th CE) depicts the medieval phase of this script in square and round variety.
iii. The stone inscription of the Pottesvara temple, Ganjam district (137 CE), is a notable example of Odia script influenced by Telugu-Kannada variety.
iv. The Antirigam plate of Yashabhanjadeva (12th CE) depicts Odia calligraphy influenced by northern Nagari. The differences in letters script seems to indicate of the script being in a transitional phase.
v. Khilor inscription of Anantavarman (12th CE) shows the gaudiya character round shape on the upper part, almost developed like the modern ones.
vi. The early epigraphical records of the Puri inscriptions of Anangabhima III(1211-1238 CE), which is considered to be as one of the earliest Odia inscriptions showing the gaudiya characters, not only shows the stage of the proto, early and medieval phase if the evolution of the Odia script, but also the numericals in early proto-Bengali type while others to be that of the Telugu-Kannada type. The earlier inscription of Chodagangadeva (1114-1115 CE) shows the Late Siddham varirty where the pristhamatra style of vowel diacritics is quite prominent.
vii. In the records of Kenduapatna copper-plates in Sanskrit of the Eastern Ganga King Narasimhadeva II(1278-1305 CE), a transitional variety is seen depicting the development of Odia from Proto-Bengali Eastern Nagari (showing squarish with round headlines in a ductus that is quite commonly seen on copper-plates and stone inscriptions).
viii. The copper-plate land-grant record of the Gajapati King Purushottamadeva (15th CE), inscribed on a copper axe-head, shows the distinct early version of the modern Odia script which are also seen on the palm-leaves manuscripts belonging to the 15th CE.
With regards to the manuscript sources, the full-fledged script of Odia acquires its classical umbrella hook shape through the development, modification as well as simplification between the 14th and 1th CE, when the palm-leaf manuscript culture becomes dominant in this region. Since the palm-leaves are perishable in nature, no manuscripts are currently available pre 15th CE. Hence, recent works are also important as they show the rare and ancient text as well as artistic illustrations. One of the earliest dated palm-leaf manuscripts is that of Abhinava Gita-Govinda kept in Odisha State Museum. The date of completion of the manuscript is estimated to be that of 1494 CE. Among other manuscripts present at the museum, includes historical works like manuscripts of Jayadeva’s Gita-Govinda (16th CE) to the relatively recent works of 18th,19th and 20th century.[10]

Overwhelmingly, the Odia script was used to write the Odia language. However, it has been used as a regional writing-system for Sanskrit. Furthermore, Grierson[11] in his famed Linguistic Survey of India mentioned that the Odia script is sometimes used for Chhattisgarhi, an Eastern Hindi language, in the eastern border regions of Chhattisgarh. However it appears to have been replaced with the Devanagari script.

Alphabet

Odia is a syllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel embedded within. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.The list of Vowels,Consonants(both Structured and Unstructured) are as follows:[10][12][13]

Independent vowels

The following are the list of Odia vowels.

Odia vowels
(ସ୍ୱର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ śwara barṇṇa)
ହ୍ରସ୍ୱ Hraswa (Short vowel) ଦୀର୍ଘ Dirgha (Long vowel)
ସ୍ୱର
Vowel, Phoneme		 କାର(ମାତ୍ରା)
Diacritic, with କ		 ସ୍ୱର
Vowel, Phoneme		 କାର(ମାତ୍ରା)
Diacritic, with କ
କଣ୍ଠ୍ୟ
(Guttural)		 ଅ a - କ ଆ ā(aa) ା କା
ତାଲବ୍ୟ
(Palatal)		 ଇ i ି କି ଈ ī(ii) ୀ କୀ
ଓଷ୍ଠ୍ୟ
(Labial)		 ଉ u ୁ କୁ ଊ ū(uu) ୂ କୂ
ମୂର୍ଦ୍ଧନ୍ୟ
(Retroflex)		 ଋ r̥(ru) ୃ କୃ ୠ r̥̄(rru) ୄ କୄ
ଦନ୍ତ୍ୟ
(Retroflex)		 ଌ l̥(lu) ୢ କୢ ୡ l̥̄(llu) ୣ କୣ
Other Vowels
କଣ୍ଠ୍ୟତାଲବ୍ୟ
(Palatoguttural)		 ଏ e େ କେ ଐ ai ୈ କୈ
କଣ୍ଠୌଷ୍ଠ୍ୟ
(Labioguttural)		 ଓ o ୋ କୋ ଔ au ୌ କୌ
Karani script sample from Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha
Other forms of vowel diacritics
Vowel Letter Diacritic forms
For the vowel ଇ(short i), there exists another diacritic form for these consonants.
This diacritic is a remnant from the Karani script(କରଣୀ ଅକ୍ଷର)[nc 1],also called Chata(ଛଟା)
which was a cursive variant of Odia script.		 ଖି, ଥି, ଧି

Notes
  1. Developed by the Karaṇa(କରଣ) community, the scribes/professional writer-class, who worked in the royal courts of the Odia Kings for documentation and records. The name is derived from Koroni/Karani, a metal stylus that was used for writing on palm leaf and paper.

