Mongolian script

Mongolian script; ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ;
	Example text
Type	Alphabet/Syllabary
Languages	Mongolian language; Manchu language (obsolete); Daur language (obsolete); Evenki language (experimentally)
Creator	Tata-tonga
Time period	ca.1204 – today
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Syriac alphabet Sogdian alphabet Old Uyghur alphabet Mongolian script; ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Child systems	Manchu alphabet; Oirat alphabet (Clear script); Buryat alphabet; Galik alphabet; Evenki alphabet; Xibe alphabet
Direction	Top-to-bottom
ISO 15924	Mong, 145
Unicode alias	Mongolian
Unicode range	U+1800–U+18AF Mongolian; U+11660–U+1167F Mong. Supplement;

The classical or traditional Mongolian script,[lower-alpha 1] also known as the Hudum Mongol bichig,[lower-alpha 2] was the first writing system created specifically for the Mongolian language, and was the most widespread until the introduction of Cyrillic in 1946. It is traditionally written in vertical lines Top-Down, right across the page. Derived from the Old Uyghur alphabet, Mongolian is a true alphabet, with separate letters for consonants and vowels. The Mongolian script has been adapted to write languages such as Oirat and Manchu. Alphabets based on this classical vertical script are used in Inner Mongolia and other parts of China to this day to write Mongolian, Xibe and experimentally, Evenki.

Computer operating systems have been slow to adopt support for the Mongolian script, and almost all have incomplete support or other text rendering difficulties.

History

Copy of the Stele of Yisüngge, with the earliest known inscription in the Mongolian script.[1]^:33

The Mongolian vertical script developed as an adaptation of the Old Uyghur alphabet for the Mongolian language.[2]^:545 From the seventh and eighth to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Mongolian language separated into southern, eastern and western dialects. The principal documents from the period of the Middle Mongol language are: in the eastern dialect, the famous text The Secret History of the Mongols, monuments in the Square script, materials of the Chinese–Mongolian glossary of the fourteenth century, and materials of the Mongolian language of the middle period in Chinese transcription, etc.; in the western dialect, materials of the Arab–Mongolian and Persian–Mongolian dictionaries, Mongolian texts in Arabic transcription, etc.[3]^:1–2 The main features of the period are that the vowels ï and i had lost their phonemic significance, creating the i phoneme (in the Chakhar dialect, the Standard Mongolian in Inner Mongolia, these vowels are still distinct); inter-vocal consonants γ/g, b/w had disappeared and the preliminary process of the formation of Mongolian long vowels had begun; the initial h was preserved in many words; grammatical categories were partially absent, etc. The development over this period explains why the Mongolian script looks like a vertical Arabic script (in particular the presence of the dot system).[3]^:1–2

Eventually, minor concessions were made to the differences between the Uyghur and Mongol languages: In the 17th and 18th centuries, smoother and more angular versions of the letter tsadi became associated with [dʒ] and [tʃ] respectively, and in the 19th century, the Manchu hooked yodh was adopted for initial [j]. Zain was dropped as it was redundant for [s]. Various schools of orthography, some using diacritics, were developed to avoid ambiguity.[2]^:545

Traditional Mongolian is written vertically. The Old Uyghur script and its descendants, of which traditional Mongolian is one among Oirat Clear, Manchu, and Buryat are the only known vertical scripts written from left to right. This developed because the Uyghurs rotated their Sogdian-derived script, originally written right to left, 90 degrees counterclockwise to emulate Chinese writing, but without changing the relative orientation of the letters.[4][1]^:36

The reed pen was the writing instrument of choice until the 18th century, when the brush took its place under Chinese influence.[5]^:422 Pens were also historically made of wood, reed, bamboo, bone, bronze, or iron. Ink used was black or cinnabar red, and written with on birch bark, paper, cloths made of silk or cotton, and wooden or silver plates.[6]^:80–81

Reed pens

Ink brushes

Writing implements of the Bogd Khan

Mongols learned their script as a syllabary, dividing the syllables into twelve different classes, based on the final phonemes of the syllables, all of which ended in vowels.[7]

The script remained in continuous use by Mongolian speakers in Inner Mongolia in People's Republic of China. In Mongolian People's Republic it was largely replaced by the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet, although the vertical script remained in limited use. In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to increase the use of the traditional Mongolian script and to use both Cyrillic and Mongolian script in official documents by 2025.[8][9][10]

Names

The traditional Mongolian script is known by a wide variety of names. Because of its similarity to the Old Uyghur alphabet, it became known as the Uighurjin Mongol script.[lower-alpha 3] During the communist era, when Cyrillic became the official script for the Mongolian language, the traditional script became known as the Old Mongol script,[lower-alpha 4] in contrast to the New script,[lower-alpha 5] referring to Cyrillic. The name Old Mongol script stuck, and it is still known as such among the older generation, who didn't receive education in the new script.

Components

Listed in the table below are script components (graphemes) that are commonly occurring, contrasting, or both. The actual use and appearance of these may differ greatly between letterforms of different writing styles, however. For examples of those, see § Writing styles further down.

Graphemes (зурлага)[11][12][13]^:4–5[14]^{:29–30, 205}[15]^:20[1]^:36[16]^:1[17][18]^:20[19]^:536[20]^:211–212[21][22][23]
Appearance		Names
Image	Text^(?)	Names
	ᠡ‍	'Crown' / Тит(и/э)м tit(i/e)m / ᠲᠢᠲᠢᠮ titim
	᠊ᠡ‍	Ацаг atsag / ᠠᠴᠤᠭ ačuγ or, 'Tooth' / Шүд shud / ᠰᠢᠳᠦ sidü
	᠊᠊	'Spine' / Нуруу nuruu / ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ niruγu
	ᠵ‍	'(Straight) shin' / (Шулуун) шилбэ (Shuluun) shilbe / ᠰᠢᠯᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ siluγun silbi
	ᠶ‍	'Upturned shin' / Э(э)тгэр шилбэ e(e)tger shilbe / ᠡᠭᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ egeteger silbi
	ᠸ‍	'Hooked shin' / Матгар шилбэ matgar shilbe / ᠮᠠᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ mataγar silbi
	ᠷ‍	'Crossed shin' / Өргөстэй шилбэ örgöstei shilbe / ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠰᠦᠲᠡᠶ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ örgesütey silbi
	ᠳ᠋‍	'Looped shin' / Гогцоотой шилбэ gogtsootoi shilbe / ᠭᠣᠭᠴᠤᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ γoγčuγatai silbi
	ᡁ‍	'Hollow shin' / Хөндий шилбэ khöndii shilbe / ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠡᠶ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ köndey silbi
	ᠲ‍	'... shin' / Артын шилбэ artyn shilbe
	‍᠊ᠣ‍ ‍᠊ᠣ	'Belly/Stomach' / Гэдэс gedes / ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠰᠦ gedesü
	‍᠊ᠰ‍	'Mouth corner' / Зав(и/ь)ж Zav(i)j / ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠵᠢ ǰabaǰi
	᠎ᠠ	Орхиц orkhits / ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠴᠠ orkiča or, Цацлага tsatslaga / ᠴᠠᠴᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ čačulγ‑a
	‍᠊ᠠ	'Tail' / Сүүл suul / ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ segül
	‍ᠢ	'Bow' / Нум num / ᠨᠤᠮᠤ numu
	‍᠊ᠯ‍	'Horn' / Эвэр ever / ᠡᠪᠡᠷ eber
	‍᠊ᠮ‍	Гэзэг gezeg / ᠭᠡᠵᠢᠭᠡ geǰige or, 'Horn' / Эвэр ever / ᠡᠪᠡᠷ eber
	‍ᠵ‍	Жалжгар эвэр zhalzhgar ever or, 'Eyetooth' / Соёо soyoo / ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ soyuγ‑a
	‍ᠴ‍	'Fork' / Сэрээ эвэр seree ever or, Ац ats / ᠠᠴᠠ ača
	ᠬ	Ятгар зартиг yatgar zartig

General orthography

The traditional or classical Mongolian alphabet, sometimes called Hudum 'traditional' in Oirat in contrast to the Clear script (Todo 'exact'), is the original form of the Mongolian script used to write the Mongolian language. It does not distinguish several vowels (o/u, ö/ü, final a/e) and consonants (syllable-initial t/d and k/g, sometimes ǰ/y) that were not required for Uyghur, which was the source of the Mongol (or Uyghur-Mongol) script.[4] The result is somewhat comparable to the situation of English, which must represent ten or more vowels with only five letters and uses the digraph th for two distinct sounds. Ambiguity is sometimes prevented by context, as the requirements of vowel harmony and syllable sequence usually indicate the correct sound. Moreover, as there are few words with an exactly identical spelling, actual ambiguities are rare for a reader who knows the orthography.

Letters have different forms depending on their position in a word: initial, medial, or final. In some cases, additional graphic variants are selected for visual harmony with the subsequent character.

The rules for writing below apply specifically for the Mongolian language, unless stated otherwise.

Sort orders

Traditional: n q/k, (Gamma, ү)/g, b, p, s, š, t, d, l, m, č...[24][16]^:7
Modern: n, b, p, q/k, ү/g, m, l, s, š, t, d, č...[24][16]^:7
Other modern orderings that apply to specific dictionaries also exist.[25]

Vowel harmony

Mongolian vowel harmony separates the vowels of words into three groups – two mutually exclusive and one neutral:

The back, masculine,[26] hard, or yang[27] vowels a, o, and u.
The front, feminine,[26] soft, or yin[27] vowels e, ö, and ü.
The neutral vowel i, able to appear in all words.

Any Mongolian word can contain the neutral vowel i, but only vowels from either of the other two groups. The vowel quality of visually separated vowels and suffixes are likewise affected by those of the preceding word stem. Such suffixes are written with front or neutral vowels when preceded by a word stem containing only neutal vowels. Any of these rules might not apply for foreign words however.[3]^{:11, 39}[28]^:10[29]^:4[25]

Separated final vowels

Two examples of the two kinds of letter separation: with the suffix ‑un (

) and the final vowel ‑a (

)

A separated final form of vowels a or e is common, and can appear at the end of a word, word stem, or suffix. This form requires a final-shaped preceding consonant and an inter-word gap in between. The vowels themselves appear as ᠎ᠠ ⟨⟩, and with consonants as ‍ᠬ᠎ᠠ ⟨ ⟩ q‑a, ‍ᠷ᠎ᠠ ⟨ ⟩ r‑a/r‑e, etc.^(?) This gap can be transliterated with a hyphen . In digital typesetting, these forms are triggered by inserting a U+180E ᠎ MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR (HTML ᠎ · MVS) between the consonant and vowel.[3]^{:30, 77}[30]^:42[1]^:38–39[29]^:27[19]^:534–535

The presence or lack of a separated a or e can also indicate differences in meaning between different words (compare ᠬᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ^(?) qar‑a 'black' with ᠬᠠᠷᠠ qara 'to look').[31]^:3[19]^:535

Its form could be confused with that of the identically shaped traditional dative-locative suffix ‑a/‑e exemplified further down. That form however, is more commonly found in older texts, and more commonly takes the forms of ⟨ᠲ᠋ᠤᠷ⟩ tur/tür or ⟨ᠳ᠋ᠤᠷ⟩ dur/dür instead.[28]^:15[32][1]^:46

Separated suffixes

1925 logo of Buryat–Mongolian newspaper ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ᠃ Buriyad Mongγol‑un ünen 'Buryat-Mongol truth' with the suffix  ᠤᠨ^(?) ‑un.

