List of American conservatives

American conservatism is a broad system of political beliefs in the United States that is characterized by respect for American traditions, republicanism, support for Judeo-Christian values,[1] moral absolutism,[2] free markets and free trade,[3][4] anti-communism,[4][5] individualism,[4] advocacy of American exceptionalism,[6] and a defense of Western culture from the perceived threats posed by socialism, authoritarianism, and moral relativism.[7] The recent movement is based in the Republican Party, though some Democrats were also important figures early in the movement's history.[8][9]

This article is part of a series on
Conservatism in
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The following list is made up of prominent American conservative people from the public and private sectors. The list also includes political parties, organizations and media outlets which have made a notable impact on conservatism in the United States. Entries on the list must have achieved notability after 1932, the beginning of the Fifth Party System.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

People

Intellectuals, writers, and activists
William F. Buckley Jr., conservative writer
Bill Kristol, conservative writer
Phyllis Schlafly speaking at CPAC 2011
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Garet Garrett1878–1954financial journalist[10]
Clarence Manion1896–1979direct-mailer[11]
Friedrich Hayek1899–1992author of The Constitution of Liberty[12]
Whittaker Chambers1901–1961author of Witness[13][14]
James Burnham1905–1987anti-communist defender of Senator Joseph McCarthy[15]
Frank Meyer1909–1972editor of the Books, Arts and Manners section of National Review[16]
Richard M. Weaver1910–1963author of Ideas Have Consequences[17][18]
George J. Stigler1911–1991economist[19]
Milton Friedman1912–2006economist[20]
Russell Kirk1918–1994author of The Conservative Mind[17][21]
William A. Rusher1923–2011publisher of National Review[22]
Phyllis Schlafly1924–2016activist[23]
William F. Buckley Jr.1925–2008author, television host, and founder of National Review[24][25]
L. Brent Bozell Jr.1926–1997speechwriter for Senator Joseph McCarthy[25]
Tim LaHaye1926–2016author and political activist[26]
Beverly LaHaye1929-activist and founder of Concerned Women for America[27][28][29][30]
Thomas Sowell1930–author, columnist, professor, and economist at the Hoover Institution[31]
James Q. Wilson1931–2012social scientist[32]
Richard Viguerie1933–media pioneer[33][34]
Walter E. Williams1938–author, columnist, and economics professor[35][36][37]
Morton Blackwell1939–president of the Leadership Institute[38]
Arthur Laffer1940–economist[39]
George Will1941–columnist for the Washington Post[40][41]
Edwin Feulner1941–founder of the Heritage Foundation[42]
Paul Weyrich1942–2008president of the Heritage Foundation[43]
Joseph Sobran1946–2010writer for National Review[44]
Charles Krauthammer1950–2018public intellectual[45]
Peggy Noonan1950–columnist for the Wall Street Journal[31]
Bruce Bartlett1951–economist[46]
Bill Kristol1952–editor of The Weekly Standard[38]
Mary Matalin1953–Republican operative who worked in both Bush administrations[38]
L. Brent Bozell III1955–founder of the Parents Television Council[47]
Grover Norquist1956–president of Americans for Tax Reform[38]
Dinesh D'Souza1961–author and filmmaker.[48][49]
Ben Shapiro1984–political commentator, public speaker, author, and lawyer
Charlie Kirk1993–founder and president of Turning Point USA[50]