Consonants

Two categories of consonant letters (ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ byan̄jana) are defined in Odia: the structured consonants(ବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ bargya byan̄jana) and the unstructured consonants(ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ abargya byan̄jana).
The first standardised Odia alphabet book was compiled by Madhusudan Rao named Barnabodha in 1895. As seen from the alphabet list, the letters for both the phonetic sounds of Ba and Wa were represented by the same letter ବ, with the sound Wa being represented by the name abargya ba(ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ). This is seen in the oldest digitised version of Barnabodha in 1896.[14]
Gopala Chandra Praharaj, who compiled and published the first comprehensive Odia dictionary, Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha(1931-40), brought in reform by introducing a new alphabet ୱ to the script inventory (which he mentions exclusively in the dictionary) to represent the phonetic sound- Wa in order to distinguish itself from the same symbol which it earlier shared with Ba(ବ).[15] [16] [17]

Development of Odia scripts
A detailed chart depicting evolution of the Odia script as displayed in a museum at Ratnagiri, Odisha
Barnabodha by Madhusudan Rao,1896

Structured consonants

The structured consonants(ବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ) are classified according to where the tongue touches the palate of the mouth and are classified accordingly into five structured groups. These consonants are shown here with their ISO transliteration.

Odia structured consonants
(ବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ bargya byan̄jana barṇṇa)
Phonetics → sparśa ସ୍ପର୍ଶ
(Plosive)		 anunāsika ଅନୁନାସିକ
(Nasal)
Voicing → voiceless voiced
Aspiration → unaspirated aspirated unaspirated aspirated unaspirated
କଣ୍ଠ୍ୟ
(Velar)		 କka ଖkha ଗga ଘgha ଙṅa
ତାଲବ୍ୟ
(Palatal)		 ଚca ଛcha ଜja ଝjha ଞña
ମୂର୍ଦ୍ଧନ୍ୟ
(Retroflex)		 ଟṭa ଠṭha ଡḍa ଢḍha ଣṇa
ଦନ୍ତ୍ୟ
(Dental)		 ତta ଥtha ଦda ଧdha ନna
ଓଷ୍ଠ୍ୟ
(Labial)		 ପpa ଫpha ବba ଭbha ମma

Unstructured consonants

The unstructured consonants(ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ) are consonants that do not fall into any of the above structures:

Odia unstructured consonants
(ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ abargya byan̄jana barṇṇa)
ConsonantsPhonetics
ଯya(ja)ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ antaḥstha ja
ରrara
ଳḷaḷa
ୱwawa (also ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ abargya ba)[nc 1]
ଶśa(sa)ତାଲବ୍ୟ talabya sa
ଷṣa(sa)ମୂର୍ଦ୍ଧନ୍ୟ murddhanya ṣa
ସsaଦନ୍ତ୍ୟ dantya sa
ହhaha
ଡ଼ṛaḍa
ଢ଼ṛhaḍha
ୟẏa(ya)ya
ଲlala
କ୍ଷkṣakhya

Notes
  1. Script reform introduced by G.C. Praharaj, while working on the first comprehensive Odia dictionary, Purnachandra Odia Bhasakosha(1931-40)

Vowel Diacritics and other symbols

As in other abugida scripts, Odia consonant letters have an inherent vowel. It is transliterated as ⟨a⟩, phonetic value [ɔ]. Its absence is marked by a halanta (virāma):

For the other vowels diacritics are used:

କକଁକଂକଃକ୍
kakãkaṁkaḥk
[kɔ][kɔ̃][kɔŋ][kɔh][k]

(Note: In many Odia fonts the vowels e, ai, o, au do not display properly; these are given workarounds in parentheses below.)

କକାକିକୀକୁକୂକୃକୄକୢକୣକେ
(େକ)		କୈ
(େକୖ)		କୋ
(େକା)		କୌ
(େକୗ)
kakākikīkukūkr̥kr̥̄kl̥kl̥̄kekaikokau
[kɔ][ka][ki][ku][kru][klu][ke][kɔi̯][ko][kɔu̯]

Vowel diacritics may be more or less fused with the consonants, though in modern printing such ligatures have become less common.

Signs, Punctuations

List of diacritic signs and punctuation marks present in languages with Brahmi-derived scripts.[18][19]

Signs, Punctuations
SymbolNameFunctionRomanization
IPA
ଂ ଅନୁସ୍ୱାର
Anusvara		Nasal Diacritic. Final velar nasal [ŋ]. E.g.- ଅଂ-aṁ, କଂ-kaṁ, କଂସ-kaṁsaaṁ
/aṁ/
ଃ ବିସର୍ଗ
Visarga		Represents post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative [h]. Doubles the next consonant sound without the vowel,"h" sound at end. E.g.- ଅଃ-aḥ, କଃ-kaḥ, ଦୁଃଖ-duḥkhaaḥ
/ḥ/
‍ଁ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରବିନ୍ଦୁ
Chandrabindu		Nasal Diacritic. Vowel nasalization. E.g.- ଅଁ-ã, କଁ-kã, ନିଆଁ-niaãã
/ã/
‍୍ ହଳନ୍ତ
Halanta		Diacritic. Suppresses the inherent vowel [a] (a). E.g.- କ୍ k, ହଠାତ୍-haṭhat–
‍଼ NuktaDiacritic. Dot used below the letter to extend to new alphabets-
‍। ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଛେଦ
Purnnacheda		Full stop-
‍॥ Double PurnnachedaEnd of Full Stanza-
‍ଽ ଅବଗ୍ରହ
Avagraha		Special punctuation mark. Used similarly as Apostrophe for the elision of a vowel in sandhi. Also used for prolonging vowel sounds-
‍ଓଁଓଁ
Om		Om Sign–
‍୰ଈଶ୍ୱର
Isshar		Sign. Represents the name of a deity or also written before the name of a deceased person–

Consonant ligatures

Clusters of two or more consonants form a ligature. Basically Odia has two types of such consonant ligatures. The "northern" type is formed by fusion of two or more consonants as in northern scripts like Devanāgarī (but to a lesser extent also in the Malayalam script in the south). In some instances the components can be easily identified, but sometimes completely new glyphs are formed. With the "southern" type the second component is reduced in size and put under the first as in the southern scripts used for Kannaḍa and Telugu (and to some extent also for Malayalam script).