All case suffixes, as well as any plural suffixes consisting of one or two syllables are likewise separated by a preceding and hyphen-transliterated gap. In digital typesetting, this gap is represented by a U+202F   NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE (HTML   · NNBSP). A maximum of two case suffixes can be added to a stem.[3]^{:30, 73}[28]^:12[32][33][29]^:28[19]^:534

Single-letter vowel suffixes appear with the final-shaped forms of a/e, i, or u/ü,[3]^:30 as in ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠ^(?) γaǰar‑a 'to the country' and ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠡ^(?) edür‑e 'on the day',[3]^:39 or ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ^(?) ulus‑i 'the state' etc.[3]^:23 Multi-letter suffixes most often start with an initial- (consonants), medial- (vowels), or variant-shaped form (medial/variant-shaped u in the two-letter suffix  ᠤᠨ^(?) ⟨⟩ ‑un/‑ün being exemplified in the adjacent newspaper logo).[3]^:30[19]^:27

Following the graphic compound of a proper name such as that of ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ Kökeqota (the city of Hohhot), the vowels of a suffix get determined based on those of the latter part of said compound.[3]^:30[1]^:44[34]^:88

Isolate citation forms

Isolate citation forms for syllables containing o, u, ö, and ü may in dictionaries appear without a final tail as in ⟨ᠪᠣ⟩ bo/bu or ⟨ᠮᠣ᠋⟩ mo/mu, and with a vertical tail as in ⟨ᠪᠥ᠋⟩ bö/bü or ⟨ᠮᠥ᠋⟩ mö/mü (as well as in transcriptions of Chinese syllables).[25][1]^:39

Notes on letter tables

A dash indicates a non-applicable position for that letter.[3]^:15[28]^:60[1]^:37[31]^:2–3[17]^:3–4[34]^{:27, 30}[25]

Parentheses enclose glyphs or positions whose corresponding sounds are not found in native Mongolian words.[3]^:14–15[28]^:9–10[1]^:37[31]^:3–5[34]^:27

Palatalized phonemes have been excluded. These are conditioned by a following i.[30]^:178

Vowels

ᠠ

Letter[3]^{:17, 18}[2]^:546
‑a	a	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration[35]
‑а	а	Cyrillic transliteration[13][35]
—	ᠠ	Isolate
	ᠠ‍	Word-initial
	‍ᠠ‍	Medial
	‍ᠠ	Connected final
᠎ᠠ^(?) ⟨⟩	—	Separated final

Ligatures[3]^:22–23[2]^:546
ba	pa	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ба	па	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠪᠠ[lower-alpha 6]	ᠫᠠ	Isolate
ᠪᠠ‍	ᠫᠠ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠪᠠ‍	‍ᠫᠠ‍	Medial
‍ᠪᠠ	‍ᠫᠠ	Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 7]
‑a	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
‑а	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠠ‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Separated suffix-initial
ᠠ^(?) ⟨⟩	Separated suffix

Transcribes Chakhar /ɑ/;[25][36] Khalkha /a/, /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
‍ᠠ᠋^(?) ⟨⟩ = connected galik final.[3]^:26–28[1]^:38–39
Medial and final forms may be distinguished from those of other tooth-shaped letters through: vowel harmony (e), the shape of adjacent consonants (see QA-q/k and GA-γ/g below), and position in syllable sequence (n, ng, q, γ, d).[32]
The final tail extends to the left after bow-shaped consonants (such as b, p, f, KA-g, and KHA-k), and to the right in all other cases.
Derived from Old Uyghur aleph, written twice for isolate and initial forms.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Produced with A using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠡ

Letter[3]^{:17, 18–19}[2]^:546
‑e	e	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
‑э	э	Cyrillic transliteration
—	ᠡ	Isolate
	ᠡ‍	Word-initial
	‍ᠡ‍	Medial
	‍ᠡ	Connected final
᠎ᠡ^(?) ⟨⟩	—	Separated final

Ligatures[3]^{:22–23, 24–25}[2]^:546
be	pe	ke	ge	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
бэ	пэ	хэ	гэ	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠪᠡ	ᠫᠡ	ᠬᠡ		Isolate
ᠪᠡ‍	ᠫᠡ‍	ᠬᠡ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠪᠡ‍	‍ᠫᠡ‍	‍ᠬᠡ‍		Medial
‍ᠪᠡ	‍ᠫᠡ	‍ᠬᠡ		Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 8]
‑e	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
‑э	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠡ‍	Separated suffix-initial
ᠡ^(?) ⟨⟩	Separated suffix

Transcribes Chakhar /ə/;[25][36] Khalkha /i/, /e/, /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
Medial and final forms may be distinguished from those of other tooth-shaped letters through: vowel harmony (a) and its effect on the shape of a words consonants (see QA-q/k and GA-γ/g below), or position in syllable sequence (n, ng, d).[32]
ᠡ᠋‍ = a traditional initial form.[39]^:6
The final tail extends to the left after bow-shaped consonants (such as b, p, QA-k, and GA-g), and to the right in all other cases.
Derived from Old Uyghur aleph.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Produced with E using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠢ

Letter[3]^{:17, 19}[2]^:546
i	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
и	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠢ	Isolate
ᠢ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠢ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
[lower-alpha 9]	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠢ	Final

Ligatures[3]^{:22–23, 24–25}[2]^:546
bi	pi	ki	gi	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
би	пи	хи	ги	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠪᠢ[lower-alpha 10]	ᠫᠢ	ᠬᠢ		Isolate
ᠪᠢ‍	ᠫᠢ‍	ᠬᠢ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠪᠢ‍	‍ᠫᠢ‍	‍ᠬᠢ‍		Medial
‍ᠪᠢ	‍ᠫᠢ	‍ᠬᠢ		Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 11]
‑i	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
‑и	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠢ‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Separated suffix-initial
ᠢ^(?) ⟨⟩	Separated suffix

Transcribes Chakhar /i/ or /ɪ/;[25][36] Khalkha /i/, /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
Today often absorbed into a preceding syllable when at the end of a word.
Written medially with the single stroke after a consonant, and with two after a vowel (with rare exceptions like ᠨᠠ‍ᠢ‍ᠮᠠ naima 'eight' or ᠨᠠ‍ᠢ‍ᠮᠠᠨ naiman 'eight'/tribal name).[3]^:31[28]^{:9, 39}[1]^:38
‍ᠢ᠋‍ = a handwritten Inner Mongolian variant on the sequence yi (as in ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ / ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ sayin 'good' being written ᠰᠠᠢ᠋ᠨ sain).[28]^:58[1]^:38[40]^:346
Derived from Old Uyghur yodh, preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Produced with I using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠣ

Letter[3]^{:17, 19–20}[2]^:546
o	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
о	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠣ	Isolate
ᠣ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠣ‍	Medial
‍ᠣ	Final

Ligatures[3]^:22–23[2]^:546
bo	po	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
бо	по	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠪᠣ[lower-alpha 12]	ᠫᠣ	Isolate
ᠪᠣ‍	ᠫᠣ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠪᠣ‍	‍ᠫᠣ‍	Medial
‍ᠪᠣ	‍ᠫᠣ	Final

Transcribes Chakhar /ɔ/;[25][36] Khalkha /ɔ/, /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
Written identically to u in native words, and distinguished only by position in word.[3]^:19[28]^:9–10
‍ᠣ᠋ = the final form used in loanwords (as in ᠷᠠᠳᠢᠣ᠋ radio).[1]^:35[23]
Derived from Old Uyghur waw, preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Produced with W using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠤ

Letter[3]^{:17, 19–20}[2]^:546
u	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
у	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠤ	Isolate
ᠤ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠤ‍	Medial
‍ᠤ	Final

Ligatures[3]^:22–23[2]^:546
bu	pu	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
бу	пу	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠪᠤ	ᠫᠤ	Isolate
ᠪᠤ‍	ᠫᠤ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠪᠤ‍	‍ᠫᠤ‍	Medial
‍ᠪᠤ	‍ᠫᠤ	Final

Diphthongs & doubled vowels[3]^:30–32
u‑a	uu‑a	uu	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
у‑а	уу‑а	уу	Cyrillic transliteration
—	—	ᠤᠤ^(?) ⟨⟩[lower-alpha 13]	Isolate
		ᠤᠤ‍	Word-initial
		‍ᠤᠤ‍	Medial
‍ᠤ᠎ᠠ^(?) ⟨ ⟩[lower-alpha 14]	‍ᠤᠤ᠎ᠠ^(?)	‍ᠤᠤ	Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 15]
‑u	‑u	‑un	‑ud	‑uruγu	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
‑у	‑у	‑ун	‑уд	‑уругу	Cyrillic transliteration
	ᠤ^(?)	—	—	—	Suffix
	—	ᠤᠨ^(?)	ᠤᠳ^(?)	—
	—	—	—	ᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤ^(?)

Transcribes Chakhar /ʊ/;[25][36] Khalkha /ʊ/, /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
Written identically to o in native words, and distinguished only by position in word.[3]^:19[28]^:9–10
Derived from Old Uyghur waw, preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Produced with V using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠥ

Letter[3]^{:17, 20}[2]^:546
ö	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ө	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠥ	Isolate
ᠥ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠥ᠋‍	Medial (word-initial syllable)
‍ᠥ‍	Medial (subsequent syllables)
‍ᠥ	Final

Ligatures[3]^{:22–23, 24–25}[2]^:546
bö	pö	kö	gö	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
бө	пө	хө	гө	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠪᠥ	ᠫᠥ	ᠭᠥ^(?) (w/o tail)		Isolate
ᠪᠥ	ᠫᠥ	ᠭᠥ᠋^(?) (w/ tail)		Isolate
ᠪᠥ‍	ᠫᠥ‍	ᠭᠥ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠪᠥ‍	‍ᠫᠥ‍	‍ᠭᠥ‍		Medial
‍ᠪᠥ	‍ᠫᠥ	‍ᠭᠥ		Final

Transcribes Chakhar /o/;[25][36] Khalkha /o/[ɵ], /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
Written identically to ü in native words, and distinguished only by position in word.[3]^:20[28]^:9–10
‍ᠥ᠋ = an alternative final form; also used in loanwords.[1]^:39
The first medial form is used in the first syllable of native words,[2]^:546 and in subsequent medial positions of loanwords.
Derived from Old Uyghur waw, followed by a yodh in word-initial syllables, and preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Produced with O using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠦ

Letter[3]^{:17, 20}[2]^:546
ü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠦ	Isolate
ᠦ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠦ᠋‍	Medial (word-initial syllable)
‍ᠦ‍	Medial (subsequent syllables)
‍ᠦ	Final

Ligatures[3]^{:22–23, 24–25}[2]^:546
bü	pü	kü	gü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
бү	пү	хү	гү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠪᠦ	ᠫᠦ	ᠭᠦ^(?) (w/o tail)[lower-alpha 16]		Isolate
ᠪᠦ	ᠫᠦ	ᠭᠦ᠋^(?) (w/ tail)		Isolate
ᠪᠦ‍	ᠫᠦ‍	ᠭᠦ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠪᠦ‍	‍ᠫᠦ‍	‍ᠭᠦ‍		Medial
‍ᠪᠦ	‍ᠫᠦ	‍ᠭᠦ		Final

Diphthongs & doubled vowels[3]^:30–32
üü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
үү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠦᠦ^(?) ⟨⟩[lower-alpha 17]	Isolate
—	Word-initial
—	Medial
‍ᠦᠦ	Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 18]
‑ü	‑ü	‑ün	‑ügei	‑üd	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
‑ү	‑ү	‑үн	‑үгэи	‑үд	Cyrillic transliteration
	ᠦ^(?)	—	—	—	Suffix
	—	ᠦᠨ^(?)	—	ᠦᠳ^(?)
	—	—	ᠦᠭᠡᠢ^(?)	—

Transcribes Chakhar /u/;[25][36] Khalkha /u/, /ə/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
Written identically to ö in native words, and distinguished only by position in word.[3]^:20[28]^:9–10
‍ᠦ᠋ = an alternative final form; also used in loanwords.[1]^:39 Additionally used in native and modern Mongolian ᠰᠦ᠋^(?) sü 'milk' (Classical Mongolian ᠰᠦ^(?) sü or ᠰᠦᠨ sün).[11]^{:741, 744}[1]^:39
The first medial form is used in the first syllable of native words,[2]^:546 and in subsequent medial positions of loanwords.
Derived from Old Uyghur waw, followed by a yodh in word-initial syllables, and preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Produced with U using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠧ

Letter[1]^:38–39
ē	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration[lower-alpha 19]
е	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠧ	Isolate
ᠧ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠧ‍	Medial
‍ᠧ	Final

Example ligatures
fē	gē	kē	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
фе	ке	ке	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠹᠧ	ᠺᠧ	ᠻᠧ	Isolate
ᠹᠧ‍	ᠺᠧ‍	ᠻᠧ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠹᠧ‍	‍ᠺᠧ‍	‍ᠻᠧ‍	Medial
‍ᠹᠧ	‍ᠺᠧ	‍ᠻᠧ	Final

Stands in for e in loanwords,[1]^:38[36] as in ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ēüropa / европ yevrop.[23]
Produced with ⇧ Shift+E using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

