Nicholas Murray Butler

Nicholas Murray Butler (April 2, 1862 – December 7, 1947) was an American philosopher, diplomat, and educator. Butler was president of Columbia University,[1] president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He became so well known and respected that The New York Times printed his Christmas greeting to the nation every year.

Nicholas Butler
12th President of Columbia University
In office
1902–1945
Preceded bySeth Low
Succeeded byFrank D. Fackenthal (Acting)
Personal details
Born(1862-04-02)April 2, 1862
Elizabeth, New Jersey, U.S.
DiedDecember 7, 1947(1947-12-07) (aged 85)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)Susanna Edwards Schuyler
Kate La Montagne
EducationColumbia University (BA, MA, PhD)
Signature
Butler in 1916

Early life and education

Butler, great-grandson of Morgan John Rhys,[2] was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey to Mary Butler and manufacturing worker Henry Butler. He enrolled in Columbia College (later Columbia University) and joined the Peithologian Society. He earned his bachelor of arts degree in 1882, his master's degree in 1883 and his doctorate in 1884. Butler's academic and other achievements led Theodore Roosevelt to call him "Nicholas Miraculous." In 1885, Butler studied in Paris and Berlin and became a lifelong friend of future Secretary of State Elihu Root. Through Root he also met Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. In the fall of 1885, Butler joined the staff of Columbia's philosophy department.

In 1887, he co-founded with Grace Hoadley Dodge,[3] and became president of, the New York School for the Training of Teachers, which later affiliated with Columbia University and was renamed Teachers College, Columbia University, and from which a co-educational experimental and developmental unit became Horace Mann School.[4] From 1890 to 1891, Butler was a lecturer at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Throughout the 1890s Butler served on the New Jersey Board of Education and helped form the College Entrance Examination Board.

Presidency of Columbia University

In 1901, Butler became acting president of Columbia University, and in 1902 formally became president. Among the many dignitaries in attendance at his investiture was President Roosevelt. Butler was president of Columbia for 43 years, the longest tenure in the university's history, retiring in 1945. As president, Butler carried out a major expansion of the campus, adding many new buildings, schools, and departments. These additions included Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, the first academic medical center in the world.

In 1919, Butler amended the admissions process to Columbia in order limit the number of Jewish and Episcopal students. Butler's policy was successful and the number of students hailing from New York City dropped from 54% to 23% stemming what one administrator called "the invasion of the Jewish student."[5] This one of the reasons why Butler has been called an Anti-Semite.

In 1937 he was admitted as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati.[6]

In 1941, the Pulitzer Prize fiction jury selected Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls. The Pulitzer Board initially agreed with that judgment, but Butler, ex officio head of the Pulitzer board, found the novel offensive and persuaded the board to reverse its determination, so that no novel received the prize that year.[7]

During his lifetime, Columbia named its philosophy library for him; after he died, its main academic library, previously known as South Hall, was rechristened Butler Library. A faculty apartment building on 119th Street and Morningside Drive was also renamed in Butler's honour, as was a major prize in philosophy.

An in-depth look at Butler's time at Columbia University also can be found in The Goose-Step: a Study of American Education, by Upton Sinclair.

Political activity

Butler was a delegate to each Republican National Convention from 1888 to 1936. In 1912, when Vice President James S. Sherman died a few days before the presidential election, Butler was designated to receive the electoral votes that Sherman would have received. (The Republican ticket won only 8 electoral votes from Utah and Vermont, finishing third behind the Democrats and the Progressives.)

In 1916, Butler tried to secure the Republican presidential nomination for Elihu Root. Butler sought the nomination for himself in 1920, without success.[8]

Butler believed that Prohibition was a mistake, with negative effects on the country. He became active in the successful effort for Repeal in 1933.

He credited John W. Burgess along with Alexander Hamilton for providing the philosophical basis of his Republican principles.[9]

In June 1936 Butler traveled to the Carnegie Endowment Peace Conference in London where, at the meeting, the question of gold being used internationally was considered.

Internationalist

Butler was the chair of the Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration that met periodically from 1907 to 1912. In this time he was appointed president of the American branch of International Conciliation. Butler was also instrumental in persuading Andrew Carnegie to provide the initial $10 million funding for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Butler became head of international education and communication, founded the European branch of the Endowment headquartered in Paris, and was President of the Endowment from 1925 to 1945. For his work in this field, he received the Nobel Peace Prize for 1931 (shared with Jane Addams) "[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement".

