Azerbaijani alphabet
The Azerbaijani alphabet (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan əlifbası, آذربایجان الفباسی, Азəрбајҹан әлифбасы) has three versions. North Azerbaijani of the Republic of Azerbaijan is a modified Latin alphabet used for writing the Azerbaijani language. This superseded previous versions based on Cyrillic and Perso-Arabic scripts after the fall of Soviet Union and independence of Azerbaijan.
In Iran, where Azerbaijanis make up the second largest ethnic group after Persians, a modified Persian script is widely used to write the South Azerbaijani language. While there have been a few standardization efforts, the orthography and the set of letters used differs widely among Iranian Azeri writers, with at least two major branches, the orthography used by Behzad Behzadi and the Azari magazine, and the orthography used by the Varliq magazine (both are quarterlies published in Tehran, Iran).
In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is still used to write in Azerbaijani language.[1]
History and development
From the nineteenth century there were efforts by some intellectuals like Mirza Fatali Akhundov and Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski to replace the Arabic script and create a Latin alphabet for Azeri. In 1929, a Latin alphabet was created by Soviet Union sponsored Yeni türk əlifba komitəsi (New Turkish Alphabet Committee; Јени түрк əлифба комитəси) in Baku which hoped that the new alphabet would divide the Azerbaijanis in the USSR from those living in Iran.[2] An additional reason for the soviet regime's encouragement of a non-Arabic script was that they hoped the transition would work towards secularizing Azerbaijan's Muslim culture and since language script reform, proposed as early as the 19th century by Azeri intellectuals (e.g. Mirza Fatali Akhundov), had previously been rejected by the Azeri religious establishment on the grounds that Arabic script, the language of the Koran, was "holy and should not be tampered with"[3] there was some historical basis for the reform which received overwhelming support at the First Turcological Congress in Baku during 1926 where the reform was voted for 101 to 7. The Azeri poet Samad Vurgun declared "Azerbaijani people are proud of being the first among Oriental nations that buried the Arabic alphabet and adopted the Latin alphabet. This event is written in golden letters of our history"[4] As a result, in the Soviet Union in 1926 the Uniform Turkic Alphabet was introduced to replace the varieties of the Arabic script in use at the time.[5] In 1939, during the Red terror campaign, Joseph Stalin ordered that the Azeri script used in the USSR again be changed, this time to the Cyrillic script in order to sever the soviet Azerbaijanis ties with the people in the Republic of Turkey.[6]
At the same time that the leaders of the Soviet Union were attempting to isolate the Soviet population of Azeri speakers from the neighboring populations in Persia and Turkey, the Persian government of the Azeri speaking Qajar dynasty was overthrown by Reza Shah (1925–41) who quickly established the Pahlavi dynasty and banned the publication of texts in Azeri.
When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and Azerbaijan gained its independence, one of the first laws passed in the new Parliament was the adoption of a new Latin-script alphabet.
- From 1929 until 1939 (old alphabet defined using the Latin script):
- From 1939 until 1958 (first version of the alphabet defined using the Cyrillic script):
- From 1958 until 1991 (simplified version of the alphabet defined using the Cyrillic script and the letter Јј borrowed from Latin):
- Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Ғғ, Дд, Ее, Әә, Жж, Зз, Ии, Ыы, Јј, Кк, Ҝҝ, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Өө, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Үү, Фф, Хх, Һһ, Чч, Ҹҹ, Шш, ʼ (apostrophe)
- From 1991 until 1992 (first version of the modern alphabet defined using the Latin script):
- Aa, Ää, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz
- Since 1992 (current version of the modern alphabet defined using the Latin script, replacing Ää with the historic Əə for better sorting):
- Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz
The Azerbaijani alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet, except for Әə, Xx, and Qq, the letters for sounds which do not exist as separate phonemes in Turkish. When compared to the historic Latin alphabet: Ğğ has replaced the historic Ƣƣ (which was represented in Cyrillic by the stroked Ғғ); the undotted Iı (also used in Turkish) has replaced the historic I with half-oval Ьь; the dotted İi (also used in Turkish) has replaced the historic soft-dotted Ii; Jj has replaced the historic Жж; Öö has replaced the historic Ɵɵ; Üü has replaced the historic Үү; and Yy has replaced the historic Jј.
Schwa (Ə)
When the new Latin script was introduced on December 25, 1991, A-umlaut (Ä ä) was selected to represent the sound /æ/. However, on May 16, 1992, it was replaced by the grapheme schwa (Ə ə), used previously. Although use of Ä ä (also used in Tatar, Turkmen, and Gagauz) seems to be a simpler alternative as the schwa is absent in most character sets, particularly Turkish encoding, it was reintroduced; the schwa had existed continuously from 1929 to 1991 to represent Azeri's most common vowel, in both post-Arabic alphabets (Latin and Cyrillic) of Azerbaijan.
Persian script
Here is the modified Perso-Arabic script that is currently used for Azeri language in Iran.
آ، ب ، ج ، چ ، د ، اَ-ه ، اِ-ائ ، ف ، گ ، ق ، غ ، ح-ه ، خ ، اي ، ایٛ ، ژ ، ک ، ل ، م ، ن ، اوْ ، اؤ ، پ ، ر ، س-ث-ص ، ش ، ت-ط ، اۇ ، اۆ ، و ، ی ، ز-ذ-ظ-ض.
