Carl Hayden

Carl Trumbull Hayden (October 2, 1877 – January 25, 1972) was an American politician and the first United States Senator to serve seven terms. Serving as Arizona's first Representative for eight terms before entering the Senate, Hayden set the record for longest-serving member of the United States Congress more than a decade before his retirement from politics. The longtime Dean of the United States Senate served as its president pro tempore and chairman of both its Rules and Administration and Appropriations committees. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Carl Hayden
President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate
In office
January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1969
Preceded byWalter F. George
Succeeded byRichard Russell Jr.
United States senator
from Arizona
In office
March 4, 1927 – January 3, 1969
Preceded byRalph Henry Cameron
Succeeded byBarry Goldwater
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Arizona's at-large district
In office
February 19, 1912 – March 4, 1927
Preceded byRalph Henry Cameron (Territorial delegate)
Succeeded byLewis W. Douglas
Personal details
Born
Carl Trumbull Hayden

(1877-10-02)October 2, 1877
Hayden's Ferry, Arizona Territory, U.S.
DiedJanuary 25, 1972(1972-01-25) (aged 94)
Mesa, Arizona, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse(s)Nan Downing (d.1961)
Alma materArizona State University
Stanford University
Signature
Military service
Allegiance United States of America
Branch/service United States Army
United States National Guard
Rank Major of Infantry
Unit9th battalion, 166th Depot Brigade
Battles/warsWorld War I

Having earned a reputation as a reclamation expert early in his congressional career,[1] Hayden consistently backed legislation dealing with public lands, mining, reclamation, and other projects affecting the Western United States. In addition, he played a key role in creating the funding formula for the federal highway system.[2] President John F. Kennedy said of Hayden, "Every Federal program which has contributed to the development of the West—irrigation, power, reclamation—bears his mark, and the great Federal highway program which binds this country together, which permits this State to be competitive east and west, north and south, this in large measure is his creation."[3]

Known as the "Silent Senator", Hayden rarely spoke on the Senate floor. Instead his influence came from committee meetings and Senate cloakroom discussions where his comments were "given a respect comparable to canon law".[4] A colleague said of him, "No man in Senate history has wielded more influence with less oratory,"[5] while The Los Angeles Times wrote that Hayden had "assisted so many projects for so many senators that when old Carl wants something for his beloved Arizona, his fellow senators fall all over themselves giving him a hand. They'd probably vote landlocked Arizona a navy if he asked for it."[6]

Background

Hayden was born to Charles Trumbull Hayden and Sallie Calvert Davis on October 2, 1877, in Hayden's Ferry, Arizona Territory (renamed Tempe in 1878).[7] Charles Hayden was a Connecticut-born merchant and freight operator who had moved west due to a lung ailment and homesteaded a claim on the south bank of the Salt River. Charles Hayden had also served as a probate judge and, following Grover Cleveland's 1884 election, had been considered for the territorial governorship. Sallie Davis was an Arkansas-born schoolteacher who served as vice president of the Arizona Territorial Suffrage Association during the 1890s.

Following the birth of their son, Charles and Sallie Hayden had three daughters: Sarah (called Sallie), Anna, and Mary (called Mapes). Anna died unexpectedly at two-and-one-half years of age. The Hayden family operated a variety of business interests including a ferry service, a gristmill, a general store, and agricultural interests.

While he was growing up, Hayden's family took several trips, including journeys to Washington, D.C., and the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. To these, Hayden added several solo trips, including a horseback trip to the Grand Canyon and a trip to Mexico City when he was fourteen.[8][9]

Hayden's Ferry crossing the Salt river, c. 1900

Hayden attended Tempe's Eighth Street School and Arizona Territorial Normal School (now Arizona State University). After his graduation from normal school in June 1896 he was enrolled at Stanford University where he studied economics, history, language, and philosophy with an interest in attending law school after graduation. While at Stanford, he was sophomore class president and participated in debate, fiction writing, football, and track. During his junior year, Hayden suffered his only election defeat when he narrowly lost the race for student body president. He attributed his loss to overconfidence and learned to "always run scared" in future elections.[10][11] Hayden met his future wife, Nan Downing, while at Stanford. The couple married on February 14, 1908, and produced no children.[12]