In December 1916 Butler, Roosevelt and other philanthropists including Scottish-born industrialist John C. Moffat, William Astor Chanler, Joseph Choate, Clarence Mackay, George von Lengerke Meyer, and John Grier Hibben purchased the Château de Chavaniac, birthplace of the Marquis de Lafayette in Auvergne, to serve as a headquarters for the French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund,[10] which was managed by Chanler's ex-wife Beatrice Ashley Chanler.[11][12]

Butler was President of the Pilgrims Society, which promotes Anglo-American friendship.[13] He served as President of the Pilgrims from 1928 to 1946. Butler was president of The American Academy of Arts and Letters from 1928 to 1941.

Personal life

Butler married Susanna Edwards Schuyler (1863–1903) in 1887 and had one daughter from that marriage. Susanna was the daughter of Jacob Rutsen Schuyler (1816–1887) and Susannah Haigh Edwards (born 1830). His wife died in 1903 and he married again in 1907 to Kate La Montagne, granddaughter of New York property developer Thomas E. Davis.[14] In 1940, Butler completed his autobiography with the publication of the second volume of Across the Busy Years.[15] When Butler became almost blind in 1945 at the age of eighty-three, he resigned from the posts he held and died two years later. Butler is buried at Cedar Lawn Cemetery, in Paterson, New Jersey.

Despite Butler's accomplishments, many people regarded him as arrogant. He autocratically dismissed faculty members who displeased him, such as the great classical scholar Harry Thurston Peck, and others who dared to question his dismissals, such as the civil rights pioneer Joel Elias Spingarn. He had little respect for Columbia's fine arts faculty, and stripped them of academic affairs voting rights in 1903, accelerating his deteriorating relationship with music professor Edward MacDowell; he went so far as to accuse MacDowell of unprofessional conduct and sloppy teaching, prompting MacDowell's abrupt resignation from Columbia in February 1904. In 1939, a former student of Butler's, Rolfe Humphries, published in the pages of Poetry an effort titled "Draft Ode for a Phi Beta Kappa Occasion" that followed a classical format of unrhymed blank verse in iambic pentameter with one classical reference per line. The first letters of each line of the resulting acrostic spelled out the message: "Nicholas Murray Butler is a horses [sic] ass." Upon discovering the "hidden" message, the irate editors ran a formal apology.[16] Randolph Silliman Bourne lampooned him as "Alexander Macintosh Butcher" in "One of our Conquerers", a 1915 essay he published in The New Republic.

Butler wrote and spoke voluminously on all manner of subjects ranging from education to world peace. Although marked by erudition and great learning, his work tended toward the portentous and overblown. In The American Mercury, the critic Dorothy Dunbar Bromley referred to Butler's pronouncements as "those interminable miasmas of guff."[17]

One notable critic of Butler was Beat poet Allen Ginsberg. While attending Columbia, Ginsberg scrawled the phrases "Butler Has No Balls" and "Fuck The Jews" in the grime on his dirty dorm window in Hartley Hall. (The dorm maid reported the graffiti to College dean Herbert Hawkes, who summoned Ginsberg and told him, "I hope you realize the enormity of what you've done". This incident was among the reasons that Ginsberg was suspended from Columbia.)

Honors

Works
  • Regeneration, 1896.
  • True and False Democracy (1 ed.). New York: The Macmillan Company. 1907. Retrieved July 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  • Philosophy, 1908.
  • The International Mind: An Argument for the Judicial Settlement of International Disputes (1 ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1912. Retrieved July 7, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  • Why Should we Change our Form of Government?, 1912.
  • The Great War and Its Lessons, 1914.
  • The United States of Europe; An Interview with Nicholas Murray Butler by Edward Marshall (1 ed.). New York: Reprint from the New York Times of October 18, 1914. 1914. Retrieved July 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  • The United States as a World Power, 1915.
  • The Building of the Nation, 1916.
  • The Basis of Durable Peace: Written at the Invitation of The New York Times (1 ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's. 1918. Retrieved July 7, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  • Problems of Peace and After-Peace (1 ed.). 1919. Retrieved July 7, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  • Making Liberal Men and Women, 1921.
  • Scholarship and Service, 1921.
  • Building the American Nation, 1923.
  • The Faith of a Liberal, 1924.
  • Between Two Worlds, 1934.
  • Across the Busy Years: Recollections and Reflections. I (1 ed.). New York & London: The Charles Scribner's Sons. 1939. Retrieved July 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  • Across the Busy Years: Recollections and Reflections. II (1 ed.). New York & London: The Charles Scribner's Sons. 1940. Retrieved July 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
gollark: It does! d4s are produced via capitalistic economic systems.
gollark: It seems to be the most vaguely working economic system, which is... something.
gollark: That comes under "technical problem", yes.
gollark: *All* of them?
gollark: Yes, thus technical problem.