List of diacritic signs and punctuation marks present in languages with Brahmi-derived scripts.[20]

Consonant Ligatures
SymbolNameFunctionRomanization
IPA
୍ୟ ୟ ଫଳା
ya phaḷa		Ligature [y] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g.- କ୍ୟ -kya, ସଭ୍ୟ-sabhya-ya
/-ya/
୍ର ର ଫଳା
ra phaḷa		Ligature [r] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g.- କ୍ର -kra, ଗ୍ରାମ-grama-ra
/-ra/
ର୍କ ରେଫ
repha		Ligature [r] pronounced preceding a consonant phoneme. E.g.- ର୍କ -rka, ଗର୍ବ-garbar-
/r-/
୍ଳ ଳ ଫଳା
ḷa phaḷa		Ligature [ḷ] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g- କ୍ଳ -kḷa, ଶୁକ୍ଳ-śukḷa-ḷa
/-ḷa/
୍ଲ ଲ ଫଳା
la phaḷa		Ligature [l] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g.- କ୍ଲ -kla, ପଲ୍ଲବ-pallaba-la
/-la/
୍ୱ ବ ଫଳା/ୱ ଫଳା
ba phaḷa/wa phaḷa		Two types-1.Most common ligature [w] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g.- କ୍ୱ -kwa, ଦ୍ୱାର-dwara
2.In case of ମ(ma) consonant, the ligature takes the form of [b] E.g.- ମ୍ବ -mba, ଆମ୍ବ=āmba		-ba, -wa
/-ba/,/-wa/
୍ମ ମ ଫଳା
ma phaḷa		Ligature [m] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g.- କ୍ମ -kma, ପଦ୍ମ-padma-ma
/-ma/
୍ନ ନ ଫଳା
na phaḷa		Ligature [n] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g.- କ୍ନ -kna, ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ-praśna-na
/-na/

The following table lists all conjunct forms. (Different fonts may use different ligatures.)[21]

