George Aiken

George David Aiken (August 20, 1892 – November 19, 1984) was an American politician and horticulturist. A member of the Republican Party, he was the 64th Governor of Vermont (1937–1941) before serving in the United States Senate for 34 years, from 1941 to 1975. At the time of his retirement, he was the senior member of the Senate.

For the playwright, see George Aiken (playwright).

"Senator Aiken" redirects here. For other uses, see Senator Aiken (disambiguation).

George Aiken
United States Senator from Vermont
In office January 10, 1941 – January 3, 1975
Preceded by	Ernest W. Gibson Jr.
Succeeded by	Patrick Leahy
64th Governor of Vermont
In office January 7, 1937 – January 9, 1941
Lieutenant	William H. Wills
Preceded by	Charles Manley Smith
Succeeded by	William H. Wills
59th Lieutenant Governor of Vermont
In office January 9, 1935 – January 6, 1937
Governor	Charles Manley Smith
Preceded by	Charles Manley Smith
Succeeded by	William H. Wills
77th Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives
In office January 4, 1933 – January 8, 1935
Preceded by	Edward H. Deavitt
Succeeded by	Ernest E. Moore
Member of the Vermont House of Representatives from Putney
In office January 7, 1931 – January 7, 1935
Preceded by	Robert Goodyear Loomis
Succeeded by	William Hinds Darrow
Personal details
Born	George David Aiken (1892-08-20)August 20, 1892 Dummerston, Vermont, U.S.
Died	November 19, 1984(1984-11-19) (aged 92) Montpelier, Vermont, U.S.
Resting place	Mount Pleasant Cemetery Putney, Vermont, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Beatrice Howard ​ ( m. 1914; died 1966) Lola Pierotti ( m. 1967)
Profession	Farmer Horticulturist Author

As Governor, Aiken battled the New Deal over its programs for hydroelectric power and flood control in Vermont.[1] As a Northeastern Republican in the Senate, he was one of four Republican cosponsors of the Full Employment Act of 1946. Aiken sponsored the food allotment bill of 1945, which was a forerunner of the food stamp program. He promoted federal aid to education, and sought to establish a minimum wage of 65 cents in 1947. Aiken was an isolationist in 1941 but supported the Truman Doctrine in 1947 and the Marshall Plan in 1948.

In the 1960s and 1970s, he steered a middle course on the Vietnam War, opposing Lyndon Johnson's escalation and supporting Richard Nixon's slow withdrawal policies. Aiken was a strong supporter of the small farmer. As acting chairman of the Senate agriculture committee in 1947, he opposed high rigid price supports. He had to compromise, however, and the Hope-Aiken act of 1948 introduced a sliding scale of price supports. In 1950, Aiken was one of seven Republican senators who denounced in writing the tactics of Senator Joseph McCarthy, warning against those who sought "victory through the selfish political exploitation of fear, bigotry, ignorance and intolerance."[2]

Early life

George David Aiken was born in Dummerston, Vermont, to Edward Webster and Myra (née Cook) Aiken.[3] In 1893, he and his parents moved to Putney, where his parents grew fruits and vegetables and his father served in local offices including school board member, select board member, and member of the Vermont House of Representatives.[4] Aiken received his early education in the public schools of Putney, and graduated from Brattleboro High School in 1909.[5] Aiken developed a strong interest in agriculture at an early age, and became a member of the Putney branch of the Grange in 1906.[6] In 1912, he borrowed $100 to plant a patch of raspberries; within five years, his plantings grew to five hundred acres and included a nursery.[3] From 1913 to 1917, Aiken grew small fruits in Putney with George M. Darrow as "Darrow & Aiken." In 1926, Aiken became engaged in the commercial cultivation of wildflowers.[7] He published Pioneering With Wildflowers in 1933 and Pioneering With Fruits and Berries in 1936.[7] He also served as president of the Vermont Horticultural Society (1917–1918) and of the Windham County Farm Bureau (1935–1936).[6]