Native consonants

ᠨ

Letter[3]^{:17, 20–21}[2]^:546[20]^:212–213
n	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
н	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠨ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠨ᠋‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠨ‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠨ	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:8
n‑a	n‑e	na	ne	ni	no	nu	nö	nü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
н‑а	н‑э	на	нэ	ни	но	ну	нө	нү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠨᠠ		ᠨᠢ	ᠨᠣ᠋		ᠨᠥ᠋		Isolate
		ᠨᠠ‍		ᠨᠢ‍	ᠨᠣ‍		ᠨᠥ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠨᠠ‍		‍ᠨᠢ‍	‍ᠨᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠨ᠎ᠠ^(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠨᠠ		‍ᠨᠢ	‍ᠨᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 20]
‑na	‑ne	‑nu	‑nü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
‑на	‑нэ	‑ну	‑нү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠨᠠ‍		ᠨᠤ‍		Suffix-initial

Transcribes Chakhar /n/;[25][36] Khalkha /n/, and /ŋ/.[30]^:40–42
Distinction from other tooth-shaped letters by position in syllable sequence.
Dotted before a vowel (attached or separated); undotted before a consonant (syllable-final) or a whitespace.[3]^:20[2]^:546[29]^:6[25] Final dotted n is also found in modern Mongolian words.[1]^:37
Derived from Old Uyghur nun.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 114}[1]^:35
Produced with N using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠩ

Letter[3]^{:15, 17}[2]^:546[20]^:212–213
ng	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration[lower-alpha 19]
нг	Cyrillic transliteration
—	Word-initial
—	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠩ‍	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠩ	Final

Transcribes Chakhar /ŋ/;[25][36] Khalkha /ŋ/.[30]^:40–42
Transcribes /ng/ in Tibetan ང /nga/; Sanskrit ङ /ṅa/.[3]^:28
Derived from Old Uyghur nun-kaph digraph.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 115}[1]^:35
Produced with ⇧ Shift+N using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠪ

Letter[3]^{:(12), 17, 22}[2]^:546[20]^:212–213
b	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
б	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠪ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠪ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠪ‍	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠪ	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:16
ba	be	bi	bo	bu	bö	bü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ба	бэ	би	бо	бу	бө	бү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠪᠠ[lower-alpha 21]		ᠪᠢ[lower-alpha 22]	ᠪᠣ[lower-alpha 23]		ᠪᠥ᠋		Isolate
ᠪᠠ‍		ᠪᠢ‍	ᠪᠣ‍		ᠪᠥ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠪᠠ‍		‍ᠪᠢ‍	‍ᠪᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠪᠠ		‍ᠪᠢ	‍ᠪᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 24]
‑ban	‑ben	‑bar	‑ber	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
‑бан	‑бэн	‑бар	‑бэр	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠪᠠᠨ		ᠪᠠᠷ		Suffixes

Transcribes Chakhar /b/;[25][36] Khalkha /p/, /w/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
For Classical Mongolian, Latin v is used only for transcribing foreign words, so most в (v) in Mongolian Cyrillic correspond to б (b) in Classical Mongolian.
Derived from Old Uyghur pe.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 115}[1]^:35
Produced with B using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠫ

Letter[3]^{:12, 15, 17, 23}[2]^:546[20]^:212–213
p	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
п	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠫ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠫ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
—	Medial (syllable-final)
(‍ᠫ)	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:46
pa	pe	pi	po	pu	pö	pü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
па	пэ	пи	по	пу	пө	пү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠫᠠ		ᠫᠢ	ᠫᠣ		ᠫᠥ᠋		Isolate
ᠫᠠ‍		ᠫᠢ‍	ᠫᠣ‍		ᠫᠥ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠫᠠ‍		‍ᠫᠢ‍	‍ᠫᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠫᠠ		‍ᠫᠢ	‍ᠫᠣ				Final

Transcribes Chakhar /p/;[25][36] Khalkha /pʰ/.[30]^:40–42
Only at the beginning of Mongolian words (although words with an initial p tend to be foreign).[31]^:5[34]^:27[25]
Transcribes /p/ in Tibetan པ /pa/.[41]^{:(ᢒ?) 96, 155, 247}[3]^:28
Galik letter, derived from Mongolian b.[1]^:35
Produced with P using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠬ (1/2)

Letter[3]^{:14, 17, 21}[2]^:546[20]^:212–213
q	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
х	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠬ	Word-initial
‍ᠬ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
—	Medial (syllable-final)
—	Final

C-V syllables[3]^:15[13]^:19
q‑a	q‑e	qa	qe	qi	qo	qu	qö	qü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
х‑а	х‑э	ха	хэ	хи	хо	ху	хө	хү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠬᠠ	—		ᠬᠣ᠋		—		Isolate
—		ᠬᠠ‍	—		ᠬᠣ‍		—		Word-initial
—		‍ᠬᠠ‍	—		‍ᠬᠣ‍		—		Medial
‍ᠬ᠎ᠠ^(?) ⟨ ⟩	—				‍ᠬᠣ		—		Final

Transcribes Chakhar /x/;[25][36] Khalkha /x/.
Distinction from other tooth-shaped letters by position in syllable sequence.
Derived from Old Uyghur merged gimel and heth.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113–115}[1]^:35
Produced with H using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠬ (2/2)

Letter[3]^{:14, 17, 24–25}[2]^:546[20]^:212–213
k	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
х	Cyrillic transliteration
	Word-initial
	Medial (syllable-initial)
—	Medial (syllable-final)
—	Final

C-V syllables[3]^:15[13]^:19
ka	ke	ki	ko	ku	kö	kü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ха	хэ	хи	хо	ху	хө	хү	Cyrillic transliteration
—	ᠬᠡ	ᠬᠢ	—		ᠬᠥ^(?) (w/o tail)[lower-alpha 25]		Isolate
—	ᠬᠡ	ᠬᠢ	—		ᠬᠥ᠋^(?) (w/ tail)[lower-alpha 26]		Isolate
—	ᠬᠡ‍	ᠬᠢ‍	—		ᠬᠥ‍		Word-initial
—	‍ᠬᠡ‍	‍ᠬᠢ‍	—		‍ᠬᠥ‍		Medial
—	‍ᠬᠡ	‍ᠬᠢ	—		‍ᠬᠥ		Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 27]
‑ki	‑kin	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
‑хи	‑хин	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠬᠢ	ᠬᠢᠨ	Suffixes

Transcribes Chakhar /x/;[25][36] Khalkha /x/.
Undistinguished from GA-g.[3]^{:15, 24}[28]^:9
Derived from Old Uyghur kaph.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113, 115}[1]^:35
Produced with H using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠭ (1/2)

Letter[3]^{:14, 17, 21–22}[2]^:546[20]^:212–213
γ	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration[lower-alpha 19]
г	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠭ	Word-initial
‍ᠭ᠋‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠭ‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠭ	Final

C-V syllables[3]^:15[13]^:21
γ‑a	γ‑e	γa	γe	γi	γo	γu	γö	γü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
г‑а	г‑э	га	гэ	ги	го	гу	гө	гү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠭᠠ	—		ᠭᠣ᠋		—		Isolate
—		ᠭᠠ‍	—		ᠭᠣ‍		—		Word-initial
—		‍ᠭᠠ‍	—		‍ᠭᠣ‍		—		Medial
‍ᠭ᠎ᠠ^(?) ⟨ ⟩	—				‍ᠭᠣ		—		Final

Transcribes Chakhar /ɣ/;[25] Khalkha /ɢ/, and /∅/.[30]^:40–42
Dotted before a vowel (attached or separated); undotted before a consonant (syllable-final) or a whitespace.[3]^:21[2]^:546[29]^:5[25]
May turn silent between two adjacent vowels, and merge these into a long vowel or diphthong.[3]^:36–37[1]^:7 Qaγan (ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ) 'Khagan' for instance, is read as Qaan unless reading classical literary Mongolian. Some exceptions like tsa-g-aan 'white' exist.
Derived from Old Uyghur merged gimel and heth.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113–115}[1]^:35
Produced with G using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠭ (2/2)

Letter[3]^{:14–15, 17, 24–25}[2]^:546[20]^:212–213
g	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
г	Cyrillic transliteration
(⟨⟩)	Word-initial
‍ᠭ᠍‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠭ᠍‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠭ᠋^(?) ⟨⟩	Final

C-V syllables[3]^:15[13]^:21
gа	ge	gi	go	gu	gö	gü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
га	гэ	ги	го	гу	гө	гү	Cyrillic transliteration
—	ᠭᠡ	ᠭᠢ	—		ᠭᠥ^(?) (w/o tail)		Isolate
—	ᠭᠡ	ᠭᠢ	—		ᠭᠥ᠋ (w/ tail)		Isolate
—	ᠭᠡ‍	ᠭᠢ‍	—		ᠭᠥ‍		Word-initial
—	‍ᠭᠡ‍	‍ᠭᠢ‍	—		‍ᠭᠥ‍		Medial
—	‍ᠭᠡ	‍ᠬᠢ	—		‍ᠭᠥ		Final

Transcribes Chakhar /g/;[25][36] Khalkha /g/.
Undistinguished from QA-k.[3]^{:15, 24}[28]^:9 When it must be distinguished from k medially, it can be written twice (as in ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ öggügsen 'given', compared with ᠦᠬᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ükügsen 'dead').[28]^:59[23]
Occurs word-initially with a consonant following it in loanwords, such as ᠭᠱᠠᠨ^(?) gšan 'moment' (dotless š example), or ᠭᠷᠠᠮᠮ^(?) gramm 'gram'.[3]^{:15, 32, 34}[23] The final form is also found written like the bow-shaped Manchu final ‍ᡴ᠋ k.[42][1]^:39
May turn silent between two adjacent vowels, and merge these into a long vowel or diphthong.[3]^:36–37[1]^:7 Deger for instance, is read as deer. Some exceptions like ügüi 'no' exist.
Derived from Old Uyghur kaph.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113, 115}[1]^:35
Produced with G using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠮ

Letter[3]^{:13, 17, 24}[2]^:546[20]^{:212, 214}
m	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
м	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠮ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠮ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠮ‍	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠮ	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:8
m‑a	m‑e	ma	me	mi	mo	mu	mö	mü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
м‑а	м‑э	ма	мэ	ми	мо	му	мө	мү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠮᠠ		ᠮᠢ	ᠮᠣ᠋		ᠮᠥ᠋		Isolate
		ᠮᠠ‍		ᠮᠢ‍	ᠮᠣ‍		ᠮᠥ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠮᠠ‍		‍ᠮᠢ‍	‍ᠮᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠮ᠎ᠠ^(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠮᠠ		‍ᠮᠢ	‍ᠮᠣ				Final

Transcribes Chakhar /m/;[25][36] Khalkha /m/.[30]^:40–42
Derived from Old Uyghur mem.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Produced with M using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠯ

Letter[3]^{:13, 17}[2]^:546[20]^{:212, 214}
l	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
л	Cyrillic transliteration
(ᠯ‍)	Word-initial
‍ᠯ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠯ‍	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠯ	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:8
l‑a	l‑e	la	le	li	lo	lu	lö	lü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
л‑а	л‑э	ла	лэ	ли	ло	лу	лө	лү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠯᠠ		ᠯᠢ	ᠯᠣ᠋		ᠯᠥ᠋		Isolate
		ᠯᠠ‍		ᠯᠢ‍	ᠯᠣ‍		ᠯᠥ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠯᠠ‍		‍ᠯᠢ‍	‍ᠯᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠯ᠎ᠠ^(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠯᠠ		‍ᠯᠢ	‍ᠯᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 28]
‑lu	‑lü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
‑лу	‑лү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠯᠤ‍		Suffix-initial

Transcribes Chakhar /l/;[25][36] Khalkha /ɮ/.[30]^:40–42
Not occurring word-initially in native words.[28]^:10
Forms a ligature with a preceding "bow"-shaped consonant in loanwords such as ᠪᠯᠠᠮ᠎ᠠ^(?) blam-a 'lama' from Tibetan བླ་མ་ Wylie: bla-ma.[3]^{:15, 32}[1]^:36
Derived from Old Uyghur hooked resh.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Produced with L using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠰ

Letter[3]^{:13, 17, 23}[2]^:546[20]^{:212, 214}
s	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
с	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠰ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠰ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠰ‍	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠰ	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:41
s‑a	s‑e[12]	sa	se	si	so	su	sö	sü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
с‑а	с‑э	са	сэ	си	со	су	сө	сү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠰᠠ		ᠰᠢ	ᠰᠣ᠋		ᠰᠥ᠋		Isolate
		ᠰᠠ‍		ᠰᠢ‍	ᠰᠣ‍		ᠰᠥ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠰᠠ‍		‍ᠰᠢ‍	‍ᠰᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠰ᠎ᠠ^(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠰᠠ		‍ᠰᠢ	‍ᠰᠣ				Final