Politicians, office holders, and jurists
Donald Trump speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC)
Sarah Palin speaking at the CPAC
Vice President Dick Cheney (right) with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld (left) and President George W. Bush (center)
Senator Barry Goldwater (right) meeting with President Ronald Reagan (left) in the oval office in 1984
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg1884–1951Senator known for his opposition to the New Deal[51]
Senator Robert A. Taft1889–1953first chairman of the Senate Republican Policy Committee[52]
Senator John W. Bricker1893–1986Thomas E. Dewey's running mate in the 1944 presidential election[53]
Senator Everett Dirksen1896–1969Senator who helped get the Civil Rights Act passed[54]
Ambassador Clare Boothe Luce1903–1987politician, writer, and ambassador[55]
Senator Joseph McCarthy1908–1957Senator known for his principal role in the Red Scare of the 1950s[56][57]
Senator Barry Goldwater1909–19981964 GOP presidential nominee, Senator[17]
President Ronald Reagan1911–200440th President of the United States[58][59]
Chief Justice William Rehnquist1924–2005Chief Justice of the Supreme Court[60]
UN Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick1926–2006Ambassador to the United Nations under Ronald Reagan[61]
Attorney General Edwin Meese1931–Attorney General during the Reagan administration[62]
Senator Orrin Hatch1934–Senator from Utah[63]
Congressman Jack Kemp1935–2009Congressman and 1996 GOP Vice-Presidential nominee known for his support of supply-side economics and urban renewal[64]
Congressman Larry McDonald1935–1983Congressman who also served as president of the John Birch Society[65]
Congressman Ron Paul1935–Congressman and sometime presidential candidate (1988 Libertarian Party nominee, 2008 Republican candidate, 2012 Republican candidate) who promoted a libertarian agenda within the GOP[38]
Justice Antonin Scalia1936–2016Supreme Court Justice known as a leading exponent of originalism and textualism[66]
Pat Buchanan1938–paleoconservative advisor to multiple presidents; prominent commentator and co-founder of The American Conservative; Republican presidential candidate in 1992 and 1996; Reform Party nominee in 2000[67][68][69]
House Majority Leader Dick Armey1940–former Majority Leader of the House of Representatives[70]
Vice President Dick Cheney1941–former Vice President known for his hawkish views on national security[71]
Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich1943–former Speaker of the House of Representatives and 2012 Presidential candidate known for his criticism of the Clinton, G. W. Bush, and Obama administrations[71]
President Donald Trump1946–45th President of the United States[72][73][74][75][76][77][78]
President George W. Bush1946–43rd President of the United States[79][71]
Senator Mitt Romney1947–Governor of Massachusetts from 2003 - 2007, 2008 GOP presidential candidate, 2012 GOP presidential nominee, Senator from Utah 2019-[71]
House Majority Leader Tom DeLay1947–Republican Congressman convicted on charges related illegal campaign finance activities[31]
UN Ambassador John R. Bolton1948–former National Security Advisor, former U.N. ambassador, and foreign policy hawk[80]
Justice Clarence Thomas1948–Supreme Court Justice[38]
Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Rove1950–political strategist to George W. Bush[81]
Senator Jim DeMint1951–Tea Party-affiliated former U.S. Senator; onetime president of the Heritage Foundation[82]
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice1954–Secretary of State during the George W. Bush administration[83]
Chief Justice John Roberts1955–Chief Justice of the Supreme Court[71]
Congresswoman Michele Bachmann1956–Congresswoman who sought the 2012 Republican nomination for president[84]
Vice President Mike Pence1959–Vice President under Donald Trump[85][71]
Senator Rand Paul1963–U.S. Senator from Kentucky, libertarian-leaning conservative, 2016 GOP Presidential candidate and son of Ron Paul[86]
Governor Sarah Palin1964–former Governor of Alaska; 2008 Republican Vice Presidential nominee|\[71]
Senator Tim Scott1965–Senator from South Carolina[87]
Governor Scott Walker1967–Governor of Wisconsin[88]
Senator Ted Cruz1970–Tea Party-affiliated U.S. Senator who finished second in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries[89][90]
Speaker of the House Paul Ryan1970–Speaker of the House, 2012 GOP Vice Presidential nominee[91][71]
Senator Mike Lee1971–Tea Party-affiliated U.S. Senator[92]
Senator Marco Rubio1971–U.S. Senator from Florida, 2016 GOP Presidential candidate[93][31][90]
Senator Tom Cotton1977–U.S. Senator from Arkansas[94]

Business and religious leaders involved in conservative politics
Billy Graham, evangelical minister
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Roger Milliken1915–2010businessman[95]
Joseph Coors1917–2003businessman[96]
Billy Graham1918–2018evangelist known for his support of capitalism[97]
Sun Myung Moon1920–2012founder of the Unification Church[98]
Richard DeVos1926–2018co-founder of Amway[99]
Rupert Murdoch1931–CEO of News Corp and 21st Century Fox[100]
Richard Mellon Scaife1932–2014billionaire donor to conservative organizations[101]
Sheldon Adelson1933–billionaire donor to conservative political candidates[102]
Jerry Falwell1933–2007televangelist[103][104]
Charles G. Koch1935–billionaire industrialist and donor to conservative organizations and candidates[99][105]
Foster Friess1940–billionaire donor to conservative organizations[106]
David H. Koch1940–2019billionaire industrialist and donor to conservative organizations and candidates[99][105]
Richard Land1946–former lobbyist for the Southern Baptist Convention[107]
Robert Mercer1946–donor to conservative organizations such as Breitbart News[108]
Franklin Graham1952–evangelist and political activist[109]
Tony Perkins1963–chairman of the Family Research Council[31]
Peter Thiel1967–venture capitalist and political activist[110]
Russell Moore1971–president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention[111]