In 1914, Aiken married Beatrice Howard, to whom he remained married until her death in 1966.[8][9] The couple had three daughters, Dorothy Howard, Marjorie Evelyn (who married Harry Cleverly), and Barbara Marion; and one son, Howard Russell.[7] In 1967 Aiken married his longtime administrative assistant, Lola Pierotti.[8] Lola Aiken remained active in Republican politics until her death in 2014 at age 102.[10][11]

Early political career

Aiken served as a school board member in Putney from 1920 to 1937.[5] A Republican, he unsuccessfully ran for the Vermont House of Representatives in 1922.[6] In 1930, he ran successfully. He was reelected in 1932, and served from 1931 to 1935.[5] Three preceding generations of his family had also served in the state legislature.[3] As a state representative, he became known for his opposition to the private power companies over the issue of dam construction.[8] Aiken was elected as Speaker of the House in 1933, over the opposition of the Republican establishment.[7] As Speaker, he passed the Poor Debtor Law to protect people who could not pay their obligations during the Great Depression.[7]

Governor of Vermont

Aiken was elected Lieutenant Governor of Vermont in 1934.[5] In 1936 he won election as Governor, serving from 1937 to 1941.[6] Aiken earned a reputation as a moderate to liberal Republican, supporting many aspects of the New Deal, but opposing its flood control and land policies.[8] In his second term the governor launched attacks on electric utility companies, and sponsored a bill that made the Public Service Commission independent of the utilities for technical advice. To continue the effort to form a consumer-oriented PSC, he named the former head of the Vermont Farm Bureau as its chairman.[12]

When only Vermont and Maine voted Republican in the 1936 presidential election, Aiken thought he was in a good position to exert national leadership in the GOP. He issued manifestos calling for a more liberal approach, and sought national support. He wrote an open letter to the Republican National Committee in 1937 criticizing the party, and claimed Abraham Lincoln "would be ashamed of his party's leadership today" during a 1938 Lincoln Day address.[6] During the 1940 presidential campaign, however, conservative Republicans favored Senator Robert Taft of Ohio, liberals were behind New York County District Attorney Thomas Dewey, and the media was enthusiastic for Wall Street tycoon Wendell Willkie, so Aiken's nascent campaign went nowhere.[13]

During his administration, Aiken reduced the state's debt, instituted a "pay-as-you-go" road-building program, and convinced the federal government to abandon its plan to control the Connecticut River Valley flood reduction projects.[6] He also broke the monopolies of many major industries, including banks, railroads, marble companies, and granite companies.[3] He also encouraged suffering farmers in rural Vermont to form co-ops to market their crops and get access to electricity.

He portrayed himself in populist terms as the defender of farmers and "common folk" against the Proctor family and other members of the conservative Republican establishment, and with Ernest W. Gibson and Ernest W. Gibson Jr. became recognized as a leader of Vermont's progressive Republicans, which came to be known as the party's Aiken-Gibson Wing. Aiken was also an opponent of the policies of Vermont's large utilities and railroads; when Aiken ran for the U.S. Senate in 1940, the pro-business wing of the party endorsed Ralph Flanders. Aiken defeated Flanders in the GOP Senate primary in 1940 and was easily elected that fall to complete the remainder of Gibson's term. He served until 1975, and was always reelected by large majorities.[14][15]

U.S. Senate

Senator Ernest Willard Gibson died on June 20, 1940; on June 24, 1940 Aiken appointed Ernest W. Gibson Jr. to fill the vacancy pending a special election for the four years remaining on the senior Gibson's term. The younger Gibson served as a caretaker Senator until January 3, 1941, but did not run in the election to fill the vacancy. He was succeeded by Aiken, who won the special election. Political observers assumed that the younger Gibson accepted the temporary appointment to facilitate Aiken's election; knowing that Aiken desired to become a Senator, he accepted the appointment and agreed not to run in a primary against Aiken, which another appointee might have done. Ernest Gibson Jr. was willing to fill the vacancy temporarily and then defer to Aiken because Gibson hoped to serve as Governor.[16] Aiken was elected on November 5, 1940, and took his seat in January, 1941. He was re-elected in 1944, 1950, 1956, 1962, and 1968. During his time in the Senate he served in a number of leadership roles including Chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in Executive Departments in the 80th Congress and in the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry in the 83rd Congress. He was one of the white-haired men during the time of President John F. Kennedy's inaugural statement about the torch passing to a new generation.