କଖଗଘଙଚଛଜଝଞଟଠଡଢଣତଥଦଧନପଫବଭମଯୟରଲଳୱଶଷସହ
କ କ୍କକ୍ଖକ୍ଗକ୍ଘକ୍ଙକ୍ଚକ୍ଛକ୍ଜକ୍ଝକ୍ଞକ୍ଟକ୍ଠକ୍ଡକ୍ଢକ୍ଣକ୍ତକ୍ଥକ୍ଦକ୍ଧକ୍ନକ୍ପକ୍ଫକ୍ବକ୍ଭକ୍ମକ୍ଯକ୍ୟକ୍ରକ୍ଲକ୍ଳକ୍ୱକ୍ଶକ୍ଷକ୍ସକ୍ହ
ଖ ଖ୍କଖ୍ଖଖ୍ଗଖ୍ଘଖ୍ଙଖ୍ଚଖ୍ଛଖ୍ଜଖ୍ଝଖ୍ଞଖ୍ଟଖ୍ଠଖ୍ଡଖ୍ଢଖ୍ଣଖ୍ତଖ୍ଥଖ୍ଦଖ୍ଧଖ୍ନଖ୍ପଖ୍ଫଖ୍ବଖ୍ଭଖ୍ମଖ୍ଯଖ୍ୟଖ୍ରଖ୍ଲଖ୍ଳଖ୍ୱଖ୍ଶଖ୍ଷଖ୍ସଖ୍ହ
ଗ ଗ୍କଗ୍ଖଗ୍ଗଗ୍ଘଗ୍ଙଗ୍ଚଗ୍ଛଗ୍ଜଗ୍ଝଗ୍ଞଗ୍ଟଗ୍ଠଗ୍ଡଗ୍ଢଗ୍ଣଗ୍ତଗ୍ଥଗ୍ଦଗ୍ଧଗ୍ନଗ୍ପଗ୍ଫଗ୍ବଗ୍ଭଗ୍ମଗ୍ଯଗ୍ୟଗ୍ରଗ୍ଲଗ୍ଳଗ୍ୱଗ୍ଶଗ୍ଷଗ୍ସଗ୍ହ
ଘ ଘ୍କଘ୍ଖଘ୍ଗଘ୍ଘଘ୍ଙଘ୍ଚଘ୍ଛଘ୍ଜଘ୍ଝଘ୍ଞଘ୍ଟଘ୍ଠଘ୍ଡଘ୍ଢଘ୍ଣଘ୍ତଘ୍ଥଘ୍ଦଘ୍ଧଘ୍ନଘ୍ପଘ୍ଫଘ୍ବଘ୍ଭଘ୍ମଘ୍ଯଘ୍ୟଘ୍ରଘ୍ଲଘ୍ଳଘ୍ୱଘ୍ଶଘ୍ଷଘ୍ସଘ୍ହ
ଙ ଙ୍କଙ୍ଖଙ୍ଗଙ୍ଘଙ୍ଙଙ୍ଚଙ୍ଛଙ୍ଜଙ୍ଝଙ୍ଞଙ୍ଟଙ୍ଠଙ୍ଡଙ୍ଢଙ୍ଣଙ୍ତଙ୍ଥଙ୍ଦଙ୍ଧଙ୍ନଙ୍ପଙ୍ଫଙ୍ବଙ୍ଭଙ୍ମଙ୍ଯଙ୍ୟଙ୍ରଙ୍ଲଙ୍ଳଙ୍ୱଙ୍ଶଙ୍ଷଙ୍ସଙ୍ହ
ଚ ଚ୍କଚ୍ଖଚ୍ଗଚ୍ଘଚ୍ଙଚ୍ଚଚ୍ଛଚ୍ଜଚ୍ଝଚ୍ଞଚ୍ଟଚ୍ଠଚ୍ଡଚ୍ଢଚ୍ଣଚ୍ତଚ୍ଥଚ୍ଦଚ୍ଧଚ୍ନଚ୍ପଚ୍ଫଚ୍ବଚ୍ଭଚ୍ମଚ୍ଯଚ୍ୟଚ୍ରଚ୍ଲଚ୍ଳଚ୍ୱଚ୍ଶଚ୍ଷଚ୍ସଚ୍ହ
ଛ ଛ୍କଛ୍ଖଛ୍ଗଛ୍ଘଛ୍ଙଛ୍ଚଛ୍ଛଛ୍ଜଛ୍ଝଛ୍ଞଛ୍ଟଛ୍ଠଛ୍ଡଛ୍ଢଛ୍ଣଛ୍ତଛ୍ଥଛ୍ଦଛ୍ଧଛ୍ନଛ୍ପଛ୍ଫଛ୍ବଛ୍ଭଛ୍ମଛ୍ଯଛ୍ୟଛ୍ରଛ୍ଲଛ୍ଳଛ୍ୱଛ୍ଶଛ୍ଷଛ୍ସଛ୍ହ
ଜ ଜ୍କଜ୍ଖଜ୍ଗଜ୍ଘଜ୍ଙଜ୍ଚଜ୍ଛଜ୍ଜଜ୍ଝଜ୍ଞଜ୍ଟଜ୍ଠଜ୍ଡଜ୍ଢଜ୍ଣଜ୍ତଜ୍ଥଜ୍ଦଜ୍ଧଜ୍ନଜ୍ପଜ୍ଫଜ୍ବଜ୍ଭଜ୍ମଜ୍ଯଜ୍ୟଜ୍ରଜ୍ଲଜ୍ଳଜ୍ୱଜ୍ଶଜ୍ଷଜ୍ସଜ୍ହ
ଝ ଝ୍କଝ୍ଖଝ୍ଗଝ୍ଘଝ୍ଙଝ୍ଚଝ୍ଛଝ୍ଜଝ୍ଝଝ୍ଞଝ୍ଟଝ୍ଠଝ୍ଡଝ୍ଢଝ୍ଣଝ୍ତଝ୍ଥଝ୍ଦଝ୍ଧଝ୍ନଝ୍ପଝ୍ଫଝ୍ବଝ୍ଭଝ୍ମଝ୍ଯଝ୍ୟଝ୍ରଝ୍ଲଝ୍ଳଝ୍ୱଝ୍ଶଝ୍ଷଝ୍ସଝ୍ହ
