Henry Cabot Lodge

Henry Cabot Lodge (May 12, 1850 – November 9, 1924) was an American Republican senator and historian from Massachusetts. A member of the prominent Lodge family, he received his PhD in history from Harvard University. As an undergraduate at Harvard, he joined Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity. He is best known for his positions on foreign policy, especially his battle with President Woodrow Wilson in 1919 over the Treaty of Versailles. The failure of that treaty ensured that the United States never joined the League of Nations.[1]

This article is about the U.S. politician Henry Cabot Lodge (1850–1924). For his grandson (1902–1985), see Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.

Henry Cabot Lodge
United States Senator from Massachusetts
In office March 4, 1893 – November 9, 1924
Preceded by	Henry L. Dawes
Succeeded by	William M. Butler
Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
In office March 4, 1919 – November 9, 1924
Preceded by	Gilbert Hitchcock
Succeeded by	William Borah
Senate Majority Leader
In office August 17, 1918 – November 9, 1924
Deputy	Charles Curtis
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Charles Curtis
Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference
In office August 17, 1918 – November 9, 1924
Preceded by	Jacob Harold Gallinger
Succeeded by	Charles Curtis
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
In office May 25, 1912 – May 30, 1912
Preceded by	Augustus Octavius Bacon
Succeeded by	Augustus Octavius Bacon
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 6th district
In office March 4, 1887 – March 3, 1893
Preceded by	Henry B. Lovering
Succeeded by	William Cogswell
Chair of the Massachusetts Republican Party
In office January 31, 1883 – 1884
Preceded by	Charles A. Stott
Succeeded by	Edward Avery
Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from the 10th Essex district
In office 1880-1882
Personal details
Born	(1850-05-12)May 12, 1850 Beverly, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	November 9, 1924(1924-11-09) (aged 74) Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Anna Cabot Mills Davis ( m. 1871)
Children	3, including George
Relatives	John Davis Lodge (grandson) Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (grandson) George Cabot (great-grandfather)
Education	Harvard University (BA, LLB, MA, PhD)

Born in Beverly, Massachusetts, Lodge won election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives after graduating from Harvard. He and his close friend, Theodore Roosevelt, opposed James G. Blaine's nomination at the 1884 Republican National Convention, but supported Blaine in the general election against Grover Cleveland. Lodge was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1886 before joining the United States Senate in 1893.

In the Senate, he sponsored the unsuccessful Lodge Bill, which sought to protect the voting rights of African Americans. He supported the Spanish–American War and called for the annexation of the Philippines after the war. He also supported immigration restrictions, becoming a member of the Immigration Restriction League and influencing the Immigration Act of 1917. Lodge served as Chairman of the 1900 and 1908 Republican National Conventions. A member of the conservative wing of the Republican Party, Lodge opposed Roosevelt's third party bid for president in 1912, but the two remained close friends.

During the presidency of Woodrow Wilson, Lodge advocated entrance into World War I on the side of the Allied Powers. He became Chairman of the Senate Republican Conference and Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, emerging as the leader of the Senate Republicans. He led the opposition to Wilson's Treaty of Versailles, proposing fourteen reservations to the treaty.[1] He most strongly objected to the provision of the treaty that required all nations to repel aggression, fearing that this would erode Congressional powers and commit the U.S. to burdensome obligations. Lodge prevailed in the treaty battle and Lodge's objections would influence the United Nations, the successor to the League of Nations. After the war, Lodge participated in the creation of the Washington Naval Treaty, which sought to prevent a naval arms race. He remained in the Senate until his death in 1924.

Early life

Lodge was born in Beverly, Massachusetts. His father was John Ellerton Lodge. His mother was Anna Cabot,[2] through whom he was a great-grandson of George Cabot. Lodge grew up on Boston's Beacon Hill and spent part of his childhood in Nahant, Massachusetts where he witnessed the 1860 kidnapping of a classmate and gave testimony leading to the arrest and conviction of the kidnappers.[3] He was cousin to the American polymath Charles Peirce.