Media personalities: publishers, editors, radio hosts, columnists and bloggers
Michael Medved, conservative radio show host
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Raymond Moley1886–1975columnist[112]
David Lawrence1888–1973author of Beyond the New Deal[113]
Clarence Manion1896–1979talk radio host[114]
Henry Luce1898–1967founder of Time[115]
Fulton Lewis1903–1966radio host[116]
Henry Regnery1912–1996activist[117]
Paul Harvey1918–2009radio commentator[118]
Bob Grant1929–2013talk show host[119]
William Safire1929–2009commentator for the New York Times[41][120]
Roger Ailes1940–2017president of Fox News[71]
Michael Savage1942–talk radio host[38]
Herman Cain1945–2020radio host, syndicated columnist, and candidate in the 2012 Republican presidential primaries[121]
Lou Dobbs1945–television newscaster[122]
Michael Medved1948–talk radio host[123]
Dennis Prager1948–talk radio host[124][125]
Bill O'Reilly1949–Television and radio host[126][31]
Rush Limbaugh1951–talk radio host[71]
Larry Elder1952–filmmaker[127]
Charlie Sykes1954–talk-show host[128]
Hugh Hewitt1956–talk radio host[124][129]
Sean Hannity1961–host of "Hannity" and "The Sean Hannity Show"[130]
Ann Coulter1961–political commentator[131][132]
Laura Ingraham1964–Fox News and talk radio commentator[40][133]
Elizabeth Cheney1966–Fox News commentator, activist, Congresswoman, and daughter of former Vice President Dick Cheney[31]
Matt Drudge1966–Creator, and editor of the Drudge Report[134][135]
Andrew Breitbart1969–2012blogger, author, journalist, and creator of Breitbart News[17][136]
Jonah Goldberg1969–commentator[40]
Michelle Malkin1970–newspaper columnist, author, and blogger[137]
Erick Erickson1975–RedState.com blogger[138]
Dana Loesch1978–talk show host[139]

Organizations

Think tanks
Hoover Tower at Stanford University, location of the Hoover Institution Library and Archives
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
Acton Institute1990–promotes "individual liberty ... sustained by religious principles"[140]
American Enterprise Institute1938–promotes limited government[140]
Cato Institute1974–promotes Right-libertarianism[140]
Claremont Institute1979–promotes limited government[140]
Competitive Enterprise Institute1984–promotes limited government[140]
Discovery Institute1990–promotes the free market[140]
The Heartland Institute1984–promotes climate change denial[141][142]
The Heritage Foundation1973–promotes "[c]onservative social values"[140]
Hoover Institution1919–promotes "a free and peaceful society"[140]
Hudson Institute1961–promotes conservatism[143]
Ludwig von Mises Institute1982–promotes conservatism[141]
Manhattan Institute for Policy Research1977–promotes privatization and limited government[141][144]
Mercatus Center1980–promotes conservatism[141]
Reason Foundation1978–promotes Right-libertarianism[141]

Foundations
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
Bradley Foundationfinancially supports Republican-leaning think tanks[145][146]
John Templeton Foundation[145]
Koch family foundationsgives millions of dollars to a variety of organizations[145][147]
Lovett and Ruth Peters Foundation[148]
Mercer Family Foundationgives millions of dollars to conservative organizations[149]
Olin Foundationdefunct in 2005financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks[150][146]
Richard and Helen DeVos Foundationgives millions of dollars to conservative organizations[99]
Scaife Foundationsfinancially supports Republican-leaning think tanks[151][146]
Searle Freedom Trustfinancially supports Republican-leaning think tanks[146][151]
Smith Richardson Foundationfinancially supports Republican-leaning think tanks[145][146]