He was a proponent of many spending programs such as Food Stamps and public works projects for rural America, such as rural electrification, flood control and crop insurance. He also had a great affection for the natural beauty of his home state, saying "some folks just naturally love the mountains, and like to live up among them where freedom of thought and action is logical and inherent."[17] His views were at odds with those of many Old Guard Republicans in the Senate.

The role of labor unions, or more exactly the federal role in balancing the rights of labor and management, was a central issue in the 1940s. Aiken stood midway between the pro-union Democrats and the pro-management Republicans. He favored settling labor disputes by negotiation, not in Congress and courts. He voted against the stringent Case labor bill promoted by conservative Republicans. They in turn blocked Aiken's appointment to the Labor and Public Welfare Committee and persuaded conservative leader Robert A. Taft to chair it. Aiken spoke out in favor of unions but voted for Taft's Taft Hartley Act of 1947, and for overriding President Truman's veto. He argued that it was a lesser evil than the Case bill.[18]

Aiken always represented the now-defunct Yankee element in the GOP, and distrusted Southerners. Aiken voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957,[19] 1964,[20] and 1968,[21] as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,[22] the Voting Rights Act of 1965,[23] and the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court,[24] while Aiken did not vote on the Civil Rights Act of 1960.[25] At first he supported civil rights but by the 1960s he took a more ambiguous position. He consistently favored civil rights legislation, from the Civil Rights Act of 1957 to the Voting Rights Act of 1965, but usually with important qualifications and amendments. This ambiguity, which some called obstructionism, was criticized by militant civil rights groups and the NAACP.[26]

Aiken took an ambivalent position on the Vietnam war (1965–75), changing along with the Vermont mood. Neither a hawk nor a dove, he was sometimes called an "owl."[27] He reluctantly supported the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 1964, and was more enthusiastic in support of Nixon's program of letting South Vietnam do the fighting using American money.[28] Aiken is widely quoted as saying that the U.S. should declare victory and bring the troops home.[29] His actual statement was:

"The United States could well declare unilaterally ... that we have 'won' in the sense that our armed forces are in control of most of the field and no potential enemy is in a position to establish its authority over South Vietnam," and that such a declaration "would herald the resumption of political warfare as the dominant theme in Vietnam."

He added: "It may be a far-fetched proposal, but nothing else has worked."[30]

His base in Vermont was solid; he spent only $17.09 on his last reelection bid. A north-south avenue on the west side of the public lawn at the Vermont State House has been named for him. He left office in 1975, succeeded by the first Democrat to represent Vermont in the Senate, Patrick Leahy. Leahy went on to become the Dean of the Senate, the title Aiken possessed when he left the chamber.

Committee assignments

Committee	Congresses	Notes
Agriculture and Forestry	77th – 93rd	Ranking Member (81 – 82; 84 – 91); Chairman (83)[31]
Civil Service	77th – 79th
Education and Labor Labor and Public Welfare	77th – 80th 81st – 83rd
Expenditures in Executive Departments	77th – 80th	Ranking Member (79);[32] Chairman (80)[33]
Pensions	77th – 79th	Ranking Member (79)[32]
Senatorial Campaign Expenditures, 1942 (Select)	77th – 78th	[34]
Foreign Relations	83rd – 93rd	Appointed January 15, 1954[35]
Atomic Energy (Joint)	86th – 93rd
Aeronautical and Space Sciences	89th	Resigned from committee January 14, 1966[36]

Retirement and death

Aiken did not run for reelection in 1974.[37] He resided in Putney until mid-1984, when his health began to fail and he moved to a nursing home in Montpelier.[38] He died in Montpelier on November 19, 1984,[39] and was buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Putney.[40]