In 1872, he graduated from Harvard College, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the Porcellian Club, and the Hasty Pudding Club. In 1874, he graduated from Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1875, practicing at the Boston firm now known as Ropes & Gray.[4]

Historian

After traveling through Europe, Lodge returned to Harvard, and in 1876, became one of the first recipients of a Ph.D. in history and government from Harvard.[5] His dissertation dealt with the Germanic origins of Anglo-Saxon land law. His teacher and mentor during his graduate studies was Henry Adams; Lodge maintained a lifelong friendship with Adams.[6]

Lodge was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1878.[7] In 1881, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.[8]

Political career

Lodge in 1901

In 1880–1882, Lodge served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Lodge represented his home state in the United States House of Representatives from 1887 to 1893 and in the Senate from 1893 to 1924.

Along with his close friend Theodore Roosevelt, Lodge was sympathetic to the concerns of the Mugwump faction of the Republican Party. Nonetheless, both reluctantly supported James Blaine and protectionism in the 1884 election. Blaine lost narrowly.[9]

Lodge was easily reelected time and again but his greatest challenge came in his reelection bid in January 1911. The Democrats had made significant gains in Massachusetts and the Republicans were split between the progressive and conservative wings, with Lodge trying to mollify both sides. In a major speech before the legislature voted, Lodge took pride in his long selfless service to the state. He emphasized that he had never engaged in corruption or self-dealing. He rarely campaigned on his own behalf but now he made his case, explaining his important roles in civil service reform, maintaining the gold standard, expanding the Navy, developing policies for the Philippine Islands, and trying to restrict immigration by illiterate Europeans, as well as his support for some progressive reforms. Most of all he appealed to party loyalty. Lodge was reelected by five votes.[10]

Lodge was very close to Theodore Roosevelt for both of their entire careers. However, Lodge was too conservative to accept Roosevelt's attacks on the judiciary in 1910, and his call for the initiative, referendum, and recall. Lodge stood silent when Roosevelt broke with the party and ran as a third-party candidate in 1912. Lodge voted for Taft instead of Roosevelt; after Woodrow Wilson won the election the Lodge-Roosevelt friendship resumed.[11]

Civil rights

In 1890, Lodge co-authored the Federal Elections Bill, along with Sen. George Frisbie Hoar, that guaranteed federal protection for African American voting rights. Although the proposed legislation was supported by President Benjamin Harrison, the bill was blocked by filibustering Democrats in the Senate.[12]

In 1891, he became a member of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. He was assigned national membership number 4,901.

That same year, following the lynching of eleven Italian Americans in New Orleans, Lodge published an article blaming the victims and proposing new restrictions on Italian immigration.[13][14]

Spanish–American War

Lodge was a strong backer of U.S. intervention in Cuba in 1898, arguing that it was the moral responsibility of the United States to do so:

Of the sympathies of the American people, generous, liberty-loving, I have no question. They are with the Cubans in their struggle for freedom. I believe our people would welcome any action on the part of the United States to put an end to the terrible state of things existing there. We can stop it. We can stop it peacefully. We can stop it, in my judgment, by pursuing a proper diplomacy and offering our good offices. Let it once be understood that we mean to stop the horrible state of things in Cuba and it will be stopped. The great power of the United States, if it is once invoked and uplifted, is capable of greater things than that.

Following American victory in the Spanish–American War, Lodge came to represent the imperialist faction of the Senate, those who called for the annexation of the Philippines. Lodge maintained that the United States needed to have a strong navy and be more involved in foreign affairs.

In a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, Lodge wrote, "Porto Rico is not forgotten and we mean to have it".[15]

Immigration

Lodge in 1909

Lodge was a vocal proponent of immigration restrictions, for a number of reasons. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, significant numbers of immigrants, primarily from Eastern and Southern Europe, were migrating to industrial centers in the USA. Lodge argued that unskilled foreign labor was undermining the standard of living for American workers, and that a mass influx of uneducated immigrants would result in social conflict and national decline.