Comparison of Azerbaijani alphabets
This section contains the national anthem of Azerbaijan, in the current Latin, Cyrillic, Jaꞑalif, and Perso-Arabic alphabets.
| 1992-present | 1991-1992 | 1958-1991 (still used in Dagestan) | 1939-1958 | 1933-1939 | 1929-1933 | until 1929 (still used in Iranian Azerbaijan) |
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Transliteration
The Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets each have a different sequence of letters. The table below is ordered according to the latest Latin alphabet:
| Arabic | Cyrillic | Latin | IPA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| –1929 | 1939–1958 | 1958–1991 | 1922–1933 | 1933–1939 | 1991–1992 | 1992– | |
| آ-ا | А а | A a | [ɑ] | ||||
| ب | Б б | B b | B ʙ | B b | [b] | ||
| ج | Ҹ ҹ | C c | Ç ç | C c | [dʒ] | ||
| چ | Ч ч | Ç ç | C c | Ç ç | [tʃ] | ||
| د | Д д | D d | [d] | ||||
| ئ | Е е | E e | [e] | ||||
| ه-ٱ-اَ | Ә ә | Ə ə | Ä ä | Ə ə | [æ] | ||
| ف | Ф ф | F f | [f] | ||||
| گ | Ҝ ҝ | Ƣ ƣ | G g | [ɟ] | |||
| غ | Ғ ғ | G g | Ƣ ƣ | Ğ ğ | [ɣ] | ||
| ح, ه | Һ һ | H h | [h] | ||||
| خ | Х х | X x | [x] | ||||
| ایٛ | Ы ы |   | Ь ь | I ı | [ɯ] | ||
| ای | И и | I i | İ i | [ɪ] | |||
| ژ | Ж ж | Ƶ ƶ | J j | [ʒ] | |||
| ک | К к | Q q | K k | [c], [ç], [k] | |||
| ق | Г г | K k | Q q | [ɡ] | |||
| ل | Л л | L l | [l] | ||||
| م | М м | M m | [m] | ||||
| ن | Н н | N n | [n] | ||||
| وْ | О о | O o | [o] | ||||
| ؤ | Ө ө | Ɵ ɵ | Ö ö | [œ] | |||
| پ | П п | P p | [p] | ||||
| ر | Р р | R r | [r] | ||||
| ث, س, ص | С с | S s | [s] | ||||
| ش | Ш ш | Ɜ ɜ | Ş ş | [ʃ] | |||
| ت, ط | Т т | T t | [t] | ||||
| ۇ | У у | Y y | U u | [u] | |||
| ۆ | Ү ү | U u | Y y | Ü ü | [y] | ||
| و | В в | V v | [v] | ||||
| ی | Й й | Ј ј | J j | Y y | [j] | ||
| یا | Я я | ЈА jа | ЈА ја | YA ya | [jɑ] | ||
| یئ | Е е1 | ЈЕ је | ЈE јe | YE ye | [je] | ||
| ائ | Э э1 | Е е | E e | [e] | |||
| یوْ | Йо йо | ЈО јо | ЈO јo | YO yo | [jo] | ||
| یۇ | Ю ю | ЈУ ју | JY jy | ЈU јu | YU yu | [ju] | |
| ذ, ز, ض, ظ | З з | Z z | [z] | ||||
1 – in the beginning of a word and after vowels
The Azeri Perso-Arabic alphabet also contains the letter ڴ. Originally ڴ stood for the sound [ŋ], which then merged with [n]. Initial versions of the Azeri Latin alphabet contained the letter Ꞑꞑ, which was dropped in 1938.
The letter Цц, intended for the sound [ts] in loanwords, was used in Azerbaijani Cyrillic until 1951. In Azerbaijani, the sound [ts] generally becomes [s].
Sources
- Hatcher, Lynley. 2008. Script change in Azerbaijan: acts of identity. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 192:105–116.
References
- http://derbend.ru/
- Script change in Azerbaijan: acts of identity, Lynley Hatcher, International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 2008, Issue 192, Pages 105–116, ISSN (Online) 1613-3668, ISSN (Print) 0165-2516, doi:10.1515/IJSL.2008.038, July 2008, page 106, http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink/$002fj$002fijsl.2008.2008.issue-192$002fijsl.2008.038$002fijsl.2008.038.pdf?t:ac=j$002fijsl.2008.2008.issue-192$002fijsl.2008.038$002fijsl.2008.038.xml
- Alakbarov, Farid (2000). Mirza Fatali Akhundov: alphabet reformer before his time. Azer-baijan International, 8(1), 53
- Wright, Sue (2004), Language Policy and Language Planning, Basingstokes: Palgrave MacMillan.
- Clement, Victoria (2005). The politics of script reform in Soviet Turkmenistan: alphabet and national identity formation. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Ohio State University, cited in "Script change in Azerbaijan: acts of identity", Lynley Hatcher, International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 2008, Issue 192, Pages 105–116, ISSN (Online) 1613-3668, ISSN (Print) 0165-2516, doi:10.1515/IJSL.2008.038, July 2008, page 106, http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink/$002fj$002fijsl.2008.2008.issue-192$002fijsl.2008.038$002fijsl.2008.038.pdf?t:ac=j$002fijsl.2008.2008.issue-192$002fijsl.2008.038$002fijsl.2008.038.xml
- Script change in Azerbaijan: acts of identity, Lynley Hatcher, International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 2008, Issue 192, Pages 105–116, ISSN (Online) 1613-3668, ISSN (Print) 0165-2516, doi:10.1515/IJSL.2008.038, July 2008, page 106, http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle.fullcontentlink:pdfeventlink/$002fj$002fijsl.2008.2008.issue-192$002fijsl.2008.038$002fijsl.2008.038.pdf?t:ac=j$002fijsl.2008.2008.issue-192$002fijsl.2008.038$002fijsl.2008.038.xml
External links
- Source: azeri.org
- Turned e in Azerbaijani
- Azerbaijani alphabet (with video)
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