References

1. Heinrichs, 2001)
2. Eleonora W. Schoenebaum, ed., Political Profiles: The Truman Years (1978) p 7
3. Krebs, Albin (November 20, 1984). "George Aiken, Longtime Senator And G.O.P. Maverick, Dies at 92". The New York Times.
4. Bigelow, Walter J. (1920). Vermont, Its Government. Montpelier, VT: Historical Publishing Company. pp. 124–125.
5. "AIKEN, George David, (1892–1984)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
6. Current Biography. 24. H. W. Wilson Company. 1948.
7. The History of Putney, Vermont, 1753-1953. Fortnightly Club of Putney. 1953.
8. "George D. Aiken". University of Vermont.
9. "Beatrice Aiken, Senator's Wife, Dies at 71". Burlington Free Press. Burlington, VT. Associated Press. May 11, 1966. p. 1.
10. Garrity, Roger (September 8, 2014). "Lola Aiken, wife of Sen. George Aiken, dies at 102". WCAX-TV. Burlington, VT.
11. "Lola Aiken Dies at 102". VT Digger. Montpelier, VT. September 8, 2014.
12. Hand (2002) p 157
13. D. Gregory Sanford, “You Can't Get There From Here: The Presidential Boomlet for Governor George D. Aiken, 1937–1939," Vermont History 49 (1981): 197–208.
14. Heinrichs, (2001) p 273
15. Hand (2002) pp 158-9
16. Samuel B. Hand, The Star That Set: The Vermont Republican Party, 1854–1974, 2003, page 133
17. Kauffman, Bill (2004-09-13) Democracy in Vermont, The American Conservative
18. Paul M. Searls, "George Aiken and the Taft-Hartley Act: A Less Undesirable Alternative," Vermont History (1992) 60#3 pp 155–166.
19. "HR. 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957". GovTrack.us.
20. "HR. 7152. PASSAGE".
21. "TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO PROHIBIT DISCRIMINATION IN SALE OR RENTAL OF HOUSING, AND TO PROHIBIT RACIALLY MOTIVATED INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON EXERCISING HIS CIVIL RIGHTS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES".
22. "S.J. RES. 29. APPROVAL OF RESOLUTION BANNING THE POLL TAX AS PREREQUISITE FOR VOTING IN FEDERAL ELECTIONS". GovTrack.us.
23. "TO PASS S. 1564, THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965".
24. "CONFIRMATION OF NOMINATION OF THURGOOD MARSHALL, THE FIRST NEGRO APPOINTED TO THE SUPREME COURT". GovTrack.us.
25. "HR. 8601. PASSAGE OF AMENDED BILL".
26. Bruce H. Kalk, "Yankee Party or Southern Strategy? George Aiken and the Republican Party, 1936-1972," Vermont History (1996) 64#4 pp236–250
27. Duffy (2002) p 35
28. Charles F. O'Brien, "Aiken and Vietnam: A Dialogue with Vermont Voters," Vermont History (1993) 61#1 pp 5-17.
29. Mark A. Stoler, "What Did He Really Say? The 'Aiken Formula'for Vietnam Revisited,'" Vermont History (1978) 46#1 pp 100-108.
30. Eder, Richard. "Aiken Suggests U.S. Say It Has Won the War." New York Times. October 20, 1966, pp. 1, 16
31. The United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry: 1825–1998 (S. Doc. 105-24). 105th Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1998. Archived from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
32. Official Congressional Directory. 79th Congress
33. "Chairmen of Senate Standing Committees 1789 – present" (PDF). Senate Historical Office. June 2008. p. 35. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
34. Canon, David T.; Garrison Nelson; Charles Stewart III (2002). Committees in the U.S. Congress: 1789–1946. Vol 4, Select Committees. Washington, DC: CQ Press. ISBN 1-56802-175-5.
35. Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Millennium Edition, 1816–2000 (S. Doc. 105-28) (PDF). 105th Congress, 2d session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 2000. p. 98.
36. Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, United States Senate: 1958–1976. 94th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. December 30, 1976. p. 63. hdl:2027/mdp.39015077942277.
37. "Senate Dean George Aiken Won't Run for Re-Election". Florence Morning News. Florence, SC. Associated Press. February 15, 1974. p. 9.
38. Goddard, Kevin (November 19, 1984). "George Aiken: Born Aug. 20, 1892; Retired from U.S. Senate in 1974". United Press International Archives. Washington, DC.
39. Krebs, Albin (November 20, 1984). "George Aiken, Longtime Senator and G.O.P. Maverick, Dies at 92". New York Times. new York, NY.
40. "Former Sen. George Aiken Buried in Vermont Hometown". Sun-Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, FL. United Press International. November 23, 1984. p. 4B – via Newspapers.com.