ଞ ଞ୍କଞ୍ଖଞ୍ଗଞ୍ଘଞ୍ଙଞ୍ଚଞ୍ଛଞ୍ଜଞ୍ଝଞ୍ଞଞ୍ଟଞ୍ଠଞ୍ଡଞ୍ଢଞ୍ଣଞ୍ତଞ୍ଥଞ୍ଦଞ୍ଧଞ୍ନଞ୍ପଞ୍ଫଞ୍ବଞ୍ଭଞ୍ମଞ୍ଯଞ୍ୟଞ୍ରଞ୍ଲଞ୍ଳଞ୍ୱଞ୍ଶଞ୍ଷଞ୍ସଞ୍ହ
ଟ ଟ୍କଟ୍ଖଟ୍ଗଟ୍ଘଟ୍ଙଟ୍ଚଟ୍ଛଟ୍ଜଟ୍ଝଟ୍ଞଟ୍ଟଟ୍ଠଟ୍ଡଟ୍ଢଟ୍ଣଟ୍ତଟ୍ଥଟ୍ଦଟ୍ଧଟ୍ନଟ୍ପଟ୍ଫଟ୍ବଟ୍ଭଟ୍ମଟ୍ଯଟ୍ୟଟ୍ରଟ୍ଲଟ୍ଳଟ୍ୱଟ୍ଶଟ୍ଷଟ୍ସଟ୍ହ
ଠ ଠ୍କଠ୍ଖଠ୍ଗଠ୍ଘଠ୍ଙଠ୍ଚଠ୍ଛଠ୍ଜଠ୍ଝଠ୍ଞଠ୍ଟଠ୍ଠଠ୍ଡଠ୍ଢଠ୍ଣଠ୍ତଠ୍ଥଠ୍ଦଠ୍ଧଠ୍ନଠ୍ପଠ୍ଫଠ୍ବଠ୍ଭଠ୍ମଠ୍ଯଠ୍ୟଠ୍ରଠ୍ଲଠ୍ଳଠ୍ୱଠ୍ଶଠ୍ଷଠ୍ସଠ୍ହ
ଡ ଡ୍କଡ୍ଖଡ୍ଗଡ୍ଘଡ୍ଙଡ୍ଚଡ୍ଛଡ୍ଜଡ୍ଝଡ୍ଞଡ୍ଟଡ୍ଠଡ୍ଡଡ୍ଢଡ୍ଣଡ୍ତଡ୍ଥଡ୍ଦଡ୍ଧଡ୍ନଡ୍ପଡ୍ଫଡ୍ବଡ୍ଭଡ୍ମଡ୍ଯଡ୍ୟଡ୍ରଡ୍ଲଡ୍ଳଡ୍ୱଡ୍ଶଡ୍ଷଡ୍ସଡ୍ହ
ଢ ଢ୍କଢ୍ଖଢ୍ଗଢ୍ଘଢ୍ଙଢ୍ଚଢ୍ଛଢ୍ଜଢ୍ଝଢ୍ଞଢ୍ଟଢ୍ଠଢ୍ଡଢ୍ଢଢ୍ଣଢ୍ତଢ୍ଥଢ୍ଦଢ୍ଧଢ୍ନଢ୍ପଢ୍ଫଢ୍ବଢ୍ଭଢ୍ମଢ୍ଯଢ୍ୟଢ୍ରଢ୍ଲଢ୍ଳଢ୍ୱଢ୍ଶଢ୍ଷଢ୍ସଢ୍ହ
ଣ ଣ୍କଣ୍ଖଣ୍ଗଣ୍ଘଣ୍ଙଣ୍ଚଣ୍ଛଣ୍ଜଣ୍ଝଣ୍ଞଣ୍ଟଣ୍ଠଣ୍ଡଣ୍ଢଣ୍ଣଣ୍ତଣ୍ଥଣ୍ଦଣ୍ଧଣ୍ନଣ୍ପଣ୍ଫଣ୍ବଣ୍ଭଣ୍ମଣ୍ଯଣ୍ୟଣ୍ରଣ୍ଲଣ୍ଳଣ୍ୱଣ୍ଶଣ୍ଷଣ୍ସଣ୍ହ
ତ ତ୍କତ୍ଖତ୍ଗତ୍ଘତ୍ଙତ୍ଚତ୍ଛତ୍ଜତ୍ଝତ୍ଞତ୍ଟତ୍ଠତ୍ଡତ୍ଢତ୍ଣତ୍ତତ୍ଥତ୍ଦତ୍ଧତ୍ନତ୍ପତ୍ଫତ୍ବତ୍ଭତ୍ମତ୍ଯତ୍ୟତ୍ରତ୍ଲତ୍ଳତ୍ୱତ୍ଶତ୍ଷତ୍ସତ୍ହ
ଥ ଥ୍କଥ୍ଖଥ୍ଗଥ୍ଘଥ୍ଙଥ୍ଚଥ୍ଛଥ୍ଜଥ୍ଝଥ୍ଞଥ୍ଟଥ୍ଠଥ୍ଡଥ୍ଢଥ୍ଣଥ୍ତଥ୍ଥଥ୍ଦଥ୍ଧଥ୍ନଥ୍ପଥ୍ଫଥ୍ବଥ୍ଭଥ୍ମଥ୍ଯଥ୍ୟଥ୍ରଥ୍ଲଥ୍ଳଥ୍ୱଥ୍ଶଥ୍ଷଥ୍ସଥ୍ହ