Transcribes Chakhar /s/, or /ʃ/ before i;[28]^:58[25] Khalkha /s/, or /ʃ/ before i. Before a morpheme boundary however, there is no change of s to /ʃ/ before an i.[28]^:84
Derived from Old Uyghur merged samekh and shin.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Produced with S using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠱ

Letter[3]^{:13, 17, 23}[2]^:546[20]^{:212, 214}
š	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ш	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠱ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠱ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠱ‍	Medial (syllable-final)
(‍ᠱ)	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:41
ša	še	ši	šo	šu	šö	šü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ша	шэ	ши	шо	шу	шө	шү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠱᠠ		ᠱᠢ	ᠱᠣ᠋		ᠱᠥ᠋		Isolate
ᠱᠠ‍		ᠱᠢ‍	ᠱᠣ‍		ᠱᠥ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠱᠠ‍		‍ᠱᠢ‍	‍ᠱᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠱᠠ		‍ᠱᠢ	‍ᠱᠣ				Final

Transcribes Chakhar /ʃ/;[25][36] Khalkha /ʃ/.
Final š is only found in modern Mongolian words.[3]^:15[1]^:37
Derived from Old Uyghur merged samekh and shin.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113–114}[1]^:35
Produced with X using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠲ

Letter[3]^{:13, 17, 23}[2]^:546[20]^{:212, 214}
t	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
т	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠲ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠲ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
—	Medial (syllable-final)
—	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:31
ta	te	ti	to	tu	tö	tü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
та	тэ	ти	то	ту	тө	тү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠲᠠ[lower-alpha 29]		ᠲᠢ	ᠲᠣ᠋		ᠲᠥ᠋		Isolate
ᠲᠠ‍		ᠲᠢ‍	ᠲᠣ‍		ᠲᠥ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠲᠠ‍		‍ᠲᠢ‍	‍ᠲᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠲᠠ		‍ᠲᠢ	‍ᠲᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 30]
‑ta	‑te	‑tu	‑tü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
‑та	‑тэ	‑ту	‑тү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠲᠠ‍		ᠲᠤ‍		Suffix-initial

Transcribes Chakhar /t/;[25][36] Khalkha /t/.[30]^:40–42
Syllable-initially undistinguished from d in native words.[3]^:23[28]^:9[25]
Derived from Old Uyghur taw (initial) and lamedh (medial).[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Positional variants on taw ⟨ᠲ‍/‍ᠲ᠋‍/‍ᠲ⟩ are used consistently for t in foreign words.[3]^:23[1]^:37
Produced with T using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠳ

Letter[3]^{:13, 17, 23}[2]^:546[20]^{:212, 214}
d	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
д	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠳ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠳ᠋‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠳ‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠳ	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:31
da	de	di	do	du	dö	dü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
да	дэ	ди	до	ду	дө	дү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠳᠠ		ᠳᠢ	ᠳᠣ᠋		ᠳᠥ᠋		Isolate
ᠳ᠋ᠠ		ᠳ᠋ᠢ	ᠳ᠋ᠣ᠋		ᠳ᠋ᠥ᠋		Isolate
ᠳᠠ‍		ᠳᠢ‍	ᠳᠣ‍		ᠳᠥ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠳᠠ‍		‍ᠳᠢ‍	‍ᠳᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠳᠠ		‍ᠳᠢ	‍ᠳᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 31]
‑d	‑da	‑de	‑du	‑dü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
‑д	‑да	‑дэ	‑ду	‑дү	Cyrillic transliteration
	ᠳᠠ‍^(?)		ᠳᠤ‍^(?)		Suffix-initial

Transcribes Chakhar /d/;[25][36] Khalkha /t/, and /tʰ/.[30]^:40–42
Syllable-initially undistinguished from t in native words.[3]^:23[28]^:9[25] When it must be distinguished from t medially, it can be written twice, and with both medial forms (as in ᠬᠤᠳᠳᠤᠭ qudduγ 'well', compared with ᠬᠤᠲᠤᠭ qutuγ 'holy').[28]^:59[23] Alternatively, a dot can be used to the right of the letter (as in sedkil 'thought').[11]^:680[3]^:26
The belly-tooth-shaped form is used before consonants (syllable-final), the other before vowels.[28]^:58[29]^:5
Derived from Old Uyghur taw (initial, belly-tooth-shaped medial, and final) and lamedh (other medial form).[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Positional variants on lamedh ⟨ᠳ᠋‍/‍ᠲ‍/‍ᠳ᠋⟩ are used consistently for d in foreign words.[3]^:23 (As in ᠳ᠋ᠧᠩ dēng / дэн den, ᠳᠡᠳ᠋ ded / дэд ded, or ᠡᠳ᠋ ed / эд ed).[23]
Produced with D using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠴ

Letter[3]^{:13, 17}[2]^:546[20]^{:212, 214}
č	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ч	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠴ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠴ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
—	Medial (syllable-final)
(‍ᠴ)	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:38
ča	če	či	čo	ču	čö	čü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ча	чэ	чи	чо	чу	чө	чү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠴᠠ		ᠴᠢ[lower-alpha 32]	ᠴᠣ᠋		ᠴᠥ᠋		Isolate
ᠴᠠ‍		ᠴᠢ‍	ᠴᠣ‍		ᠴᠥ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠴᠠ‍		‍ᠴᠢ‍	‍ᠴᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠴᠠ		‍ᠴᠢ	‍ᠴᠣ				Final

Transcribes Chakhar /t͡ʃ/;[25][36] Khalkha /t͡ʃʰ/, and /t͡sʰ/ (Mongolian Cyrillic ч, and ц, respectively).[25]^:§ 1.2[31]^:2
In Buryat, a derived letter with two dots on the right ⟨ᡸ⟩ was used in places where č was pronounced as š.[43]
Derived from Old Uyghur (through early Mongolian) tsade.[28]^:59[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Produced with Q using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠵ

Letter[3]^{:13, 17, 24}[2]^:546[20]^{:212, 214}
ǰ	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration[lower-alpha 19]
ж	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠵ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠵ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
—	Medial (syllable-final)
(‍ᠵ)	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:28
ǰ‑a	ǰ‑e	ǰa	ǰe	ǰi	ǰo	ǰu	ǰö	ǰü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ж‑а	ж‑э	жа	жэ	жи	жо	жу	жө	жү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠵ᠎ᠠ^(?) ⟨ ⟩[lower-alpha 33]		ᠵᠠ[lower-alpha 34]		ᠵᠢ	ᠵᠣ᠋		ᠵᠥ᠋		Isolate
—		ᠵᠠ‍		ᠵᠢ‍	ᠵᠣ‍		ᠵᠥ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠵᠠ‍		‍ᠵᠢ‍	‍ᠵᠣ‍				Medial
		‍ᠵᠠ		‍ᠵᠢ	‍ᠵᠣ				Final

Transcribes Chakhar /d͡ʒ/;[25][36] Khalkha /d͡ʒ/, and d͡z (Mongolian Cyrillic ж, and з, respectively).[25]^:§ 1.2[31]^:2
Derived from Old Uyghur yodh (initial), and Old Uyghur (through early Mongolian) tsade (medial).[28]^:59[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Produced with J using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠶ

Letter[3]^{:14, 17, 24}[2]^:546[20]^{:212, 214}
y	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
й	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠶ‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Word-initial
ᠶ᠋‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Word-initial
‍ᠶ‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠶ᠋‍^(?) ⟨⟩	Medial (syllable-initial)
—	Medial (syllable-final)
—	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:25
y‑a	y‑e	ya	ye	yi	yo	yu	yö	yü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
й‑а	й‑э	йа	йэ	йи	йо	йу	йө	йү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠶᠠ		ᠶᠢ	ᠶᠣ᠋		ᠶᠥ᠋		Isolate
		ᠶᠠ‍		ᠶᠢ‍	ᠶᠣ‍		ᠶᠥ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠶᠠ‍		‍ᠶᠢ‍	‍ᠶᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠶ᠎ᠠ^(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠶᠠ		‍ᠶᠢ	‍ᠶᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes[lower-alpha 35]
‑y	‑yi	‑yin	‑yuγan	‑yügen	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
‑й	‑йи	‑йин	‑йуган	‑йүгэн	Cyrillic transliteration
	ᠶᠢ^(?)	ᠶᠢᠨ^(?)	—		Suffixes
	—		ᠶᠤᠭᠠᠨ	ᠶᠦᠭᠡᠨ^(?)	Suffixes

Transcribes Chakhar /j/;[25][36] Khalkha /j/.[30]^:40–42
The unhooked initial and medial forms are older ones.[2]^{:545, 546}[1]^:40
Derived from Old Uyghur yodh, through borrowed Manchu hooked yodh.[2]^:545[28]^:59
Produced with Y using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠷ

Letter[3]^{:13–14, 17}[2]^:546[20]^{:212, 214}
r	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
р	Cyrillic transliteration
(ᠷ‍)	Word-initial
‍ᠷ‍	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠷ‍	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠷ	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:14
r‑a	r‑e	ra	re	ri	ro	ru	rö	rü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
р‑а	р‑э	ра	рэ	ри	ро	ру	рө	рү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠷᠠ		ᠷᠢ	ᠷᠣ᠋		ᠷᠥ᠋		Isolate
		ᠷᠠ‍		ᠷᠢ‍	ᠷᠣ‍		ᠷᠥ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠷᠠ‍		‍ᠷᠢ‍	‍ᠷᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠷ᠎ᠠ^(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠷᠠ		‍ᠷᠢ	‍ᠷᠣ				Final

Transcribes Chakhar /r/;[25][36] Khalkha /r/.[30]^:40–42
Not occurring word-initially except in loanwords.[3]^:14 Transcribed foreign words usually get a vowel prepended; transcribing Русь (Russia) results in ᠣᠷᠤᠰ Oros.
Derived from Old Uyghur resh.[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113}[1]^:35
Produced with R using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

Foreign consonants

A KFC in Hohhot, the capital of Inner Mongolia, China, with a trilingual sign in Chinese, Mongolian and English

From left to right : Phagspa, Lantsa, Tibetan, Mongolian, Chinese and Cyrillic

ᠸ

Letter[1]^:38[13]^:44–45
w	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration[lower-alpha 19]
в	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠸ‍[lower-alpha 36]	Word-initial
‍ᠸ‍[lower-alpha 37]	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠸ‍[lower-alpha 37]	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠸ^(?) ⟨‍ᠧ⟩[lower-alpha 38]	Final

C-V syllables[13]^:45
w‑a	w‑e[lower-alpha 39]	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
в‑а	в‑э	Cyrillic transliteration
‍ᠸ᠎ᠠ^(?) ⟨ ⟩[lower-alpha 40]		Final

Transcribes Chakhar /w/;[25][36]
Used to transcribe foreign words (originally for v in Sanskrit व /va/). Transcribes /w/ in Tibetan ཝ /wa/;[41]^:254[3]^:28[37]^:113 Old Uyghur and Chinese loanwords.[1]^:34–35
Derived from Old Uyghur bet,[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[37]^{:111, 113} and "waw" (before a separated vowel).
Produced with ⇧ Shift+W using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠹ

Letter[13]^:45
f	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ф	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠹ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠹ‍	Medial
‍ᠹ	Final

Ligatures[13]^:45
fa	fē	fi	fo	fü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
фа	фе	фи	фо	фү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠹᠠ	ᠹᠧ	ᠹᠢ	ᠹᠣ	ᠹᠦ᠋	Isolate
ᠹᠠ‍	ᠹᠧ‍	ᠹᠢ‍	ᠹᠣ‍	ᠹᠦ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠹᠠ‍	‍ᠹᠧ‍	‍ᠹᠢ‍	‍ᠹᠣ‍	‍ᠹᠦ᠋‍	Medial
‍ᠹᠠ	‍ᠹᠧ	‍ᠹᠢ	‍ᠹᠣ	‍ᠹᠦ᠋	Final

Transcribes Chakhar /f/;[25][36]
Used to transcribe foreign words.
Transcribes /pʰ/ in Tibetan ཕ /pʰa/.[41]^{:96, 247}[3]^:28
Galik letter, derived from Mongolian b.[1]^:35
Produced with F using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠺ

Letter
g	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration[lower-alpha 19]
к	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠺ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠺ‍	Medial
‍ᠺ	Final

Ligatures
ga	gē	gi	go	gü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ка	ке	ки	ко	кү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠺᠠ	ᠺᠧ	ᠺᠢ	ᠺᠣ	ᠺᠦ᠋^(?) (w/ tail)[lower-alpha 41]	Isolate
ᠺᠠ‍	ᠺᠧ‍	ᠺᠢ‍	ᠺᠣ‍	ᠺᠦ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠺᠠ‍	‍ᠺᠧ‍	‍ᠺᠢ‍	‍ᠺᠣ‍	‍ᠺᠦ᠋‍^(?) (w/ yodh)[lower-alpha 42]	Medial
‍ᠺᠠ	‍ᠺᠧ	‍ᠺᠢ	‍ᠺᠣ	‍ᠺᠦ᠋^(?) (w/ tail)[lower-alpha 43]	Final