See also

Notes
  1. Pringle, Henry F. (1928). "Publicist or Politician? A Portrait of Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler," The Outlook, Vol. CL, No. 7.
  2. "Morgan J. Rhees papers, 1794-1968". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved May 22, 2019. Abolitionist, Welsh republican radical, publisher, Baptist minister, pioneer and adventurer Morgan J. Rhees ... was the great grandfather of Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia University.
  3. "A Tribute to Grace Hoadley Dodge". Columbia.edu. Teachers College, Columbia University. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  4. "History of Horace Mann School". Horace Mann School. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
  5. https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan02/jan02_cover_architecture.html
  6. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. McDowell, Edwin. "Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies." New York Times, May 11, 1984
  8. "Ask Alma's Owl: Butler for President | Columbia News".
  9. Butler, Nicholas Murray (1939). Across the busy years: recollections and reflections. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 363.
  10. "Americans buy Lafayette's Home," The Sacred Heart Review, Volume 57, Number 4, 6 January 1917, p. 3.
  11. Albert Bushnell Hart, Harper's Pictorial Library of the World War, Volume 7, Harper, 1920; p. 110.
  12. "Americans Aid War Refugees in Paris Mrs. William Astor Chanler Tells of Work Done Through Lafayette Fund;" The Philadelphia Inquirer; 8-04-1918; Vol. 179, Issue: 35; p. 11, Philadelphia, PA.
  13. Seabury, Paul (1966). "The Establishment Game: Nicholas Murray Butler Rides Again," The Reporter, Vol. XXXIV, No. 10.
  14. "Dr Butler wed Miss La Montagne" (PDF). New York Times. March 6, 1907. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
  15. Butler, Nicholas Murray (1940). Across the Busy Years: Recollections and Reflections. II (1 ed.). New York & London: The Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved July 6, 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  16. Nicholas Murray Butler, Everything2, Retrieved September 3, 2011
  17. Bromley, Dorothy Dunbar (1935). "Nicholas Murray Butler—Portrait of a Reactionary," The American Mercury, Vol. XXXIV, No. 135, p. 298.
  18. Money to Burn: Great American Foundations and Their Money

Further reading
  • Comte, Edward Le (1986). "Dinner with Butler and Eisenhower," Commentary, Vol. LXXXI, No. 1.
  • Hewlett, Charles F. (1983). "Nicholas Murray Butler and the American Peace Movement," Teachers College Record, Vol. 85, No. 2.
  • Hewlett, Charles F. (1987). "John Dewey and Nicholas Murray Butler: Contrasting Conceptions of Peace Education in the Twenties," Educational Theory, Vol. 37, No. 4.
  • Marrin, Albert (1976). Nicholas Murray Butler, Boston: Twayne Publishers.
  • Rosenthal, Michael (2006). Nicholas Miraculous: The Amazing Career of the Redoubtable Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 0-374-29994-3
  • Sokal, Michael M. (2009). "James McKeen Cattell, Nicholas Murray Butler, and Academic Freedom at Columbia University, 1902–1923," History of Psychology, Vol. XII, No. 2.
  • Thomas, Milton Halsey (1932). Bibliography of Nicholas Murray Butler, 1872-1932: A Check List, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Williams, Andrew (2012). "Waiting for Monsieur Bergson: Nicholas Murray Butler, James T. Shotwell, and the French Sage," Diplomacy & Statecraft, Vol. 23, No. 2.
  • Akhund, Nadine, Tison, Stephane (2018), En guerre pour la paix. Correspondance Paul d'Estournelles de Constant et Nicholas Murray-Butler (1914-1919), Paris: Alma.


Academic offices
Preceded by
Seth Low		 President of Columbia University
1902–1945		 Succeeded by
Frank D. Fackenthal
Acting
Party political offices
Preceded by
James S. Sherman		 Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States
1912		 Succeeded by
Charles W. Fairbanks
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