Political, social and economic organizations
Headquarters of Focus on the Family
United States Chamber of Commerce building in Washington, D.C. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
Alliance Defending Freedom1994–Christian legal organization[152][153]
American Conservative Union1964–organization "with the aim of coordinating and guiding American conservatism"[154]
American Family Associationlobbying organization[155]
American Legislative Exchange Councilorganization that helps state legislators write bills[156][157]
Americans for ProsperityTea Party movement organization[158]
Club for Growthpolitical action committee[159]
Concerned Women for America1979–conservative women's organization formed by Beverly LaHaye[160][161]
Council for National Policy1981–elite organization that meets three times a year[162]
Faith and Freedom CoalitionRepublican fundraising organization[163]
Family Research Council1983-conservative Christian organization[164]
Federalist Societylegal organization[165]
Focus on the FamilyChristian organization[99]
Freedomworksgrassroots organization[166]
Independent Women's Forumconservative women's organization[167]
John Birch Societyfar-right organization[168]
Judicial Watcheducational foundation[169]
State Policy Network1986–organization of state-based groups[170][171]
Turning Point USA2012–organization formed by Charlie Kirk[172]
US Chamber of Commercepro-business lobbying organization[173]
Young Americans for Freedom1960–organization formed by William F. Buckley Jr.[68]

Media
Main article: Alternative media (U.S. political right)
Fox News Studios in 2009
The Washington Times newsroom
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
The American ConservativePaleoconservative magazine founded by Patrick J. Buchanan[174]
The American Spectatorpublication known for its investigations of Bill Clinton during his presidency[175]
Blaze Medianews outlet from 2018 merger of Glenn Beck's TheBlaze and Mark Levin's CRTV[176]
Breitbart Newswebsite formerly headed by Steve Bannon[177][178][179][180][181]
Chroniclesmonthly magazine that promotes "Western civilization"[174]
CNSNews.com1998–website founded by L. Brent Bozell III[182]
Commentaryneoconservative monthly magazine edited by John Podhoretz[183]
The Daily Callerwebsite founded by Tucker Carlson[184]
Drudge Reportwebsite founded by Matt Drudge[185][134][186]
Fox Newsnews outlet[187]
Free Republicwebsite that promotes "front-line conservative activism"[188][189]
FrontPagewebsite edited by David Horowitz[190]
Human Eventsweekly news magazine[174]
National Review1955–magazine founded by William F. Buckley[183]
New York Postdaily newspaper owned by News Corp[174]
Newsmax Mediamedia firm headed by Christopher Ruddy[191]
One America News Networkcable channel[192]
Reader's Digest1922–magazine founded by George and Lila Acheson Wallace[193]
RedStatewebsite owned by Salem Media[194]
Regnery Publishing1947–publishing house[195]
Sinclair Broadcast Group1971–telecommunications company founded by Julian Sinclair Smith[196]
Townhall.com1995–website that hosts conservative commentary[197]
The Wall Street Journaldaily newspaper owned by Rupert Murdoch[174]
The Washington Free Beaconnews website[198]
The Washington Timesdaily newspaper that covers politics[174]
The Weekly Standard1995-2018weekly magazine that covered politics[174]
WorldNetDailynews website[199][200]
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See also