His position was also influenced by his racist beliefs. In a May 1891 article on Italian immigration, Lodge expressed his concern that immigration by "the races who have peopled the United States" was declining, while "the immigration of people removed from us in race and blood" was on the rise.[16] He considered northern Italians superior to southern Italians, not only because they tended to be better educated, but because they were more "Teutonic" than their southern counterparts, whose immigration he sought to restrict.[17][18]

Lodge was a supporter of "100% Americanism," a common theme in the nativist movement of the era. In an address to the New England Society of Brooklyn in 1888, Lodge stated:

Let every man honor and love the land of his birth and the race from which he springs and keep their memory green. It is a pious and honorable duty. But let us have done with British-Americans and Irish-Americans and German-Americans, and so on, and all be Americans ... If a man is going to be an American at all let him be so without any qualifying adjectives; and if he is going to be something else, let him drop the word American from his personal description.[19]

He did not believe, however, that all races were equally capable or worthy of being assimilated. In The Great Peril of Unrestricted Immigration he wrote that "you can take a Hindoo and give him the highest education the world can afford ... but you cannot make him an Englishman", and cautioned against the mixing of "higher" and "lower" races:

On the moral qualities of the English-speaking race, therefore, rest our history, our victories, and all our future. There is only one way in which you can lower those qualities or weaken those characteristics, and that is by breeding them out. If a lower race mixes with a higher in sufficient numbers, history teaches us that the lower race will prevail.[20]

As the public voice of the Immigration Restriction League, Lodge argued in support of literacy tests for incoming immigrants. The tests would be designed to exclude members of those races he deemed "most alien to the body of the American people."[21] He proposed that the United States should temporarily shut out all further entries, particularly persons of low education or skill, the more efficiently to assimilate the millions who had come. From 1907 to 1911, he served on the Dillingham Commission, a joint congressional committee established to study the era's immigration patterns and make recommendations to Congress based on its findings. The Commission's recommendations led to the Immigration Act of 1917.

World War I

Lodge was a staunch advocate of entering World War I on the side of the Allied Powers, attacking President Woodrow Wilson for poor military preparedness and accusing pacifists of undermining American patriotism. After the United States entered the war, Lodge continued to attack Wilson as hopelessly idealistic, assailing Wilson's Fourteen Points as unrealistic and weak. He contended that Germany needed to be militarily and economically crushed and saddled with harsh penalties so that it could never again be a threat to the stability of Europe. However, apart from policy differences, even before the end of Wilson's first term and well before America's entry into the Great War, Lodge confided to Teddy Roosevelt, "I never expected to hate anyone in politics with the hatred I feel toward Wilson."[22]

He served as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (1919–1924). He also served as chairman of the Senate Republican Conference from 1918 to 1924. His leadership of the Senate Republicans has led some to retrospectively call him the de facto Senate Majority Leader.[23] During his term in office, he and another powerful senator, Albert J. Beveridge, pushed for the construction of a new navy.

League of Nations

Main article: Lodge Reservations

The summit of Lodge's Senate career came in 1919, when as the unofficial Senate majority leader, he dealt with the debate over the Treaty of Versailles and the Senate's ultimate rejection of the treaty.

Lodge wanted to join the League of Nations, but with amendments that would protect American sovereignty.

Lodge appealed to the patriotism of American citizens by objecting to what he saw as the weakening of national sovereignty: "I have loved but one flag and I can not share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league." Lodge was reluctant to involve the United States in world affairs in anything less than a pre-eminent role:

The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will destroy her power for good, and endanger her very existence. Leave her to march freely through the centuries to come, as in the years that have gone. Strong, generous, and confident, she has nobly served mankind. Beware how you trifle with your marvelous inheritance; this great land of ordered liberty. For if we stumble and fall, freedom and civilization everywhere will go down in ruin.[24]

Lodge was also motivated by political concerns; he strongly disliked Wilson personally[25] and was eager to find an issue for the Republican Party to run on in the presidential election of 1920.

