Christian Herter

Christian Archibald Herter (March 28, 1895 – December 30, 1966) was an American Republican politician who was the 59th Governor of Massachusetts from 1953 to 1957 and United States Secretary of State from 1959 to 1961.[1] His moderate tone of negotiations was confronted by the intensity of Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in a series of unpleasant episodes that turned the Cold War even colder in 1960–61.

For other people named Christian Herter, see Christian Herter (disambiguation).

Christian Herter
1st United States Trade Representative
In office December 10, 1962 – December 30, 1966
President	John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	William M. Roth
53rd United States Secretary of State
In office April 22, 1959 – January 20, 1961
President	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by	John Foster Dulles
Succeeded by	Dean Rusk
United States Under Secretary of State
In office February 21, 1957 – April 22, 1959
President	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by	Herbert Hoover Jr.
Succeeded by	C. Douglas Dillon
59th Governor of Massachusetts
In office January 8, 1953 – January 3, 1957
Lieutenant	Sumner G. Whittier
Preceded by	Paul A. Dever
Succeeded by	Foster Furcolo
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 10th district
In office January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1953
Preceded by	George H. Tinkham
Succeeded by	Laurence Curtis
Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
In office 1939–1943
Preceded by	Horace T. Cahill
Succeeded by	Rudolph King
Personal details
Born	Christian Archibald Herter (1895-03-28)March 28, 1895 Paris, France
Died	December 30, 1966(1966-12-30) (aged 71) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting place	Prospect Hill Cemetery
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Mary Pratt ( m. 1917)
Education	Harvard University (BA)
Signature

Christian Herter on Time magazine cover, 17 August 1953

Early life

Herter was born in Paris, France, to American artist and expatriate parents, Albert Herter and Adele McGinnis, and attended the École Alsacienne there (1901–1904) before moving to New York City, where he attended the Browning School (1904–1911). He graduated from Harvard University in 1915 and did graduate work in architecture and interior design before joining the diplomatic corps in the following year.

Herter married the wealthy heiress Mary Caroline Pratt (1895–1980) in 1917. She was the daughter of Frederic B. Pratt, longtime head of the Pratt Institute and granddaughter of Standard Oil magnate Charles Pratt. They had three sons and one daughter, including Christian A. Herter, Jr., who was active in international relations.[1]

Diplomatic career

He was made attaché to the Embassy of the United States, Berlin, and he was briefly arrested while in Mainz as a possible spy. He was part of the US delegation to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, where he helped draft the Covenant of the League of Nations. Later, he was the assistant to Herbert Hoover when he was instrumental in providing starvation relief to postwar Europe. Herter went on to work for Hoover when Hoover became Secretary of Commerce in the Harding Administration. Herter also participated in the 1919 meeting that resulted in the U.S. Council on Foreign Relations.

Herter hated working for the scandal-ridden administration of President Warren Harding, and returned to Boston, where he was a magazine editor and lecturer on international affairs.

Political career

In 1930, Herter was first elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives and served for 12 years. In 1942, he sought the Massachusetts 10th district seat in the US House of Representatives, held by George H. Tinkham, whose isolationist views made him vulnerable during World War II. Once Herter entered the contest, Tinkham withdrew and so opened the way for Herter to be elected. Although he was critical of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, Herter distinguished himself from 1943 to 1953 primarily for his stand on foreign affairs, especially in the so-called Herter Committee[2] in 1947; its report initiated proposals that led to Harry Truman's Marshall Plan. In those years, he refused to support the permanence of the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1947, Herter founded the Middle East Institute with Middle East scholar George Camp Keiser and then served on the board of trustees of the World Peace Foundation.

Herter served five terms in Congress. In 1952, he ran successfully for governor of Massachusetts, narrowly defeating incumbent Governor Paul A. Dever.

Herter was re-elected governor in 1954, defeating Massachusetts House Minority Leader Robert F. Murphy. He chose not to seek a third term in 1956.

Diplomatic career

On February 21, 1957, Herter was appointed Under Secretary of State for the second term of the Eisenhower administration; later, when John Foster Dulles became seriously ill, he was appointed Secretary of State, April 22, 1959. Dulles died a month later. Herter himself suffered from severe arthritis, forcing him to use crutches when walking.