Footnotes
  1. Smith, Don (2003). If It Ain't Broke – Break It!: A Document for Both Liberals and Conservatives. United States. p. 59. ISBN 9780595275342. Conservatives have not liked what they see as the 'mushy' and 'confused' morals and the political, sexual and social mores of the American Nation of the last 50 years. They want clarity. They want guidelines based on Judeo-Christian values. They trust God. Most Conservatives believe any sexual activity outside of the marriage contract is wrong. They believe that abortion is equivalent to murder, and they oppose assisted suicide.
  2. Farmer, Brian (2005). American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. United States: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-1904303541. To traditional conservatives, there most definitely are moral absolutes and they can most definitely and definitively identify those moral absolutes.
  3. Baldwin, Robert (2000). Congressional Trade Votes: From NAFTA Approval to Fast-track Defeat. United States: Peterson Institute for International Economics. pp. 30. ISBN 9780881322675. Conservatism generally is associated with pro-business, anti-labor, and strong-national-defense stances, all of which lead to support for free trade principles.
  4. Lipsman, Ron (2007). Liberal Hearts and Conservative Brains: The Correlation Between Age and Political Philosophy. United States: United States. p. 232. ISBN 9780595463206. The American conservative system of rugged individualism, free markets, economic competition and deep respect for tradition...
  5. Critchlow, Donald (2009). Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 978-0742548244. Conservatives had a fear of Communism shared by most Americans. During this time a popular anti-Communist culture emerged in America, evident in movies, television programs, community activities, and grassroots organizations. This popular anti-Communist culture generated patriotic rallies, parades, city resolutions, and an array of anti—Communist groups concerned about Communist influence in the schools, textbooks, churches, labor unions, industry, and universities.
  6. Langdale, John (2012). Superfluous Southerners: Cultural Conservatism and the South, 1920-1990. United States: University of Missouri Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780826272850.
  7. Pilbeam, Bruce (2003). Anglo-American Conservative Ideology After the Cold War. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 100. ISBN 978-0333997659. For most conservatives, if there is a common culprit in explaining society's descent into moral chaos, then it is relativism – the notion that there are no absolute values or standards, merely different interpretations and perspectives.
  8. Merle Black, "The transformation of the southern Democratic Party." Journal of Politics 66.4 (2004): 1001–1017.
  9. Katznelson, Ira; Geiger, Kim; Kryder, Daniel (Summer 1993). "Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933–1950" (PDF). Political Science Quarterly. 108 (2): 283. doi:10.2307/2152013. JSTOR 2152013.
  10. Bruce Ramsey (December 27, 2008). "The Capitalist Fiction of Garet Garrett". Ludwig von Mises Institute. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
  11. Krugman, Paul. The Conscience of a Liberal. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007. Print. p. 115
  12. "Top 10 Books Every Republican Congressman Should Read." Human Events. 21 November 2006. 17 May 2017.
  13. Nash, George H. (2009). The conservative Intellectual Movement in America since 1945. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. pp. 66, 88–94, 101, 108, 116–117, 131, 135, 137, 143–144, 145, 163, 213, 238, 243, 253, 325, 327, 367, 368, 379, 391, 405. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  14. Tanenhaus, Sam. "Review: 'Exit Right: The People ....'" The Atlantic. March 2016. 13 July 2018.
  15. Niels Bjerre-Poulsen (2002). Right Face: Organizing the American Conservative Movement 1945-65. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 116–118. ISBN 978-87-7289-809-4.
    Bruce Frohnen; Jeremy Beer; Nelson O. Jeffrey (2014). American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-4976-5157-9.
  16. Gregory L. Schneider (2009). The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 55–60. ISBN 978-0-7425-4284-6.
    Ann Southworth (1 August 2009). Lawyers of the Right: Professionalizing the Conservative Coalition. University of Chicago Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-226-76836-6.
    Donald T. Critchlow; Nancy MacLean (2009). "Frank Meyer What Is Conservatism?". Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 177–180. ISBN 978-0-7425-4824-4.
  17. Wyler, Grace and Paul Szoldra. "13 Books That Every Conservative Must Read." Business Insider. 29 March 2013. 17 May 2017.
  18. Gregory L. Schneider (2009). The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7425-4285-3.
  19. George H. Nash (8 April 2014). The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 410. ISBN 978-1-4976-3640-8.
    Martin Gardner (15 July 1997). The Night Is Large: Collected Essays, 1938-1995. St. Martin's Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-312-16949-7.
    Martin Gardner (21 August 1999). The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener. St. Martin's Press. p. 421. ISBN 978-1-4668-2332-7.
    Jon A. Shields; Joshua M. Dunn (2016). Passing on the Right: Conservative Professors in the Progressive University. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–145. ISBN 978-0-19-986305-1.
  20. William Ruger (26 September 2013). Milton Friedman. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8264-2595-9.
    John Ehrman (2005). The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan. Yale University Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-300-10662-6.
    Iwan Morgan (16 September 2016). Reagan: American Icon. I.B.Tauris. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-78672-050-4.
    "22 Quotes to Celebrate Milton Friedman Day". The Daily Signal. The Heritage Foundation. 1 August 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  21. Bradley J. Birzer (17 September 2015). Russell Kirk: American Conservative. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-6619-3.