ଦ ଦ୍କଦ୍ଖଦ୍ଗଦ୍ଘଦ୍ଙଦ୍ଚଦ୍ଛଦ୍ଜଦ୍ଝଦ୍ଞଦ୍ଟଦ୍ଠଦ୍ଡଦ୍ଢଦ୍ଣଦ୍ତଦ୍ଥଦ୍ଦଦ୍ଧଦ୍ନଦ୍ପଦ୍ଫଦ୍ବଦ୍ଭଦ୍ମଦ୍ଯଦ୍ୟଦ୍ରଦ୍ଲଦ୍ଳଦ୍ୱଦ୍ଶଦ୍ଷଦ୍ସଦ୍ହ
ଧ ଧ୍କଧ୍ଖଧ୍ଗଧ୍ଘଧ୍ଙଧ୍ଚଧ୍ଛଧ୍ଜଧ୍ଝଧ୍ଞଧ୍ଟଧ୍ଠଧ୍ଡଧ୍ଢଧ୍ଣଧ୍ତଧ୍ଥଧ୍ଦଧ୍ଧଧ୍ନଧ୍ପଧ୍ଫଧ୍ବଧ୍ଭଧ୍ମଧ୍ଯଧ୍ୟଧ୍ରଧ୍ଲଧ୍ଳଧ୍ୱଧ୍ଶଧ୍ଷଧ୍ସଧ୍ହ
ନ ନ୍କନ୍ଖନ୍ଗନ୍ଘନ୍ଙନ୍ଚନ୍ଛନ୍ଜନ୍ଝନ୍ଞନ୍ଟନ୍ଠନ୍ଡନ୍ଢନ୍ଣନ୍ତନ୍ଥନ୍ଦନ୍ଧନ୍ନନ୍ପନ୍ଫନ୍ବନ୍ଭନ୍ମନ୍ଯନ୍ୟନ୍ରନ୍ଲନ୍ଳନ୍ୱନ୍ଶନ୍ଷନ୍ସନ୍ହ
ପ ପ୍କପ୍ଖପ୍ଗପ୍ଘପ୍ଙପ୍ଚପ୍ଛପ୍ଜପ୍ଝପ୍ଞପ୍ଟପ୍ଠପ୍ଡପ୍ଢପ୍ଣପ୍ତପ୍ଥପ୍ଦପ୍ଧପ୍ନପ୍ପପ୍ଫପ୍ବପ୍ଭପ୍ମପ୍ଯପ୍ୟପ୍ରପ୍ଲପ୍ଳପ୍ୱପ୍ଶପ୍ଷପ୍ସପ୍ହ
ଫ ଫ୍କଫ୍ଖଫ୍ଗଫ୍ଘଫ୍ଙଫ୍ଚଫ୍ଛଫ୍ଜଫ୍ଝଫ୍ଞଫ୍ଟଫ୍ଠଫ୍ଡଫ୍ଢଫ୍ଣଫ୍ତଫ୍ଥଫ୍ଦଫ୍ଧଫ୍ନଫ୍ପଫ୍ଫଫ୍ବଫ୍ଭଫ୍ମଫ୍ଯଫ୍ୟଫ୍ରଫ୍ଲଫ୍ଳଫ୍ୱଫ୍ଶଫ୍ଷଫ୍ସଫ୍ହ
ବ ବ୍କବ୍ଖବ୍ଗବ୍ଘବ୍ଙବ୍ଚବ୍ଛବ୍ଜବ୍ଝବ୍ଞବ୍ଟବ୍ଠବ୍ଡବ୍ଢବ୍ଣବ୍ତବ୍ଥବ୍ଦବ୍ଧବ୍ନବ୍ପବ୍ଫବ୍ବବ୍ଭବ୍ମବ୍ଯବ୍ୟବ୍ରବ୍ଲବ୍ଳବ୍ୱବ୍ଶବ୍ଷବ୍ସବ୍ହ
ଭ ଭ୍କଭ୍ଖଭ୍ଗଭ୍ଘଭ୍ଙଭ୍ଚଭ୍ଛଭ୍ଜଭ୍ଝଭ୍ଞଭ୍ଟଭ୍ଠଭ୍ଡଭ୍ଢଭ୍ଣଭ୍ତଭ୍ଥଭ୍ଦଭ୍ଧଭ୍ନଭ୍ପଭ୍ଫଭ୍ବଭ୍ଭଭ୍ମଭ୍ଯଭ୍ୟଭ୍ରଭ୍ଲଭ୍ଳଭ୍ୱଭ୍ଶଭ୍ଷଭ୍ସଭ୍ହ
ମ ମ୍କମ୍ଖମ୍ଗମ୍ଘମ୍ଙମ୍ଚମ୍ଛମ୍ଜମ୍ଝମ୍ଞମ୍ଟମ୍ଠମ୍ଡମ୍ଢମ୍ଣମ୍ତମ୍ଥମ୍ଦମ୍ଧମ୍ନମ୍ପମ୍ଫମ୍ବମ୍ଭମ୍ମମ୍ଯମ୍ୟମ୍ରମ୍ଲମ୍ଳମ୍ୱମ୍ଶମ୍ଷମ୍ସମ୍ହ
ଯ ଯ୍କଯ୍ଖଯ୍ଗଯ୍ଘଯ୍ଙଯ୍ଚଯ୍ଛଯ୍ଜଯ୍ଝଯ୍ଞଯ୍ଟଯ୍ଠଯ୍ଡଯ୍ଢଯ୍ଣଯ୍ତଯ୍ଥଯ୍ଦଯ୍ଧଯ୍ନଯ୍ପଯ୍ଫଯ୍ବଯ୍ଭଯ୍ମଯ୍ଯଯ୍ୟଯ୍ରଯ୍ଲଯ୍ଳଯ୍ୱଯ୍ଶଯ୍ଷଯ୍ସଯ୍ହ