Secretary of State Herter's main Cold War diplomatic challenges included escalating crises over the status of West Berlin in the Cold War; difficult negotiations with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, especially regarding the Soviet downing of the U-2 spy plane; the collapse of the Paris Summit conference; and the early stages of American efforts to divert Fidel Castro's Cuban revolution away from communism. There were smaller crises around the world including a Civil War in the Congo. Herter's careful, cautious approach matched Eisenhower's preferences, emphasizing, negotiation in response to bellicosity from the Kremlin. Despite the soft language, Herter supported strong policies against Cuba, and a refusal to compromise on Berlin. After leaving office he chaired a blue ribbon committee on State Department personnel, and was one of President John F. Kennedy's representatives for trade negotiations.[3]

As an unemployed "elder statesman" after the election of 1960, Herter served on various councils and commissions, and was a special representative for trade negotiations, working for both John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson until his death.

He died on December 30, 1966 at his home in Washington, DC, at the age of 71.[1] He is buried at the Prospect Hill Cemetery in Millis, Massachusetts.

Secretary Herter was also an active freemason. He was a member of the Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Christian Herter's lifetime reputation was as an internationalist, especially interested in improving political and economic relations with Europe.

Legacy

In 1943, with Paul Nitze (a distant cousin by marriage), Herter co-founded the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), which incorporated with the Johns Hopkins University in 1950.

In 1968, the American Foreign Service Association established its Christian A. Herter Award to honor senior diplomats who speak out or otherwise challenge the status quo. In 1948 Herter received an LL.D. from Bates College.

The World Affairs Council of Boston ("WorldBoston" as of 2002), which Christian Herter helped organize in the 1940s, also has a Christian A. Herter Award honoring individual contributions to international relations.

The Christian A. Herter Memorial Scholarship Program is a sponsored by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to recruit 10th and 11th grade students whose socio-economic backgrounds and environmental conditions may inhibit their ability to pursue higher education. Each year, 25 students in the 10th and 11th grades are selected to receive awards of up to 50 percent (50%) of their calculated need at the college of their choice within the continental United States.

Herter Park in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts is named in Herter's honor. A University of Massachusetts Amherst building devoted to the teaching of history and other liberal arts is named "Herter Hall" after the statesman as well.

Herter was the last serving Secretary of State born in the 19th century.

Books

• Christian Herter, Toward an Atlantic Community (1963)

See also

• Herter Committee
• 151st Massachusetts General Court (1939)
• 158th Massachusetts General Court (1953-1954)
• Massachusetts House of Representatives' 5th Suffolk district
• List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States

References

1. "Christian Herter Is Dead at 71. Secretary of State, 1959-1961. Ex-Massachusetts Governor, Dalles's Successor, Devoted Life to Public Service Christian Herter, Former Secretary of State, Dies". The New York Times. January 1, 1967.
2. "Final Report on Foreign Aid of the House Select Committee on Foreign Aid" (PDF). Marshall Foundation. May 1, 1948. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
3. Bruce W. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson, eds. Encyclopedia of US foreign relations. (1997) 2:295.

Further reading

• Burr, William. "Avoiding the Slippery Slope: The Eisenhower Administration and the Berlin Crisis, November 1958–January 1959." Diplomatic History 18.2 (1994): 177–205.
• George Bernard Noble, Christian A. Herter (Cooper Square, 1970), Originally published as Volume XVII of The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy: Christian A. Herter (1967)
• "Herter, Christian Archibald", Vincent A. Lapomarda, in American National Biography, 2000, American Council of Learned Societies (subscription required)

External links

• Papers of Christian A. Herter, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library

• United States Congress. "Christian Herter (id: H000548)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Column on Herter's life as an example of liberal Republicanism, Boston Globe, 2009, Edward L. Glaeser
• A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Rep. Christian A. Herter (December 19, 1951)" is available at the Internet Archive

Political offices
Preceded by Horace Cahill	Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1939–1943	Succeeded by Rudolph King
Preceded by Paul Dever	Governor of Massachusetts 1953–1957	Succeeded by Foster Furcolo
Preceded by Herbert Hoover	United States Under Secretary of State 1957–1959	Succeeded by Douglas Dillon
Preceded by John Dulles	United States Secretary of State 1959–1961	Succeeded by Dean Rusk
New office	United States Trade Representative 1962–1966	Succeeded by William Roth
Party political offices
Preceded by Arthur Coolidge	Republican nominee for Governor of Massachusetts 1952, 1954	Succeeded by Sumner Whittier
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by George Tinkham	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 10th congressional district 1943–1953	Succeeded by Laurence Curtis