  22. David B. Frisk (11 March 2014). If Not Us, Who?: William Rusher, National Review, and the Conservative Movement. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4804-9300-1.
    Timothy J. Sullivan (1 December 2008). New York State and the Rise of Modern Conservatism: Redrawing Party Lines. SUNY Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7914-7735-9.
    George H. Nash (8 April 2014). The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-4976-3640-8.
    McFadden, Robert D. (18 April 2011). "William Rusher, Champion of Conservatism, Dies at 87". New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  23. Donald T. Critchlow (2005). Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade. Princeton University Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-691-07002-4.
    David Farber (25 April 2010). The Rise and Fall of Modern American Conservatism: A Short History. Princeton University Press. pp. 119–158. ISBN 0-691-12915-0.
    Ronnee Schreiber (16 June 2008). Righting Feminism: Conservative Women and American Politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-19-804418-5.
    Marjorie J. Spruill (28 February 2017). Divided We Stand: The Battle Over Women's Rights and Family Values That Polarized American Politics. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-63286-315-7.
  24. John B. Judis, William F. Buckley Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (1990).
  25. Ronald Lora; William Henry Longton (1999). The Conservative Press in Twentieth-century America. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 201–202. ISBN 978-0-313-21390-8.
    Lee Edwards (6 July 2015). Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution. Regnery Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-62157-400-2.
    Deal W. Hudson (11 March 2008). Onward, Christian Soldiers: The Growing Political Power of Catholics and Evangelicals in the United States. Simon and Schuster. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-4165-6589-5.
  26. Farmer, American Political Ideologies, p. 45.
  27. "Us v. Them: The Pitfalls of Righteous Rhetoric | Religion & Politics". 2014-09-16. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  28. Greslé-Favier, Claire (2006). "Pro-abstinence Discourses and the Definition of the Conservative Christian Identity in the Contemporary United States". Current Objectives of Postgraduate American Studies. 7 (0). doi:10.5283/copas.91. ISSN 1861-6127.
  29. "Beverly LaHaye". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  30. "Influential Evangelicals-Tim and Beverly LaHaye". Time.com. 7 February 2005. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
  31. Harnden, Tom. "The most influential US conservatives: 100-81." The Telegraph. 11 January 2010. 17 May 2017.
  32. Professor Edward J Ahearn (28 April 2013). Urban Confrontations in Literature and Social Science, 1848-2001: European Contexts, American Evolutions. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4094-7560-6.
    John Edwards; Marion Crain; Arne Kalleberg (10 May 2011). Ending Poverty in America: How to Restore the American Dream. New Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-59558-732-9.
  33. "Donald Trump -- Conservatives ...." National Review. 21 January 2016. 17 May 2017.
  34. "Richard A. Viguerie Biography." PBS. 29 October 2004. 13 July 2018.
  35. "The New Black Conservatives". The New York Times. 1981-10-04. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  36. "Thomas Sowell – Biography". townhall.com. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  37. "A Conservative Get-Together Like No Other". spectator.org. 27 April 2016.
  38. Harnden, Toby. "The most influential US conservatives: 60-41." The Telegraph. 13 January 2010. 23 May 2017.
  39. Francesco Forte; Ram Mudambi; Pietro Maria Navarra (28 March 2014). A Handbook of Alternative Theories of Public Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-78100-471-5.
    Barry Cooper; Allan Kornberg; William Mishler (1988). The Resurgence of Conservatism in Anglo-American Democracies. Duke University Press. pp. 103–104.
    George H. Nash (8 April 2014). The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 525. ISBN 978-1-4976-3640-8.
  40. Draper, Robert. "How Donald Trump Set Off a Civil War Within the Right-Wing Media." New York Times. 29 September 2016. 21 May 2017.
  41. Jeff Taylor (27 September 2013). Politics on a Human Scale: The American Tradition of Decentralism. Lexington Books. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-7391-7576-7.
  42. Thomas R. Dye (23 October 2015). Who's Running America?: The Obama Reign. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-317-24906-1.
    Donald T Critchlow (30 June 2009). The Conservative Ascendancy: how the GOP right made political history. Harvard University Press. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-674-03355-9.
    Michael J. Lacey; Mary O. Furner (25 June 1993). The State and Social Investigation in Britain and the United States. Cambridge University Press. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-521-41638-2.
    "Karl Rove Picks The Seven Most Powerful Conservatives". Forbes. Forbes Media LLC. 9 November 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  43. Conservative Leader Paul Weyrich Dies; First to Lead Heritage Heritage Foundation. Retrieved on December 05, 2017.
  44. Grimes, William. "Joseph Sobran, Writer Whom Buckley Mentored, Dies at 64." New York Times. 1 October 2010. 6 July 2020.
  45. Jim DeMint (2011). The Great American Awakening: Two Years that Changed America, Washington, and Me. B&H Publishing Group. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-4336-7279-8.
    Jon A. Shields; Joshua M. Dunn (2016). Passing on the Right: Conservative Professors in the Progressive University. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-19-986305-1.
    Lanny Davis (24 March 2015). Scandal: How "Gotcha" Politics Is Destroying America. St. Martin's Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-1-4668-9280-4.
  46. Krugman, 163
  47. Allison Perlman (1 May 2016). Public Interests: Media Advocacy and Struggles over U.S. Television. Rutgers University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-8135-7231-4.
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