Transcribes Chakhar /k/;[25][36]
Used to transcribe foreign words (originally for g in Tibetan ག /ga/; Sanskrit ग /ga/).[41]^{:87, 244, 251}[3]^:28
Galik letter.[28]^:59–60
Produced with K using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠻ

Letter[13]^:46
k	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration[lower-alpha 19]
к	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠻ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠻ‍	Medial
‍ᠻ	Final

Ligatures[13]^:46
ka	kē	ki	ko	kü	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ка	ке	ки	ко	кү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠻᠠ	ᠻᠧ	ᠻᠢ	ᠻᠣ	ᠻᠦ᠋	Isolate
ᠻᠠ‍	ᠻᠧ‍	ᠻᠢ‍	ᠻᠣ‍	ᠻᠦ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠻᠠ‍	‍ᠻᠧ‍	‍ᠻᠢ‍	‍ᠻᠣ‍	‍ᠻᠦ᠋‍	Medial
‍ᠻᠠ	‍ᠻᠧ	‍ᠻᠢ	‍ᠻᠣ	‍ᠻᠦ᠋	Final

Used to transcribe foreign words (originally for kʰ in Tibetan ཁ /kʰa/; Sanskrit ख /kha/).[41]^{:86, 244, 251}[3]^:28
Produced with ⇧ Shift+K using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠼ

Letter[13]^:46
c	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ц	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠼ‍[lower-alpha 44]	Word-initial
‍ᠼ‍[lower-alpha 45]	Medial
‍ᠼ[lower-alpha 46]	Final

Transcribes Chakhar /t͡s/;[25][36]
Used to transcribe foreign words (originally for tsʰ in Tibetan ཚ /tsʰa/; Sanskrit छ /cha/).[41]^{:89, 144, 245, 254}[3]^:28
Galik letter, derived from Preclassical Mongolian tsade č/ǰ ⟨‍ᠴ‍~‍ᠵ‍⟩.[1]^:35
Produced with C using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠽ

Letter[13]^:46
z	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
з	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠽ‍[lower-alpha 47]	Word-initial
‍ᠽ‍[lower-alpha 48]	Medial
‍ᠽ[lower-alpha 49]	Final

Transcribes Chakhar /d͡z/;[25][36]
Used to transcribe foreign words (originally for dz in Tibetan ཛ /dza/; Sanskrit ज /ja/).[41]^{:89, 144, 245, 254}[3]^:28
Galik letter, derived from Preclassical Mongolian tsade č/ǰ ⟨‍ᠴ‍~‍ᠵ‍⟩.[1]^:35
Produced with Z using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠾ

Letter[13]^:47
h	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
х	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠾ‍[lower-alpha 50]	Word-initial
‍ᠾ‍	Medial
‍ᠾ‌	Final

Transcribes Chakhar /h/[x];[25][36]
Used to transcribe foreign words (originally for h in Tibetan ཧ /ha/, ྷ /-ha/; Sanskrit ह /ha/).[41]^{:69, 102, 194, 244–249, 255}[3]^:27–28[28]^:59
Galik letter, borrowed from the Tibetan alphabet, and preceded by an aleph for initial form.[28]^:59–60[2]^:545–546[1]^:35
Produced with ⇧ Shift+H using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᠿ

Letter[13]^:47
ž	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ж	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠿ‍	Word-initial
—	Medial
—	Final

Transcribes Chakhar /ʐ/;[25][36]
Transcribes Chinese r /ɻ/ ([ɻ ~ ʐ];[lower-alpha 51] as in 日 Ri), and used in Inner Mongolia. Always followed by an i.[36]
Transliterates /ʒ/ in Tibetan ཞ /ʒa/.[41]^{:254 (紗)}
Produced with ⇧ Shift+R using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᡀ

Letter[13]^:47
lh	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
лх	Cyrillic transliteration
ᡀ‍	Word-initial
‍ᡀ‍	Medial
—	Final

Transcribes Tibetan lh (as in ᡀᠠᠰᠠ Lhasa).[36][46]
Digraph composed of ᠯ l and ᠾ h.[34]^:30 Transcribes /lh/ in Tibetan ལྷ /lha/.[41]^:220[3]^:27
Produced with ⇧ Shift+L using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᡁ

Letter
zh	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
з	Cyrillic transliteration
ᡁ‍	Word-initial
—	Medial
—	Final

Transcribes zh in the Chinese syllable zhi only, and used in Inner Mongolia.[1]^:39[36]
Galik letter, borrowed from the Tibetan alphabet.[1]^:35
Produced with ⇧ Shift+Z using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

ᡂ

Letter
ch	Scholarly/Scientific transliteration
ч	Cyrillic transliteration
ᡂ‍	Word-initial
—	Medial
—	Final

Transcribes ch in the Chinese syllable chi (as in 蚩 Chī), and used in Inner Mongolia.[41]^{:91, 145, 153, 246}[3]^:28[36]
Produced with ⇧ Shift+C using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[38]

Punctuation

Example of word-breaking the name Oyirad 'Oirat', 1604 manuscript

Punctuation[3]^:28[14]^:30[35]^:3[19]^:535–536[23]
Form(s)	Name	Function(s)
᠀	бярга byarga / ᠪᠢᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ^(?) birγ‑a	Marks start of a book, chapter, passage, or first line
᠀᠋
᠀᠌
᠀᠍
[...]
᠁	Цуваа цэг tsuvaa tseg / ᠴᠤᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠴᠡᠭ^(?) čubaγ‑a čeg	Ellipsis
᠂	Цэг tseg / ᠴᠡᠭ čeg	Comma
᠃	Давхар цэг davkhar tseg / ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷ ᠴᠡᠭ dabqur čeg	Period / full stop
᠄	Хос цэг	Colon
᠅	Дөрвөлжин цэг dörvöljin tseg / ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠭ dörbelǰin čeg	Marks end of a passage, paragraph, or chapter
᠆		Mongolian soft hyphen
᠊	Нуруу nuruu / ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ niruγu	Mongolian non-breaking hyphen, or stem extender
⁈
⁉

Numerals

1924 stamp showing numerals

Mongolian numerals are either written from left to right, or from top to bottom.[3]^:54[13]^:9

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
᠐	᠑	᠒	᠓	᠔	᠕	᠖	᠗	᠘	᠙

Examples

Writing styles

As exemplified in this section, the shapes of glyphs may vary widely between different styles of writing and choice of medium with which to produce them. The development of written Mongolian can be divided into the three periods of pre-classical (beginning – 17th century), classical (16/17th century – 20th century), and modern (20th century onward):[11][3]^{:2–3, 17, 23, 25–26}[28]^:58–59[2]^{:539–540, 545–546}[13]^:62–63[37]^{:111, 113–114}[30]^{:40–42, 100–101}[1]^:34–37[47]^:8–11[20]^:211–215

Rounded letterforms tend to be more prevalent with handwritten styles (compare printed and handwritten arban 'ten').

Block‑printed		Modern brush‑written form	Transliteration(s) & translation
Uyghur Mong. form	semi-modern forms	Modern brush‑written form	Transliteration(s) & translation
	/		arban 'ten'

Final letterforms with a right-pointing tail (such as those of a, e, n, q, ү, m, l, s, š, and d) may have the notch preceding it in printed form, written in a span between two extremes: from as a more or less tapered point, to a fully rounded curve in handwriting (as in –– ‑un/‑ün).
The long final tails of a, e, n, and d in the texts of pre-classical Mongolian can become elongated vertically to fill up the remainder of a line (again examplified with → ‑un/‑ün). Such tails are used consistently in the earliest 13th to 15th century Uyghur Mongolian style of texts, see ‑ača & ba:

Block‑printed		Transliteration(s) & translation
Uyghur Mong. forms	semi-modern forms	Transliteration(s) & translation
		ba 'and'
	/	‑ača/‑eče

A hooked form of yodh was borrowed from the Manchu alphabet in the 19th century to distinguish initial y from ǰ. The handwritten form of final-shaped yodh (i, ǰ, y), can be greatly shortened in comparison with its initial and medial forms (→).
The definite status or function of diacritics were not established prior to classical Mongolian. As such, the dotted letters n, ү, and š, can be found sporadically dotted or altogether lacking them. Additionally, both q and ү could be (double-)dotted to identify them regardless of their sound values. Final dotted n is also found in modern Mongolian words. Any diacritical dots of γ and n can be offset downward from their respective letters (as in ᠭᠣᠣᠯ γool and ᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ^(?) gün‑i).
A final b has, in its final pre-modern form, a bow-less final form as opposed to the common modern one:[1]^:39

Block‑printed		Transliteration(s) & translation
Uyghur Mong. form	semi-modern form	Transliteration(s) & translation
		lab 'sure[ly]'

As in / kü, köke, ǰüg and separated a/e, two teeth can also make up the top-left part of an kaph (k/g) or aleph (a/e) in pre-classical texts.
In pre-modern Mongolian, medial ml (‍ᠮᠯ‍) forms a ligature: .
A pre-modern variant form for final s consisted of a single tail (‍ᠰ᠋), derived from Old Uyghur zayin. It tended to be replaced by the mouth-shaped form and is no longer used. An early example of it is found in the name of Gengis Khan on the Stele of Yisüngge: ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ᠋ Činggis.

Block‑printed		Pen-written forms	Transliteration(s) & translation
Uyghur Mong. forms	semi-modern forms	Pen-written forms	Transliteration(s) & translation
		[...]	es 'cell'
	/		ulus 'nation'

The lamedh (t or d) may appear simply as an oval loop or looped shin, or as more angular, with an either closed or open counter (as in ‑daki/‑deki or ‑dur/‑dür). As in metü, a Uyghur style word-medial t can sometimes be written with the pre-consonantal form otherwise used for d.

Block‑printed		Modern brush‑written forms	Transliteration(s) & translation
Uyghur Mong. forms	semi-modern forms	Modern brush‑written forms	Transliteration(s) & translation
		[...]	‑daki/‑deki
n/a			‑dur/‑dür
		[...]	metü 'as'

Initial taw (t/d) and final mem (m) can likewise be found written quite explicitly loopy (as in nom 'book' and toli 'mirror'):

Block‑printed		Transliteration(s) & translation
Uyghur Mong. form	semi-modern form	Transliteration(s) & translation
		nom 'book'

Following the late classical Mongolian ortography of the 17th and 18th centuries, a smooth and angular tsade (‍ᠵ‍ and ᠴ) has come to represent ǰ and č respectively. The tsade before this was used for both these phonemes, regardless of graphical variants, as no ǰ had existed in Old Uyghur:

Block‑printed semi-modern form	Transliteration(s) & translation
	γaǰar/qačar 'place'/'cheek'

As in sara and ‑dur/‑dür, a resh (of r, and sometimes of l) can appear as two teeth or crossed shins; adjacent, angled, attached to a shin and/or overlapping.

Short samples
Browser‑rendered forms^(?)	Block‑printed		Modern brush‑written forms	Transliteration(s) & translation
Browser‑rendered forms^(?)	Uyghur Mong. forms	semi-modern forms	Modern brush‑written forms	Transliteration(s) & translation
᠎ᠠ,  ᠠ				‑a/‑e



ᠠᠴᠠ				‑ača/‑eče
ᠠᠴᠠ				‑ača/‑eče
ᠢ				‑i
ᠦ				‑u/‑ü
ᠤᠨ				‑un/‑ün
ᠤᠨ				‑un/‑ün
ᠦᠳ				‑ud/‑üd
ᠦᠳ				‑ud/‑üd
ᠬᠥᠬᠡ				köke 'blue'
ᠯᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ				‑luγ‑a
ᠰᠠᠢᠨ/ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ				sain/sayin 'good'
ᠰᠠᠢᠨ/ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ				sain/sayin 'good'
ᠰᠠᠷᠠ				sara 'moon'
ᠲᠣᠯᠢ				toli 'mirror'
ᠲᠦᠷ			[...]	‑tur/‑tür
ᠳᠦᠷ				‑dur/‑dür
ᠵᠦᠭ				ǰüg 'direction'
ᠶᠡᠬᠡ				yeke 'great'
ᠶᠢ				‑yi
ᠶᠢᠨ				‑yin
ᠶᠢᠨ				‑yin

Wikipedia slogan
Manuscript	Unicode	Transliteration (first word)
	ᠸᠢᠺᠢᠫᠧᠳᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠠᠢ᠃	ᠸᠢ‍ wi/vi
		‍ᠺᠢ‍ gi/ki
		‍ᠫᠧ‍ pē/pé
		‍ᠲ‍ᠢ‍ di
		‍‍ᠶᠠ ya
Transliteration: Wikipēdiya čilügetü nebterkei toli bičig bolai. Cyrillic: Википедиа чөлөөт нэвтэрхий толь бичиг болой. Transcription: Vikipedia chölööt nevterkhii toli bichig boloi. Gloss: Wikipedia free omni-profound mirror scripture is. Translation: Wikipedia is the free encyclopedia.