Lodge's key objection to the League of Nations was Article X, which required all signatory nations to repel aggression of any kind if ordered to do so by the League. Lodge rejected an open-ended commitment that might subordinate the national security interests of the United States to the demands of the League. He especially insisted that Congress must approve interventions individually; the Senate could not, through treaty, unilaterally agree to enter hypothetical conflicts.

The Senate was divided into a "crazy-quilt" of positions on the Versailles question.[26] One block of Democrats strongly supported the Treaty. A second group of Democrats, in line with President Wilson, supported the Treaty and opposed any amendments or reservations.[1] The largest bloc, led by Lodge, comprised a majority of the Republicans. They supported a Treaty with reservations, especially on Article X.[27] Finally, a bi-partisan group of 13 isolationist "irreconcilables" opposed a treaty in any form.

It proved possible to build a majority coalition, but impossible to build a two thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty.[28] The closest the Treaty came to passage was in mid-November 1919, when Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats, and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations, but Wilson rejected this compromise.[1]

Cooper and Bailey suggest that Wilson's stroke on September 25, 1919, had so altered his personality that he was unable to effectively negotiate with Lodge. Cooper says the psychological effects of a stroke were profound: "Wilson's emotions were unbalanced, and his judgment was warped. ... Worse, his denial of illness and limitations was starting to border on delusion."[29]

The Treaty of Versailles went into effect, but the United States did not sign it and made separate peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary. The United States never joined the League of Nations.[1] Historians agree that the League was ineffective in dealing with major issues, but they debate whether American membership would have made much difference.[30]

Lodge won out in the long run; his reservations were incorporated into the United Nations charter in 1945, with Article X of the League of Nations charter absent and the U.S., as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, given an absolute veto.[31] Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., Lodge's grandson, served as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from 1953 to 1960.

Washington Naval Conference

In 1922, President Warren G. Harding appointed Lodge as a delegate to the Washington Naval Conference (International Conference on the Limitation of Armaments), led by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes, and included Elihu Root and Oscar Underwood. This was the first disarmament conference in history and had a goal of world peace through arms reduction. Attended by nine nations, the United States, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal, the conference resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty (more commonly known as the Washington Naval Treaty) and the Nine-Power Treaty, as well as a number of smaller agreements.[32]

Lodge-Fish Resolution

In June 1922, he introduced the Lodge-Fish Resolution, to illustrate American support for the British policy in Palestine per the 1917 Balfour Declaration.

Legacy

1890 portrait by John Singer Sargent

Time Cover, 21 Jan 1924

Historian George E. Mowry argues that:

Henry Cabot Lodge was one of the best informed statesmen of his time, he was an excellent parliamentarian, and he brought to bear on foreign questions a mind that was at once razor sharp and devoid of much of the moral cant that was so typical of the age. ... [Yet] Lodge never made the contributions he should have made, largely because of Lodge the person. He was opportunistic, selfish, jealous, condescending, supercilious, and could never resist calling his opponent's spade a dirty shovel. Small wonder that except for Roosevelt and Root, most of his colleagues of both parties disliked him, and many distrusted him.[33]

Lodge served on the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for many years. His first appointment was in 1890, as a Member of the House of Representatives, and he served until his election as a senator in 1893. He was reappointed to the Board in 1905 and served until he died in 1924. The other Regents considered Lodge to be a "distinguished colleague, whose keen, constructive interest in the affairs of the Institution led him to place his broad knowledge and large experience at its service at all times."[34]

Mount Lodge, also named Boundary Peak 166, located on the Canada–United States border in the Saint Elias Mountains was named in 1908 after him in recognition of his service as U.S. Boundary Commissioner in 1903.[35]

Personal life

In 1871, he married Anna "Nannie" Cabot Mills Davis,[36] daughter of Admiral Charles Henry Davis. They had three children:

• Constance Davis Lodge (1872–1948), wife of U.S. Representative Augustus Peabody Gardner (from 1892 to 1918) and Brigadier General Clarence Charles Williams (from 1923 to 1948)
• George Cabot Lodge (1873–1909), a noted poet and politician. George's sons, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (1902–1985) and John Davis Lodge (1903–1985), also became politicians.[37]
• John Ellerton Lodge (1876–1942), an art curator.[38]

He was a friend of Fr. Robert J. Johnson of South Boston's Gate of Heaven Church.[39]

On November 5, 1924, Lodge suffered a severe stroke while recovering in the hospital from surgery for gallstones.[40] He died four days later at the age of 74.[41] He was interred in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[42]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Henry Cabot Lodge

16. John Mathew Lodge (1707–1792) 8. Mathew Francis Lodge (1737–1789) 17. Margaret Coldwell (1709–1792) 4. Giles Lodge (1770–1852) 9. Elizabeth Ellerton 2. John Ellerton Lodge (1820–1901) 5. Abigail Langton (1776–1846) 1. Henry Cabot Lodge 24. Joseph Cabot (1720–1767) 12. George Cabot, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts 25. Elizabeth Higginson (1722–1781) 6. Henry Cabot (1783–1864) 26. Stephen H. Higginson (1716–1761) 13. Elizabeth Higginson (1756–1826) 27. Elizabeth Mary Cabot (1715–1797) 3. Anna Sophia Cabot (1821–1900) 28. Joseph Blake (1739–1818) 14. John Welland Blake (1761–1818) 29. Deborah Smith (1737–1781) 7. Anna Sophia Blake (1796–1845) 15. Abigail Jones (1763–1808)

Publications

• 1877. Life and letters of George Cabot. Little, Brown.
• 1880. Ballads and Lyrics, Selected and Arranged by Henry Cabot Lodge. Houghton Mifflin (1882 reissue contains a Preface by Lodge)
• 1882. Alexander Hamilton. Houghton Mifflin
• 1883. Daniel Webster. Houghton Mifflin.
• 1887. Alexander Hamilton. Houghton Mifflin.
• 1889. George Washington. (2 volumes). Houghton Mifflin.
• 1891. Boston (Historic Towns series). Longmans, Green, and Co.
• 1891. "Lynch Law and Unrestricted Immigration". The North American Review. 152 (414): 602–612. May 1891.
• 1892. Speeches. Houghton Mifflin.
• 1895. Hero tales from American history. With Theodore Roosevelt. Century.
• 1898. The story of the Revolution. (2 volumes). Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1898. "The Great Peril of Unrestricted Immigration". The New Century Speaker for School and College. Ginn. 1898. pp. 177–179.
• 1902. A Fighting Frigate, and Other Essays and Addresses. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1906. A Frontier Town and Other Essays. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1909. Speeches and Addresses: 1884–1909. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1909. The Best of the World's Classics, Restricted to Prose. (10 volumes). With Francis Whiting Halsey. Funk & Wagnalls.
• 1910. The History of Nations. H. W. Snow.
• 1913. Early Memories. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1915. The Democracy of the Constitution, and Other Addresses and Essays. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1919. Theodore Roosevelt. Houghton Mifflin.
• 1921. The Senate of the United States and other essays and addresses, historical and literary. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• 1925. The Senate and the League of Nations. Charles Scribner's Sons.
• Roosevelt, Theodore, and Henry Cabot Lodge. Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge, 1884–1918 (2 vol. 1925)

See also

• Nativism in the United States
• Lodge Committee
• List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)