Further reading

• Bryan, Frank M. Yankee politics in rural Vermont (U. Press of New England, 1974)
• Duffy, John J. et al. eds. The Vermont Encyclopedia (2003) excerpt and text search
• Hand, Samuel B., and D. Gregory Sanford. "Carrying Water on Both Shoulders: George D. Aiken's 1936 Gubernatorial Campaign in Vermont," Vermont History (1975) 43: 292-306
• Hand, Samuel B. The Star That Set: The Vermont Republican Party, 1854-1974 (2002); extensive coverage of Aiken based on his diaries
• Hand, Samuel B. and Paul M. Searls. "Transition Politics: Vermont, 1940–1952," Vermont History (1994) 62#1 pp 1–25
• Heinrichs, Jr. Waldo H. "Waldo H. Heinrichs, George D. Aiken, and the Lend Lease Debate of 1941," Vermont History (2001) 69#3 pp 267–83 online
• Johns, Andrew L. "Doves Among Hawks: Republican Opposition to the Vietnam War, 1964–1968." Peace & Change (2006) 31#4 pp: 585-628.
• Judd, Richard Munson. The New Deal in Vermont: Its impact and aftermath (Taylor & Francis, 1979)
• Schoenebaum, Eleonora W. ed., Political Profiles: The Truman Years (1978) pp 6–8
• Schoenebaum, Eleonora W. ed., Political Profiles: The Eisenhower Years (1977) pp 7–8
• Stoler, Mark A. "What Did He Really Say? The 'Aiken Formula'for Vietnam Revisited.”." Vermont History 46 (1978): 100-108.
• Stoler, Mark A. "Aiken, Mansfield, and the Tonkin Gulf Crisis: Notes from the Congressional Leadership Meeting at the White House, August 4, 1964." Vermont History 50: 80-94.

Primary sources

• Aiken, George David. Speaking from Vermont (Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1938)
• Aiken, George D. Senate Diary (Brattleboro, Vt 1976); ISBN 0828902755.
• Gallagher, Connell. "The Senator George D. Aiken Papers: Sources for the Study of Canadian-American Relations, 1930-1974." Archivaria 1#21 (1985) pp 176–79 online.

External links

• United States Congress. "George Aiken (id: A000062)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• George D. Aiken papers in Congressional Papers collection, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Library
• Inventory of the George D. Aiken Papers, Special Collections, University of Vermont Library
• Oral History Interview with George Aiken, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library

Party political offices
Preceded by Charles Manley Smith	Republican nominee for Governor of Vermont 1936, 1938	Succeeded by William Henry Wills
Preceded by Ernest Willard Gibson	Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Vermont (Class 3) 1940, 1944, 1950, 1956, 1962, 1968	Succeeded by Richard W. Mallary
Preceded by W. Robert Johnson	Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from Vermont (Class 3) 1968	Succeeded by Patrick Leahy
Political offices
Preceded by Edward H. Deavitt	Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives 1933–1935	Succeeded by Ernest E. Moore
Preceded by Charels M. Smith	Lieutenant Governor of Vermont 1935–1937	Succeeded by William H. Wills
	Governor of Vermont 1937–1941
Preceded by Lister Hill	Chairman of the Senate Executive Department Expenditures Committee 1947–1949	Succeeded by John L. McClellan
Preceded by Allen J. Ellender	Chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee 1953–1955	Succeeded by Allen J. Ellender
U.S. Senate
Preceded by Ernest W. Gibson Jr.	U.S. senator (Class 3) from Vermont 1941–1975 Served alongside: Warren Austin, Ralph Flanders, Winston L. Prouty, Robert Stafford	Succeeded by Patrick Leahy
Honorary titles
Preceded by Styles Bridges	Most Senior Republican United States Senator 1961 - 1975	Succeeded by Milton R. Young
Preceded by Allen J. Ellender	Dean of the United States Senate July 27, 1972 – January 3, 1975	Succeeded by James Eastland and John L. McClellan