Gallery

'Genghis Khan' in Mongolian script
'Mongolian People's Republic'
Folded script style on the coat of arms of Govisümber Province[5]^:427
Mongolian script written in an angular hand
Mongolian calligraphy of the 13th century work Оюун Түлхүүр (Key of Intelligence)
Title of The Secret History of the Mongols in a style with vertical tails.
Mongolian stele in front of Gandantegchinlen Monastery, Ulaanbaatar
''Mandukhai setsen khatan'' (film) title screen, 1988
Stele for Queen Mandukhai the Wise
Mongolian script on the monument to Sukhbaatar in Ulaanbaatar, 1946
Cover page with printed hand-lettering in red, early 20th century
Postage stamp with words augmented with letters from the Manchu alphabet, 1932
Printed text sample, 1931
1 Mongolian tögrög, 1925
Brush-written page from the Mongolian declaration of independence, 1912
Imperial seal of the Bogd Khan, ca 1911
Mixed Manchu–Mongolian text on a Paiza.
Qing era manuscript map of a watchpost territory, 1902
Poem composed and brush-written by Injinash, 19th century
Mongolian Diamond Sutra manuscript, 19th century
Nogeoldae textbook in Korean and Mongolian, 18th century
Mongolian on the far left of a Yonghe Temple board in Beijing, 1722
Copy of a jarlig of the Golden Horde khan Temür Qutlugh, 1397
Decree of Yesun Temur of the Chagatai Khanate, 1341
Paiza of the Golden Horde, 14th century
Letter from the Il-Khan Öljaitü to King Philip IV of France, 1305
Silver dirham from the reign of the Il-Khan Arghun, 1297
Coin from the reign of the ilkhan Baydu, 1295
Arghun Khan's letter to Pope Nicholas IV, 1290
Arghun Khan's letter to King Philip IV, 1289
Imperial seal of Güyük Khan in letter to Pope Innocent IV, 1246

Child systems

The Mongol script has been the basis of alphabets for several languages. First, after overcoming the Uyghur script ductus, it was used for Mongolian itself.

Clear script (Oirat alphabet)

In 1648, the Oirat Buddhist monk Zaya-pandita Namkhaijamco created this variation with the goals of bringing the written language closer to the actual pronunciation of Oirat and making it easier to transcribe Tibetan and Sanskrit. The script was used by the Kalmyks of Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. In Xinjiang, China, the Oirat people still use it.

Manchu alphabet

The Manchu alphabet was developed from the Mongolian script in the early 17th century to write the Manchu language. A variant is still used to write Xibe. It is also used for Daur. Its folded variant may for example be found on Chinese Qing seals.

Vagindra alphabet

Another alphabet, sometimes called Vagindra or Vaghintara, was created in 1905 by the Buryat monk Agvan Dorjiev (1854–1938). It was also meant to reduce ambiguity, and to support the Russian language in addition to Mongolian. The most significant change, however, was the elimination of the positional shape variations. All letters were based on the medial variant of the original Mongol alphabet. Fewer than a dozen books were printed using it.

Evenki alphabet

The Qing dynasty Qianlong Emperor erroneously identified the Khitan people and their language with the Solons, leading him to use the Solon language (Evenki) to "correct" Chinese character transcriptions of Khitan names in the History of Liao in his "Imperial Liao Jin Yuan Three Histories National Language Explanation" (欽定遼金元三史國語解/钦定辽金元三史国语解 Qīndìng Liáo Jīn Yuán Sānshǐ Guóyǔjiě) project. The Evenki words were written in the Manchu script in this work.

In the 1980s, an experimental alphabet for Evenki was created.

Additional characters

Galik characters

In 1587, the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh (Аюуш гүүш) created the Galik alphabet (Али-гали), inspired by the third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso. It primarily added extra characters for transcribing Tibetan and Sanskrit terms when translating religious texts, and later also from Chinese. Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names (compare table above).[48]

Unicode

Mongolian script was added to the Unicode standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. However, there are multiple design issues in Mongolian Unicode that have not been fixed until now.[49] The model is extremely unstable[50] and the user group dislike the 1999 design.

The 1999 Mongolian script Unicode codes are duplicated and not searchable.
The 1999 Mongolian script Unicode model has multiple layers of FVS (free variation selectors), MVS, ZWJ, NNBSP, and those variation selections conflict with each other, which create incorrect results.[51] Furthermore, different vendors understood the definition of each FVS differently, and developed multiple applications in different standards.[52]
The Mongolian User Group is in a panic, and over 10,000 users signed up in 10 days in 2019 April to request local authority to fundamentally review the 1999 Unicode model.

Blocks

The Unicode block for Mongolian is U+1800–U+18AF. It includes letters, digits and various punctuation marks for Hudum Mongolian, Todo Mongolian, Xibe (Manchu), Manchu proper, and Ali Gali, as well as extensions for transcribing Sanskrit and Tibetan.

Mongolian^[1]^[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+180x	᠀	᠁	᠂	᠃	᠄	᠅	᠆	᠇	᠈	᠉	᠊	FV S1	FV S2	FV S3	MV S
U+181x	᠐	᠑	᠒	᠓	᠔	᠕	᠖	᠗	᠘	᠙
U+182x	ᠠ	ᠡ	ᠢ	ᠣ	ᠤ	ᠥ	ᠦ	ᠧ	ᠨ	ᠩ	ᠪ	ᠫ	ᠬ	ᠭ	ᠮ	ᠯ
U+183x	ᠰ	ᠱ	ᠲ	ᠳ	ᠴ	ᠵ	ᠶ	ᠷ	ᠸ	ᠹ	ᠺ	ᠻ	ᠼ	ᠽ	ᠾ	ᠿ
U+184x	ᡀ	ᡁ	ᡂ	ᡃ	ᡄ	ᡅ	ᡆ	ᡇ	ᡈ	ᡉ	ᡊ	ᡋ	ᡌ	ᡍ	ᡎ	ᡏ
U+185x	ᡐ	ᡑ	ᡒ	ᡓ	ᡔ	ᡕ	ᡖ	ᡗ	ᡘ	ᡙ	ᡚ	ᡛ	ᡜ	ᡝ	ᡞ	ᡟ
U+186x	ᡠ	ᡡ	ᡢ	ᡣ	ᡤ	ᡥ	ᡦ	ᡧ	ᡨ	ᡩ	ᡪ	ᡫ	ᡬ	ᡭ	ᡮ	ᡯ
U+187x	ᡰ	ᡱ	ᡲ	ᡳ	ᡴ	ᡵ	ᡶ	ᡷ	ᡸ
U+188x	ᢀ	ᢁ	ᢂ	ᢃ	ᢄ	ᢅ	ᢆ	ᢇ	ᢈ	ᢉ	ᢊ	ᢋ	ᢌ	ᢍ	ᢎ	ᢏ
U+189x	ᢐ	ᢑ	ᢒ	ᢓ	ᢔ	ᢕ	ᢖ	ᢗ	ᢘ	ᢙ	ᢚ	ᢛ	ᢜ	ᢝ	ᢞ	ᢟ
U+18Ax	ᢠ	ᢡ	ᢢ	ᢣ	ᢤ	ᢥ	ᢦ	ᢧ	ᢨ	ᢩ	ᢪ
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 13.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

The Mongolian Supplement block (U+11660–U+1167F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2016 with the release of version 9.0:

Mongolian Supplement^[1]^[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+1166x	𑙠	𑙡	𑙢	𑙣	𑙤	𑙥	𑙦	𑙧	𑙨	𑙩	𑙪	𑙫	𑙬
U+1167x
Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 13.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Font issues

Mongolian Wikipedia preview. A representation of what mn.wiki would look like if Mongolian script support was properly implemented. Mn.wiki already exists, but support has not been implemented. Not all text is "real Mongolian" — only the text and name of the article are, the rest of the text being English written in Mongolian script.

Although the Mongolian script has been defined in Unicode since 1999, there was no native support for Unicode Mongolian from the major vendors until the release of the Windows Vista operating system in 2007 and fonts need to be installed in Windows XP and Windows 2000 to show properly, and so Unicode Mongolian is not yet widely used. In China, legacy encodings such as the Private Use Areas (PUA) Unicode mappings and GB18030 mappings of the Menksoft IMEs (espc. Menksoft Mongolian IME) are more commonly used than Unicode for writing web pages and electronic documents in Mongolian.

The inclusion of a Unicode Mongolian font and keyboard layout in Windows Vista has meant that Unicode Mongolian is now gradually becoming more popular, but the complexity of the Unicode Mongolian encoding model and the lack of a clear definition for the use variation selectors are still barriers to its widespread adoption, as is the lack of support for inline vertical display. As of 2015 there are no fonts that successfully display all of Mongolian correctly when written in Unicode. A report published in 2011 revealed many shortcomings with automatic rendering in all three Unicode Mongolian fonts the authors surveyed, including Microsoft's Mongolian Baiti.[53]

Furthermore, Mongolian language support has suffered from buggy implementations: the initial version of Microsoft's Mongolian Baiti font (version 5.00) was, in the supplier's own words, "almost unusable",[54] and as of 2011 there remain some minor bugs with the rendering of suffixes in Firefox.[55] Other fonts, such as Monotype's Mongol Usug and Myatav Erdenechimeg's MongolianScript, suffer even more serious bugs.[53]

bičig as it should appear (without FVS; ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ)

In January 2013, Menksoft released several OpenType Mongolian fonts, delivered with its Menksoft Mongolian IME 2012. These fonts strictly follow Unicode standard, i.e. bichig is no longer realized as "B+I+CH+I+G+FVS2" (incorrect) but "B+I+CH+I+G" (correct), which is not done by Microsoft and Founder's Mongolian Baiti, Monotype's Mongol Usug, or Myatav Erdenechimeg's MongolianScript.[56] However, due to the impact of Mongolian Baiti, many still use the Microsoft defined incorrect realization "B+I+CH+I+G+FVS2", which results in an incorrect rendering in correctly-designed fonts like Menk Qagan Tig.

Mongolian script can be represented in LaTeX with the MonTeX package.[57]

Sometimes even if a font is installed the script may display as horizontal rather than vertical depending on the operating system or font.

Sample

In text sample below, the appearance of the scripts should match. The more specific shapes include the final shapes on lines 1 (yin suffix), 3 (separated a), and 4/6 (vowel harmony dependent g) in the middle column, and the interrogative particle uu/üü in the rightmost column. Note that in some browsers, letters are rotated 90° counterclockwise. If the isolate letter a (ᠠ) resembles a 'W' and not a 'Σ', rotate the letters 90° clockwise.

Reference text
Browser-rendered text	ᠴᠣᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠰᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠄ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ	ᠦᠦ

gollark: Not one of the ones we're using.

gollark: -0 inflation units.

gollark: Great, done.

gollark: We'll send you 1982571 trillion capital if you agree to rotate 8 of our bees by 0.06 radians.

gollark: Just make time?