ୟ ୟ୍କୟ୍ଖୟ୍ଗୟ୍ଘୟ୍ଙୟ୍ଚୟ୍ଛୟ୍ଜୟ୍ଝୟ୍ଞୟ୍ଟୟ୍ଠୟ୍ଡୟ୍ଢୟ୍ଣୟ୍ତୟ୍ଥୟ୍ଦୟ୍ଧୟ୍ନୟ୍ପୟ୍ଫୟ୍ବୟ୍ଭୟ୍ମୟ୍ଯୟ୍ୟୟ୍ରୟ୍ଲୟ୍ଳୟ୍ୱୟ୍ଶୟ୍ଷୟ୍ସୟ୍ହ
ର ର୍କର୍ଖର୍ଗର୍ଘର୍ଙର୍ଚର୍ଛର୍ଜର୍ଝର୍ଞର୍ଟର୍ଠର୍ଡର୍ଢର୍ଣର୍ତର୍ଥର୍ଦର୍ଧର୍ନର୍ପର୍ଫର୍ବର୍ଭର୍ମର୍ଯର୍ୟର୍ରର୍ଲର୍ଳର୍ୱର୍ଶର୍ଷର୍ସର୍ହ
ଲ ଲ୍କଲ୍ଖଲ୍ଗଲ୍ଘଲ୍ଙଲ୍ଚଲ୍ଛଲ୍ଜଲ୍ଝଲ୍ଞଲ୍ଟଲ୍ଠଲ୍ଡଲ୍ଢଲ୍ଣଲ୍ତଲ୍ଥଲ୍ଦଲ୍ଧଲ୍ନଲ୍ପଲ୍ଫଲ୍ବଲ୍ଭଲ୍ମଲ୍ଯଲ୍ୟଲ୍ରଲ୍ଲଲ୍ଳଲ୍ୱଲ୍ଶଲ୍ଷଲ୍ସଲ୍ହ
ଳ ଳ୍କଳ୍ଖଳ୍ଗଳ୍ଘଳ୍ଙଳ୍ଚଳ୍ଛଳ୍ଜଳ୍ଝଳ୍ଞଳ୍ଟଳ୍ଠଳ୍ଡଳ୍ଢଳ୍ଣଳ୍ତଳ୍ଥଳ୍ଦଳ୍ଧଳ୍ନଳ୍ପଳ୍ଫଳ୍ବଳ୍ଭଳ୍ମଳ୍ଯଳ୍ୟଳ୍ରଳ୍ଲଳ୍ଳଳ୍ୱଳ୍ଶଳ୍ଷଳ୍ସଳ୍ହ
ୱ ୱ୍କୱ୍ଖୱ୍ଗୱ୍ଘୱ୍ଙୱ୍ଚୱ୍ଛୱ୍ଜୱ୍ଝୱ୍ଞୱ୍ଟୱ୍ଠୱ୍ଡୱ୍ଢୱ୍ଣୱ୍ତୱ୍ଥୱ୍ଦୱ୍ଧୱ୍ନୱ୍ପୱ୍ଫୱ୍ବୱ୍ଭୱ୍ମୱ୍ଯୱ୍ୟୱ୍ରୱ୍ଲୱ୍ଳୱ୍ୱୱ୍ଶୱ୍ଷୱ୍ସୱ୍ହ
ଶ ଶ୍କଶ୍ଖଶ୍ଗଶ୍ଘଶ୍ଙଶ୍ଚଶ୍ଛଶ୍ଜଶ୍ଝଶ୍ଞଶ୍ଟଶ୍ଠଶ୍ଡଶ୍ଢଶ୍ଣଶ୍ତଶ୍ଥଶ୍ଦଶ୍ଧଶ୍ନଶ୍ପଶ୍ଫଶ୍ବଶ୍ଭଶ୍ମଶ୍ଯଶ୍ୟଶ୍ରଶ୍ଲଶ୍ଳଶ୍ୱଶ୍ଶଶ୍ଷଶ୍ସଶ୍ହ
ଷ ଷ୍କଷ୍ଖଷ୍ଗଷ୍ଘଷ୍ଙଷ୍ଚଷ୍ଛଷ୍ଜଷ୍ଝଷ୍ଞଷ୍ଟଷ୍ଠଷ୍ଡଷ୍ଢଷ୍ଣଷ୍ତଷ୍ଥଷ୍ଦଷ୍ଧଷ୍ନଷ୍ପଷ୍ଫଷ୍ବଷ୍ଭଷ୍ମଷ୍ଯଷ୍ୟଷ୍ରଷ୍ଲଷ୍ଳଷ୍ୱଷ୍ଶଷ୍ଷଷ୍ସଷ୍ହ
ସ ସ୍କସ୍ଖସ୍ଗସ୍ଘସ୍ଙସ୍ଚସ୍ଛସ୍ଜସ୍ଝସ୍ଞସ୍ଟସ୍ଠସ୍ଡସ୍ଢସ୍ଣସ୍ତସ୍ଥସ୍ଦସ୍ଧସ୍ନସ୍ପସ୍ଫସ୍ବସ୍ଭସ୍ମସ୍ଯସ୍ୟସ୍ରସ୍ଲସ୍ଳସ୍ୱସ୍ଶସ୍ଷସ୍ସସ୍ହ
ହ ହ୍କହ୍ଖହ୍ଗହ୍ଘହ୍ଙହ୍ଚହ୍ଛହ୍ଜହ୍ଝହ୍ଞହ୍ଟହ୍ଠହ୍ଡହ୍ଢହ୍ଣହ୍ତହ୍ଥହ୍ଦହ୍ଧହ୍ନହ୍ପହ୍ଫହ୍ବହ୍ଭହ୍ମହ୍ଯହ୍ୟହ୍ରହ୍ଲହ୍ଳହ୍ୱହ୍ଶହ୍ଷହ୍ସହ୍ହ