Notes

1. "The Great War: A Nation Comes of Age - Part 3, Transcript". American Experience. PBS. 3 July 2018. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
2. "Henry Cabot Lodge Photographs ca. 1860–1945: Guide to the Photograph Collection". Massachusetts Historical Society Library. Archived from the original on February 14, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2011.
3. "How Henry Cabot Lodge earned his gold watch by John Mason". Yankee Magazine. August 1965. Archived from the original on 2010-08-23.
4. Carl M. Brauer, Ropes & Gray 1865–1992, (Boston: Thomas Todd Company, 1991.)
5. "U.S. Senate: Featured Bio Lodge". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-12-10. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
6. John A. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge (1953)
7. "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter L" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
8. "MemberListL". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
9. David M. Tucker, Mugwumps: Public Moralists of the Gilded Age (1991).
10. John A. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography (1953) 280-83
11. Garraty, Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography (1953) 287-91, 323
12. Wilson, Kirt H. (2005). "1". The Politics of Place and Presidential Rhetoric in the United States, 1875–1901. pp. 32, 33. ISBN 978-1-58544-440-3. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
13. Leach, Eugene E. (1992). "Mental Epidemics: Crowd Psychology and American Culture, 1890–1940". American Studies. Mid-America American Studies Association. 33 (1): 5–29. JSTOR 40644255.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
14. Lodge, Henry Cabot (May 1891). "Lynch Law and Unrestricted Immigration". The North American Review. 152 (414): 602–612. JSTOR 25102181.
15. "Spanish-American War in Puerto Rico" (PDF). National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
16. Lodge (1891), p. 611
17. Puleo, Stephen (2007). The Boston Italians. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 9780807050361. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
18. Puleo, Stephen (2010). Dark Tide: The Great Molasses Flood of 1919. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 34. ISBN 9780807096673.
19. Lodge, Henry Cabot (1892). Speeches. Houghton Mifflin. p. 46. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
20. Lodge, Henry Cabot (1898). "The Great Peril of Unrestricted Immigration". In Frink, Henry Allyn (ed.). The New Century Speaker for School and College. Ginn. pp. 177–179. Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
21. O'Connor, Thomas H. (1995). The Boston Irish: A Political History. Back Bay Books. p. 156. ISBN 0-316-62661-9.
22. Berg, A. Scott (2013). Wilson. New York, NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 612. ISBN 978-0-399-15921--3. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-12-14.
23. "Henry Cabot Lodge Senate Leader, Presidential Foe". United States Senate. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
24. Lodge 1919.
25. Brands 2008, part 3 at 0:00.
26. John Milton Cooper, Woodrow Wilson (2009) 507–560
27. David Mervin, "Henry Cabot Lodge and the League of Nations." Journal of American Studies 4#2 (1971): 201-214.
28. Thomas A. Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal (1945)
29. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson, 544, 557–560; Bailey calls Wilson's rejection, "The Supreme Infanticide," Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal (1945) p. 271
30. Edward C. Luck (1999). Mixed Messages: American Politics and International Organization, 1919–1999. Brookings Institution Press. p. 23. ISBN 0815791100. Archived from the original on 2015-10-05. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
31. Leo Gross, "The Charter of the United Nations and the Lodge Reservations." American Journal of International Law 41.3 (1947): 531-554. in JSTOR Archived 2017-02-03 at the Wayback Machine
32. Raymond Leslie Buell, The Washington Conference Archived 2015-10-17 at the Wayback Machine (D. Appleton, 1922)
33. George E. Mowry, "Politicking in Acid," The Saturday Review October 3, 1953, p. 30 Archived March 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
34. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AT A SPECIAL MEETING HELD JUNE 3, 1924., Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, June 3, 1924, p. 632, archived from the original on January 30, 2018, retrieved January 29, 2018
35. "Mount Lodge". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
36. Zimmermann 2002, p. 157.
37. "LODGE, John Davis - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Archived from the original on 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
38. Rand 1890, p. 381.
39. United States Congress. Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. A2259. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
40. "Senator Lodge Suffers Shock in Hospital; Death May Come at Any Moment". The New York Times. November 6, 1924. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
41. "Senator Lodge Dies, Victim of Stroke, in his 75th Year". The New York Times. November 10, 1924. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
42. "Final Rites Said for Senator Lodge". The New York Times. November 13, 1924. p. 21. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2010.