Notes

In Mongolian script: ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ⟨ ⟩ Mongγol bičig; in Mongolian Cyrillic: Монгол бичиг Mongol bichig
In Mongolian script: ᠬᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ; Mongolian Cyrillic: Khalkha: Худам Монгол бичиг, Khudam Mongol bichig, Buryat: Худам Монгол бэшэг, Khudam Mongol besheg, Kalmyk: Хуудм Моңһл бичг, Xuudm Moñhl biçg
Mongolian: Уйгуржин монгол бичиг
Mongolian: Хуучин монгол бичиг
Mongolian: Шинэ үсэг
As in ba 'and'.[3]^:22
Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑a (vocative or dative-locative), ‑ača (ablative), and ‑ačaγan (reflexive+ablative).[33]
Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑e (vocative or dative-locative), ‑eče (ablative), and ‑ečegen (reflexive+ablative).[33]
Stand-in for the correct (context-sensitive only) glyph.
As in bi 'I'.[3]^:22
Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑i (accusative), ‑iyan/‑iyen (reflexive), and ‑iyar/‑iyer (instrumental).[33]
As in bo.[23]^:22
Interrogative particle.[28]^:38[1]^:53
As in the final diphthongs u-a and uu-a.[3]^:31
Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑u or ‑un (genitive), ‑ud (plural), and ‑uruγu (directive).[33]
As in the strengthening kü particle.[28]^:46
Interrogative particle.[28]^:38[1]^:53
Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑ü or ‑ün (genitive), ‑ügei (negation), and ‑üd (plural).[33]
Alternative scholarly transliterations include those of native ng (ŋ), γ (ɣ), ǰ (j), and those of galik ē (é), w (v), g (k), and k (kh).[35]
Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑nar/‑ner or ‑nuγud/‑nügüd (plural).[33]
As in ᠪᠠ ba 'and'.[3]^:22
As in ᠪᠢ bi 'I'.[3]^:22
As in бо.[23]^:22
Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑ban/‑ben (reflexive), and ‑bar/‑ber (instrumental).[33]
As in the strengthening kü particle.[28]^:46
As in kö/хөө.[23]
Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑ki or ‑kin (case-bound possession).[33]
Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑luγ‑a/‑lüge (comitative).[33]
As in ᠲᠠ ta 'you'.[3]^:85–86
Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑tai/‑tei (comitative), ‑taγan/‑tegen (reflexive+dative-locative), ‑tayiγan/‑teyigen (reflexive+comitative), and ‑tu(r)/‑tü(r) (dative-locative).[33]
Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑daki/‑deki (dative-locative or ordinal), ‑daγ/‑deg (regular action), ‑daγan/‑degen (reflexive+dative-locative), ‑duγar/‑düger (ordinal), and ‑du(r)/‑dü(r) (dative-locative).[33]
As in ᠴᠢ či 'thou'.[3]^:85–86
[2]^:546 As in ǰ‑a/за(а) 'well', 'allright';[3]^:24[20]^:345[23] emphatic final;[28]^{:46, 59} ǰ‑a particle expressing presumption, probability, or hope;[11]^:1018 doubt-expressing ǰ‑a and corroborative ǰ‑e particle.[44]
As in the interjection ǰa 'all right, yes, very good, well!, now then'.[11]^:1018
Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑yi (accusative), ‑yin (genitive), and ‑yuγan/‑yügen (reflexive+accusative).[33]
As in ᠸᠢᠸᠠᠩᠭᠢᠷᠢᠳ wiwanggirid / вивангирид vivangirid.[3]^:12[23]
As in ᠳᠠᠸᠠ dawa / даваа davaa or ᠫᠠᠸᠯᠣᠸ pawlow.
As in ᠫᠠᠸᠯᠣᠸ pawlow.[23]
[12][25]
As in ᠪᠣᠳᠢᠰᠠᠳ᠋ᠸ᠎ᠠ^(?) bodisadw‑a / бодисадва bodisadva.[23]
With a vertical tail is correct, but ᠺᠦ᠋ renders incorrectly (without) as of Noto 1.04.
With a yodh/shilbe is correct, but ‍ᠺᠦ᠋‍ renders incorrectly (without) as of Noto 1.04.
With a vertical tail is correct, but ‍ᠺᠦ᠋ renders incorrectly (without) as of Noto 1.04.
As in (n-dotted) ᠼᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ^(?) cēmēnt / цемент tsyemyent.[23]
As in (n-dotted) ᠰᠲᠠᠨ᠋ᠼᠢ^(?) stanci / станц stants.[23]
As in ᠲᠷᠠᠫᠧᠼ trapēc / трапец trapyets.[23]
As in (n-dotted) ᠽᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ^(?) zandan / зандан zandan.[23]
As in (n-dotted) ᠪᠧᠨ᠋ᠽᠢᠨ^(?) bēnzin / бензин benzin.[23]
As in (n-dotted) ᠪᠷᠣᠨ᠋ᠽ^(?) bronz / бронз bronz.[23]
As in sanskrit hari 'green',[3]^:15 or ᠾᠷᠣᠮ hrom / хром khrom.[23]
Lee & Zee (2003) and Lin (2007) transcribe these as approximants, while Duanmu (2007) transcribes these as voiced fricatives. The actual pronunciation has been acoustically measured to be more approximant-like.[45]

References

Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
Daniels, Peter T. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
György Kara, "Aramaic Scripts for Altaic Languages", in Daniels & Bright The World's Writing Systems, 1994.
Shepherd, Margaret (2013-07-03). Learn World Calligraphy: Discover African, Arabic, Chinese, Ethiopic, Greek, Hebrew, Indian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Russian, Thai, Tibetan Calligraphy, and Beyond. Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony/Rodale. ISBN 978-0-8230-8230-8.
Berkwitz, Stephen C.; Schober, Juliane; Brown, Claudia (2009-01-13). Buddhist Manuscript Cultures: Knowledge, Ritual, and Art. Routledge. ISBN 9781134002429.
Chinggeltei. (1963) A Grammar of the Mongol Language. New York, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. p. 15.
"Mongolia to promote usage of traditional script". China.org.cn (March 19, 2020).
Official documents to be recorded in both scripts from 2025, Montsame, 18 March 2020.
Mongolian Language Law is effective from July 1st, Gogo, 1 July 2015. "Misinterpretation 1: Use of cyrillic is to be terminated and only Mongolian script to be used. There is no provision in the law that states the termination of use of cyrillic. It clearly states that Mongolian script is to be added to the current use of cyrillic. Mongolian script will be introduced in stages and state and local government is to conduct their correspondence in both cyrillic and Mongolian script. This provision is to be effective starting January 1st of 2025. ID, birth certificate, marriage certificate and education certificates are to be both in Mongolian cyrillic and Mongolian script and currently Mongolian script is being used in official letters of President, Prime Minister and Speaker of Parliament."
Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press.
"UNU/IIST Report No. 170 Traditional Mongolian Script in the ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode Standards" (PDF). unicode.org. Aug 1999. Retrieved 2019-07-29.
Скородумова, Лидия Григорьевна (2000). Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык: учебное пособие (PDF) (in Russian). Изд-во Дом "Муравей-Гайд". ISBN 9785846300156.
Shagdarsürüng, Tseveliin (2001). "Study of Mongolian Scripts (Graphic Study or Grammatology). Enl". Bibliotheca Mongolica: Monograph 1.
Unicode MD020 (2004)
Jugder, Luvsandorj (2008). "Diacritic marks in the Mongolian script and the 'darkness of confusion of letters'". In J. Vacek; A. Oberfalzerová (eds.). MONGOLO-TIBETICA PRAGENSIA '08, Linguistics, Ethnolinguistics, Religion and Culture. 1/1. Praha: Charles University and Triton. pp. 45–98. ISSN 1803-5647.
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Mongol Times (2012). "Monggul bichig un job bichihu jui-yin toli". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
"The Unicode® Standard Version 10.0 – Core Specification: South and Central Asia-II" (PDF). Unicode.org. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30598-9.
Gehrke, Munkho. "Монгол бичгийн зурлага :|: Монгол бичиг". mongol-bichig.dusal.net (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2019-04-18.
"ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠳᠦᠯ - ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ". www.mongolfont.com. Retrieved 2019-04-18.
"Mongolian State Dictionary". mongoltoli.mn. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
"Unicode Technical Report #2". ftp.tc.edu.tw. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
"Mongolian Traditional Script". cjvlang.com. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
by Manchu convention
in Inner Mongolia.
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"A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts" (PDF). w.colips.org. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
Svantesson, Jan-Olof (2005). The Phonology of Mongolian. https://media.turuz.com/Language/2012/0122-(5)moghol_(monqol)_dilinin_ses_bilimi-fonoloji(18.163KB).pdf#page=61: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–42. ISBN 0-19-926017-6.CS1 maint: location (link)
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Viklund, Andreas. "Lingua Mongolia – Mongolian Grammar". www.linguamongolia.com. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
"PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)" (PDF). Unicode.org. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-9027238207.
"Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language.
"Writing | Study Mongolian". www.studymongolian.net. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.
v-kents. "Windows Keyboard Layouts - Globalization". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
"Retrieval in Texts with Traditional Mongolian Script Realizing Unicoded Traditional Mongolian Digital Library (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2017-12-01.
Baumann, Brian Gregory (2008). Divine Knowledge: Buddhist Mathematics According to the Anonymous Manual of Mongolian Astrology and Divination. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004155756.
"BabelStone : Mongolian and Manchu Resources". babelstone.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party emblem
West, Andrew; Zhamsoev, Amgalan; Zaytsev, Viacheslav (2017-01-13). "L2/17-007: Proposal to encode one historical Mongolian letter for Buryat Mongolian" (PDF).
Chiodo, Elisabetta (2000). The Mongolian Manuscripts on Birch Bark from Xarbuxyn Balgas in the Collection of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05714-1.
Lee-Kim, Sang-Im (2014), "Revisiting Mandarin 'apical vowels': An articulatory and acoustic study", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 44 (3): 261–282, doi:10.1017/s0025100314000267
"ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠌ ᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ - ᠮᠤᠩᠭ᠋ᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠌". www.mongolfont.com. Retrieved 2017-12-15.
"Exploring Mongolian Manuscript Collections in Russia and Beyond" (PDF). www.manuscript-cultures.uni-hamburg.de. Retrieved 2019-07-17.
Otgonbayar Chuluunbaatar (2008). Einführung in die Mongolischen Schriften (in German). Buske. ISBN 978-3-87548-500-4.
Liang, Hai (23 Sep 2017). "Current problems in the Mongolian encoding" (PDF). Unicode.
D, Badarch (20 Nov 2018). "The Mongol script encoding – 2018" (PDF). Unicode.Org.
Anderson, Debbie (22 Sep 2018). "Mongolian Ad Hoc meeting summary" (PDF). Unicode.
Moore, Lisa (27 Mar 2019). "Summary of MWG2 Outcomes and Goals for MWG3 Meeting" (PDF). Unicode.Org.
Biligsaikhan Batjargal; et al. (2011). "A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts" (PDF). International Journal of Asian Language Processing. 21 (1): 23–43. Retrieved 2011-09-10.
Version 5.00 of the Mongolian Baiti font may be displayed incorrectly in Windows Vista
"490534 - ZWJ and NNBSP rendered incorrectly in scripts like Mongolian". bugzilla.mozilla.org.
Menk Qagan Tig, Menk Hawang Tig, Menk Garqag Tig, Menk Har_a Tig, and Menk Scnin Tig.
"CTAN: Package montex". ctan.org. Retrieved 2018-01-21.

External links

Summaries
- University of Vienna: Grammar of Written Mongolian by Nicholas POPPE Index
- CJVlang: Making Sense of the Traditional Mongolian Script
- StudyMongolian: Written forms with audio pronunciation
- The Silver Horde: Mongol Scripts
- Lingua Mongolia: Uighur-script Mongolian Resources
- Omniglot: Mongolian Alphabet (note: contains several table inaccuracies regarding glyphs and transliterations)
Dictionaries
- Bolor Dictionary
- Mongol toli dictionary: state dictionary of Mongolia
Transliteration
Official Mongolian script version of the People's Daily Online
Didi Tang (20 March 2020). "Mongolia abandons Soviet past by restoring alphabet". The Times. Retrieved 21 March 2020.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] In Mongolian script: ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ⟨ ⟩ Mongγol bičig; in Mongolian Cyrillic: Монгол бичиг Mongol bichig

[2] In Mongolian script: ᠬᠤᠳᠤᠮ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ; Mongolian Cyrillic: Khalkha: Худам Монгол бичиг, Khudam Mongol bichig, Buryat: Худам Монгол бэшэг, Khudam Mongol besheg, Kalmyk: Хуудм Моңһл бичг, Xuudm Moñhl biçg

[13] Mongolian: Уйгуржин монгол бичиг

[14] Mongolian: Хуучин монгол бичиг

[15] Mongolian: Шинэ үсэг

[41] As in ba 'and'.[3]^:22

[42] Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑a (vocative or dative-locative), ‑ača (ablative), and ‑ačaγan (reflexive+ablative).[33]

[46] Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑e (vocative or dative-locative), ‑eče (ablative), and ‑ečegen (reflexive+ablative).[33]

[48] Stand-in for the correct (context-sensitive only) glyph.