Ambiguities

The Odia alphabet exhibits quite a few ambiguities which add to the difficulties beginners encounter in learning it.

Some of the letters of the script may easily be confounded. In order to reduce ambiguities a small oblique stroke is added at the lower right end as a diacritic. It resembles Halanta (Virāma) but it is joined to the letter, whereas Halanta is not joined. When the consonant forms a vowel ligature by which the lower right end is affected, this stroke is shifted to another position. This applies also to consonant ligatures bearing the stroke (see table of consonant ligatures).

Some of the subjoined consonants, some other ligature components, and variants of vowel diacritics have changing functions:

Open top consonants get a subjoined variant of the vowel diacritic for ⟨i⟩ as in

This same little hook is used in some consonant ligatures to denote ⟨t⟩ as first component:

The subjoined form of ⟨ch⟩ is also used for subjoined ⟨th⟩:

The subjoined form of ⟨bh⟩ serves also as a diacritic for different purposes:

The subjoined forms of ⟨ṇ⟩ and ⟨tu⟩ are almost identical:

The sign for the nasal ⟨ṁ⟩ may be used as a diacritic too:

Numerals
Development of ancient numerals in Odia
Digits ସଂଖ୍ୟା
Hindu-Arabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Odia numerals ୦ ୧ ୨ ୩ ୪ ୫ ୬ ୭ ୮ ୯
Names shuna eka dui tini chaari paancha chaa saata aatha naa
ଶୁନ ଏକ ଦୁଇ ତିନି ଚାରି ପାଞ୍ଚ ଛଅ ସାତ ଆଠ ନଅ
Fractions ଭଗ୍ନାଂଶ
୵୶୷୲୳୴
¹⁄₁₆⅛³⁄₁₆¼½¾

Fractions are obsolete post decimalisation on 1 April 1957.

Comparison of Odia script with its neighbours

Many Odia signs with round shapes suggests a closer relation to the southern neighbor Telugu than to the other neighbors Bengali in the north and Devanagari in the west and north. The reason for the round shapes in Odia and Telugu (and also in Kannada and Malayalam) is the former method of writing using a stylus to scratch the signs into a palm leaf. These tools do not allow for horizontal strokes because that would damage the leaf.

Odia letters are mostly round shaped whereas in Devanagari and Bengali have horizontal lines. So in most cases the reader of Odia will find the distinctive parts of a letter only below the hoop.

Vowel signs

Consonant signs

Vowel diacritics

The treatment of ⟨e⟩ ⟨ai⟩ ⟨o⟩ ⟨au⟩ is similar to Bengali, Malayalam, Sinhala, Tamil, Grantha and also to SE Asian scripts like Burmese, Khmer and Thai, but it differs clearly from Devanagari, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Telugu and Tibetan.

Unicode
Main article: Oriya (Unicode block)

Odia script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Odia is U+0B00–U+0B7F:

Oriya[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+0B0x ଁ ଂ ଃ ଅ ଆ ଇ ଈ ଉ ଊ ଋ ଌ ଏ
U+0B1x ଐ ଓ ଔ କ ଖ ଗ ଘ ଙ ଚ ଛ ଜ ଝ ଞ ଟ
U+0B2x ଠ ଡ ଢ ଣ ତ ଥ ଦ ଧ ନ ପ ଫ ବ ଭ ମ ଯ
U+0B3x ର ଲ ଳ ଵ ଶ ଷ ସ ହ ଼ ଽ ା ି
U+0B4x ୀ ୁ ୂ ୃ ୄ େ ୈ ୋ ୌ ୍
U+0B5x ୕ ୖ ୗ ଡ଼ ଢ଼ ୟ
U+0B6x ୠ ୡ ୢ ୣ ୦ ୧ ୨ ୩ ୪ ୫ ୬ ୭ ୮ ୯
U+0B7x ୰ ୱ ୲ ୳ ୴ ୵ ୶ ୷
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 13.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
  • Palm leaf manuscript written in Odia language
  • Palm leaf manuscript written in Odia language
  • Palm leaf-jatak manuscript
  • Jataka
  • Palm leaf manuscript of Draupadi Lakhabindha in Odia
  • 14th-century Adhyatma Ramayana manuscript written in Sanskrit, Odia script
  • Dahuka boli
  • Guru Gita, Skanda Purana, Sanskrit, Odia script
  • Odia manuscript
  • Odia manuscript
  • Odia manuscript
  • Odia calligraphy
  • State Emblem of Odisha
  • Odisha state map

Footnotes
  1. ^ Ancient Scripts
gollark: It's less convenient with a regular one *if you're a person who tiles stuff lots*.
gollark: Yes, why?
gollark: It's less convenient with a "regular" one though!¡!!!!
gollark: Yes. Yes it would.
gollark: It's a .NET language so you can use the same libraries (probably) but it's functional.

See also

References
  1. Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy. p. 41.
  2. Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019),p.27
  3. Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy. p. 101.
  4. https://archive.org/stream/Purnachandra.Odia.Bhashakosha.Complete/Purnachandra.Odia.Bhashakosha-Preface#page/n9/mode/2up
  5. Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages. p. 143.
  6. Linguistic Society of India (2014). Indian Linguistics (in Estonian). Linguistic Society of India. p. 96. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  7. Tripāṭhī, K. (1962). The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script. Utkal University. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  8. "Orissareview, Page 66-67" (PDF). Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  9. "Odia alphabet, pronunciation and language". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  10. Rath, Saraju (2012). "The Oriya Script: Origin, Development and Sources". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=6&pages=286#page/33/mode/1up
  12. https://archive.org/details/Purnachandra.Odia.Bhashakosha.Complete
  13. https://archive.org/details/ChabilaMadhuBarnobodha/page/n1/mode/2up
  14. https://archive.org/details/barnabodha/page/n3/mode/2up
  15. https://archive.org/stream/Purnachandra.Odia.Bhashakosha.Complete/Purnachandra.Odia.Bhashakosha-Volume.6-Consonants-Ja.to.Sha#page/n725/mode/2up
  16. https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/praharaj/
  17. https://odiabibhaba.in/en/showcase/bhasakosha-e-2/
  18. https://archive.org/details/ChabilaMadhuBarnobodha/page/n17/mode/2up
  19. https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B00.pdf
  20. https://archive.org/details/ChabilaMadhuBarnobodha/page/n19/mode/2up
  21. https://archive.org/details/ChabilaMadhuBarnobodha/page/n21/mode/2up
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