Further reading

• Adams, Henry (1911). The Life of George Cabot Lodge. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-8201-1316-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Bailey, Thomas A. Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal (1945)
• Brands, H. W. (March 11, 2008). Six Lessons for the Next President, Lesson 5: Leave Under a Cloud. Hauenstein Center at Grand Valley. Retrieved January 23, 2010.
• Donald, Aida D. (2007). Lion in the White House: A Life of Theodore Roosevelt. Basic Books.
• Garraty, John A. (1953). Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography. Alfred A. Knopf. the standard scholarly biography
• Garraty, John A. (February 2000). "Lodge, Henry Cabot". American National Biography. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
• Grenville, John A. S. and George Berkeley Young. Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy, 1873-1917 (1966) pp 201–238 on "The Expansionist: The education of Henry Cabot Lodge"
• Hewes, James E. Jr. (August 20, 1970). "Henry Cabot Lodge and the League of Nations". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society. 114 (4): 245–255.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Lodge, Henry Cabot (August 12, 1919). Treaty of peace with Germany: Speech of Hon. Henry Cabot Lodge. United States Senate, Washington, D. C.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Rand, John Clark (1890). One of a thousand: a series of biographical sketches of one thousand representative men resident in the commonwealth of Massachusetts, A.D. 1888–'89. First National Publishing. Retrieved 20 November 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Schriftgiesser, Karl (1946). The Gentleman from Massachusetts: Henry Cabot Lodge. Little, Brown and Company., a hostile biography
• Thomas, Evan. The War Lovers: Roosevelt, Lodge, Hearst, and the Rush to Empire, 1898 (Hachette Digital, 2010)
• Widenor, William C. Henry Cabot Lodge and the search for an American foreign policy (U. of California Press, 1983)
• Zimmermann, Warren (2002). First Great Triumph: How Five Americans Made Their Country a World Power. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-17939-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

External links

• Works by Henry Cabot Lodge at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Henry Cabot Lodge at Internet Archive
• Works by Henry Cabot Lodge at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Library of Congress: "Today in History: May 12"
• For Intervention in Cuba
• United States Congress. "Henry Cabot Lodge (id: L000393)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Henry Cabot Lodge at Find a Grave
• Newspaper clippings about Henry Cabot Lodge in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Henry B. Lovering	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 6th congressional district 1887–1893	Succeeded by William Cogswell
U.S. Senate
Preceded by Henry L. Dawes	U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts 1893–1924 Served alongside: George Hoar, Winthrop Crane, John Weeks, David Walsh	Succeeded by William M. Butler
Preceded by David B. Hill	Chair of the Senate Immigration Committee 1895–1899	Succeeded by Boies Penrose
Preceded by Eugene Hale	Chair of the Senate Printing Committee 1897–1899	Succeeded by Thomas C. Platt
New office	Chair of the Senate Philippines Committee 1899–1911	Succeeded by Simon Guggenheim
Preceded by Augustus Octavius Bacon	Chair of the Senate Private Land Claims Committee 1913–1919	Succeeded by Charles Allen Culberson
Preceded by Gilbert Hitchcock	Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee 1919–1924	Succeeded by William Borah
New office	Senate Majority Leader 1920–1924	Succeeded by Charles Curtis
Political offices
Preceded by Augustus Octavius Bacon	President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate 1912	Succeeded by Augustus Octavius Bacon
Party political offices
First	Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (Class 1) 1916, 1922	Succeeded by William M. Butler
New office	Senate Republican Leader 1918–1924	Succeeded by Charles Curtis
Preceded by Jacob Harold Gallinger	Chair of the Senate Republican Conference 1918–1924
Preceded by Warren G. Harding	Keynote Speaker of the Republican National Convention 1920	Succeeded by Theodore E. Burton
Honorary titles
Preceded by Jacob Harold Gallinger	Dean of the U.S. Senate 1918–1924	Succeeded by Francis E. Warren
Awards and achievements
Preceded by William Lawrence	Cover of Time January 21, 1924	Succeeded by Herbert B. Swope