[49] As in bi 'I'.[3]^:22

[50] Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑i (accusative), ‑iyan/‑iyen (reflexive), and ‑iyar/‑iyer (instrumental).[33]

[52] As in bo.[23]^:22

[53] Interrogative particle.[28]^:38[1]^:53

[54] As in the final diphthongs u-a and uu-a.[3]^:31

[55] Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑u or ‑un (genitive), ‑ud (plural), and ‑uruγu (directive).[33]

[56] As in the strengthening kü particle.[28]^:46

[57] Interrogative particle.[28]^:38[1]^:53

[58] Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑ü or ‑ün (genitive), ‑ügei (negation), and ‑üd (plural).[33]

[Scholarly-59] Alternative scholarly transliterations include those of native ng (ŋ), γ (ɣ), ǰ (j), and those of galik ē (é), w (v), g (k), and k (kh).[35]

[60] Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑nar/‑ner or ‑nuγud/‑nügüd (plural).[33]

[61] As in ᠪᠠ ba 'and'.[3]^:22

[62] As in ᠪᠢ bi 'I'.[3]^:22

[63] As in бо.[23]^:22

[64] Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑ban/‑ben (reflexive), and ‑bar/‑ber (instrumental).[33]

[66] As in the strengthening kü particle.[28]^:46

[67] As in kö/хөө.[23]

[68] Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑ki or ‑kin (case-bound possession).[33]

[70] Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑luγ‑a/‑lüge (comitative).[33]

[71] As in ᠲᠠ ta 'you'.[3]^:85–86

[72] Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑tai/‑tei (comitative), ‑taγan/‑tegen (reflexive+dative-locative), ‑tayiγan/‑teyigen (reflexive+comitative), and ‑tu(r)/‑tü(r) (dative-locative).[33]

[73] Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑daki/‑deki (dative-locative or ordinal), ‑daγ/‑deg (regular action), ‑daγan/‑degen (reflexive+dative-locative), ‑duγar/‑düger (ordinal), and ‑du(r)/‑dü(r) (dative-locative).[33]

[74] As in ᠴᠢ či 'thou'.[3]^:85–86

[77] [2]^:546 As in ǰ‑a/за(а) 'well', 'allright';[3]^:24[20]^:345[23] emphatic final;[28]^{:46, 59} ǰ‑a particle expressing presumption, probability, or hope;[11]^:1018 doubt-expressing ǰ‑a and corroborative ǰ‑e particle.[44]

[78] As in the interjection ǰa 'all right, yes, very good, well!, now then'.[11]^:1018

[79] Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑yi (accusative), ‑yin (genitive), and ‑yuγan/‑yügen (reflexive+accusative).[33]

[80] As in ᠸᠢᠸᠠᠩᠭᠢᠷᠢᠳ wiwanggirid / вивангирид vivangirid.[3]^:12[23]

[81] As in ᠳᠠᠸᠠ dawa / даваа davaa or ᠫᠠᠸᠯᠣᠸ pawlow.

[82] As in ᠫᠠᠸᠯᠣᠸ pawlow.[23]

[83] [12][25]

[84] As in ᠪᠣᠳᠢᠰᠠᠳ᠋ᠸ᠎ᠠ^(?) bodisadw‑a / бодисадва bodisadva.[23]

[85] With a vertical tail is correct, but ᠺᠦ᠋ renders incorrectly (without) as of Noto 1.04.

[86] With a yodh/shilbe is correct, but ‍ᠺᠦ᠋‍ renders incorrectly (without) as of Noto 1.04.

[87] With a vertical tail is correct, but ‍ᠺᠦ᠋ renders incorrectly (without) as of Noto 1.04.

[88] As in (n-dotted) ᠼᠧᠮᠧᠨ᠋ᠲ^(?) cēmēnt / цемент tsyemyent.[23]

[89] As in (n-dotted) ᠰᠲᠠᠨ᠋ᠼᠢ^(?) stanci / станц stants.[23]

[90] As in ᠲᠷᠠᠫᠧᠼ trapēc / трапец trapyets.[23]

[91] As in (n-dotted) ᠽᠠᠨᠳᠠᠨ^(?) zandan / зандан zandan.[23]

[92] As in (n-dotted) ᠪᠧᠨ᠋ᠽᠢᠨ^(?) bēnzin / бензин benzin.[23]

[93] As in (n-dotted) ᠪᠷᠣᠨ᠋ᠽ^(?) bronz / бронз bronz.[23]

[94] As in sanskrit hari 'green',[3]^:15 or ᠾᠷᠣᠮ hrom / хром khrom.[23]

[voiced_continuant-96] Lee & Zee (2003) and Lin (2007) transcribe these as approximants, while Duanmu (2007) transcribes these as voiced fricatives. The actual pronunciation has been acoustically measured to be more approximant-like.[45]

[Janhunen2006-3] Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.

[Daniels1996-4] Daniels, Peter T. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.

[Poppe1974-5] Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.

[Kara2-6] György Kara, "Aramaic Scripts for Altaic Languages", in Daniels & Bright The World's Writing Systems, 1994.

[Shepherd2013-7] Shepherd, Margaret (2013-07-03). Learn World Calligraphy: Discover African, Arabic, Chinese, Ethiopic, Greek, Hebrew, Indian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Russian, Thai, Tibetan Calligraphy, and Beyond. Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony/Rodale. ISBN 978-0-8230-8230-8.

[Berkwitz2009-8] Berkwitz, Stephen C.; Schober, Juliane; Brown, Claudia (2009-01-13). Buddhist Manuscript Cultures: Knowledge, Ritual, and Art. Routledge. ISBN 9781134002429.

[9] Chinggeltei. (1963) A Grammar of the Mongol Language. New York, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. p. 15.

[10] "Mongolia to promote usage of traditional script". China.org.cn (March 19, 2020).

[11] Official documents to be recorded in both scripts from 2025, Montsame, 18 March 2020.

[12] Mongolian Language Law is effective from July 1st, Gogo, 1 July 2015. "Misinterpretation 1: Use of cyrillic is to be terminated and only Mongolian script to be used. There is no provision in the law that states the termination of use of cyrillic. It clearly states that Mongolian script is to be added to the current use of cyrillic. Mongolian script will be introduced in stages and state and local government is to conduct their correspondence in both cyrillic and Mongolian script. This provision is to be effective starting January 1st of 2025. ID, birth certificate, marriage certificate and education certificates are to be both in Mongolian cyrillic and Mongolian script and currently Mongolian script is being used in official letters of President, Prime Minister and Speaker of Parliament."

[Lessing1960-16] Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press.

[Report170-17] "UNU/IIST Report No. 170 Traditional Mongolian Script in the ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode Standards" (PDF). unicode.org. Aug 1999. Retrieved 2019-07-29.

[Skorodumova2000-18] Скородумова, Лидия Григорьевна (2000). Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык: учебное пособие (PDF) (in Russian). Изд-во Дом "Муравей-Гайд". ISBN 9785846300156.

[Shagdarsueren2001-19] Shagdarsürüng, Tseveliin (2001). "Study of Mongolian Scripts (Graphic Study or Grammatology). Enl". Bibliotheca Mongolica: Monograph 1.

[20] Unicode MD020 (2004)

[Luvsandorj2008-21] Jugder, Luvsandorj (2008). "Diacritic marks in the Mongolian script and the 'darkness of confusion of letters'". In J. Vacek; A. Oberfalzerová (eds.). MONGOLO-TIBETICA PRAGENSIA '08, Linguistics, Ethnolinguistics, Religion and Culture. 1/1. Praha: Charles University and Triton. pp. 45–98. ISSN 1803-5647.

[LinguaMnScript2011-22] "The Mongolian Script" (PDF). Lingua Mongolia.

[23] Mongol Times (2012). "Monggul bichig un job bichihu jui-yin toli". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[UCCoreSpec-24] "The Unicode® Standard Version 10.0 – Core Specification: South and Central Asia-II" (PDF). Unicode.org. Retrieved 3 December 2017.

[Sanders2015-25] Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30598-9.

[26] Gehrke, Munkho. "Монгол бичгийн зурлага :|: Монгол бичиг". mongol-bichig.dusal.net (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2019-04-18.

[27] "ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠳᠦᠯ - ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ". www.mongolfont.com. Retrieved 2019-04-18.

[MnToli-28] "Mongolian State Dictionary". mongoltoli.mn. Retrieved 2017-12-14.

[:0-29] "Unicode Technical Report #2". ftp.tc.edu.tw. Retrieved 2017-12-13.

[CJVLang2013-30] "Mongolian Traditional Script". cjvlang.com. Retrieved 2017-12-07.

[Manchu-31] y Manchu convention

[Yinyang-32] Inner Mongolia.

[Gronbech1993-33] Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03298-8.

[Bilig2011-34] "A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts" (PDF). w.colips.org. Retrieved 9 November 2017.

[Svantesson2005-35] Svantesson, Jan-Olof (2005). The Phonology of Mongolian. https://media.turuz.com/Language/2012/0122-(5)moghol_(monqol)_dilinin_ses_bilimi-fonoloji(18.163KB).pdf#page=61: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–42. ISBN 0-19-926017-6.CS1 maint: location (link)

[EKIMn2015-36] "Mongolian / ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ Moŋġol" (PDF). www.eki.ee. Retrieved 2017-11-18.

[LinguaMnGrammar-37] Viklund, Andreas. "Lingua Mongolia – Mongolian Grammar". www.linguamongolia.com. Retrieved 2017-12-13.

[Suffixes-38] "PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)" (PDF). Unicode.org. Retrieved 23 August 2017.

[Janhunen2012-39] Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-9027238207.

[EKIMn2006-40] "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language.

[StudyMn2013-43] "Writing | Study Mongolian". www.studymongolian.net. Retrieved 2017-12-14.

[Clauson2005-44] Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.

[WinKeys-45] v-kents. "Windows Keyboard Layouts - Globalization". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2020-04-13.

[47] "Retrieval in Texts with Traditional Mongolian Script Realizing Unicoded Traditional Mongolian Digital Library (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2017-12-01.

[Baumann2008-51] Baumann, Brian Gregory (2008). Divine Knowledge: Buddhist Mathematics According to the Anonymous Manual of Mongolian Astrology and Divination. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004155756.

[BabelStone-65] "BabelStone : Mongolian and Manchu Resources". babelstone.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-17.

[69] Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party emblem

[75] West, Andrew; Zhamsoev, Amgalan; Zaytsev, Viacheslav (2017-01-13). "L2/17-007: Proposal to encode one historical Mongolian letter for Buryat Mongolian" (PDF).

[76] Chiodo, Elisabetta (2000). The Mongolian Manuscripts on Birch Bark from Xarbuxyn Balgas in the Collection of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05714-1.

[95] Lee-Kim, Sang-Im (2014), "Revisiting Mandarin 'apical vowels': An articulatory and acoustic study", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 44 (3): 261–282, doi:10.1017/s0025100314000267

[97] "ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠌ ᠦᠨ ᠣᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠬᠤ ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ - ᠮᠤᠩᠭ᠋ᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠌". www.mongolfont.com. Retrieved 2017-12-15.

[98] "Exploring Mongolian Manuscript Collections in Russia and Beyond" (PDF). www.manuscript-cultures.uni-hamburg.de. Retrieved 2019-07-17.

[99] Otgonbayar Chuluunbaatar (2008). Einführung in die Mongolischen Schriften (in German). Buske. ISBN 978-3-87548-500-4.

[100] Liang, Hai (23 Sep 2017). "Current problems in the Mongolian encoding" (PDF). Unicode.

[101] D, Badarch (20 Nov 2018). "The Mongol script encoding – 2018" (PDF). Unicode.Org.

[102] Anderson, Debbie (22 Sep 2018). "Mongolian Ad Hoc meeting summary" (PDF). Unicode.

[103] Moore, Lisa (27 Mar 2019). "Summary of MWG2 Outcomes and Goals for MWG3 Meeting" (PDF). Unicode.Org.

[err-104] Biligsaikhan Batjargal; et al. (2011). "A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts" (PDF). International Journal of Asian Language Processing. 21 (1): 23–43. Retrieved 2011-09-10.

[105] Version 5.00 of the Mongolian Baiti font may be displayed incorrectly in Windows Vista

[106] "490534 - ZWJ and NNBSP rendered incorrectly in scripts like Mongolian". bugzilla.mozilla.org.

[107] Menk Qagan Tig, Menk Hawang Tig, Menk Garqag Tig, Menk Har_a Tig, and Menk Scnin Tig.

[108] "CTAN: Package montex". ctan.org. Retrieved 2018-01-21.

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[2]

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[2]