One semester from graduation, in December 1899, Hayden was forced to drop out of school when his father became ill. Charles Hayden died on February 5, 1900, leaving his son with responsibility for the family and control of the family business interests. Hayden sold the mercantile business to pay off outstanding debts and then rented most of the family's properties to provide an income that allowed him to move his mother and sisters to Palo Alto, California, where his sisters could attend college.[13] In the fall of 1903, he enlisted in the Arizona Territorial National Guard and was elected captain within two months.[14][15]

Early political career
Sheriff Carl Hayden

Soon after his return from Stanford, Hayden became active in Democratic Party politics. In September 1900 he represented Tempe as a delegate at a county level convention and became chairman of the Maricopa County Democratic Central Committee in 1902.[16] Hayden was also elected to a two-year term on the Tempe town council. Following passage of the National Reclamation Act of 1902 he was sent to Washington, D.C. by interests in Tempe to lobby for funding of the Salt River Project.[17]

Hayden led the Arizona Territory delegation to the 1904 Democratic National Convention in St. Louis. Later in 1904 he was elected Maricopa County treasurer. Hayden's two years as treasurer provided him practical experience with public finance and budgetary processes. After one term as county treasurer, he chose to pursue the more lucrative office of sheriff—the position providing a travel budget and a percentage of collected fees. The November 1906 election saw Hayden defeat his Republican and Prohibition party challengers by the largest margin of victory in any of the county races.[18]

By the time Hayden became sheriff, Maricopa County had transformed from a Wild West frontier into a quiet agricultural settlement.[19] Based in Phoenix, which had grown to a population of 10,000 people, he performed duties such as maintaining order, collecting fees from saloons and gambling halls, transportation of prisoners to other parts of the territory, and enforcing local ordinances such as a Phoenix law requiring local Indians to wear pants instead of a breechcloth when visiting town.[20] During his time as sheriff, Hayden did not have to fire his firearm, although he did use an Apperson Jack Rabbit to pursue and capture two train robbers.[12]

House of Representatives

Hayden's first run for Congress came during a 1911 special election called in anticipation of Arizona statehood. With the Democratic Party's influence in territorial politics, winning the party primary was tantamount to winning the general election. Hayden was considered an underdog to two other Democratic challengers and received an endorsement from only one Arizona newspaper. Due to his duties as sheriff along with his Arizona Territorial National Guard service, Hayden had become known to political leaders throughout the territory. These acquaintances, combined with the influence of his father's good reputation, allowed Hayden a surprise win in the Democratic primary which was followed by his election to the United States House of Representatives.[21]

Carl Hayden (c. 1916)

The 1911 election set a number of precedents that would characterize Hayden's later political campaigns. The first was his tradition of never mentioning his opponent's name in public.[22] He also began a practice of caravaning around the state with other members of his party, a pattern that continued until war-time rationing of the 1940s ended the custom. He also kept a lookout for candidates with a potential to run against him, occasionally sending letters encouraging the rumored candidates to run. With good home service of his constituents, Hayden rarely faced a strong challenge for his office.[23]

Hayden gave the jail house keys to Deputy Jeff Adams and, with his wife, began the trip to Washington, D.C. the same day President William H. Taft signed the legislation granting Arizona statehood.[22] Bearing credentials from Territorial Governor Richard Elihu Sloan, Hayden was sworn into the 62nd United States Congress on February 19, 1912. His goal while in Congress was to help his fledgling state develop its natural resources and infrastructure while growing the state's population. Due to the federal government controlling the majority of the state's land, Hayden also wished to involve the federal government in this process.[24] Hayden's first bill, authorizing a railroad right-of-way to Fort Huachuca, was introduced on March 1, 1912.

With the 1913 start to his first full term, Hayden supported Woodrow Wilson's policies by voting for the Clayton Anti-Trust Act, Federal Reserve Act, Underwood Tariff Act, and creation of the Federal Trade Commission.[25] He sponsored the Grand Canyon National Park Act, and, in honor of his mother, he introduced a joint resolution calling for women's suffrage.[26] In 1914, Hayden secured an extension of repayment times for loans made under the National Reclamation Act of 1902 from ten to twenty years. The extension included greater flexibility in the payment amounts during the early repayment period.[27] An additional change in the way that reclamation projects were funded came in 1922 with passage of Hayden's legislation authorizing revenues from sale of hydroelectric power to be credited to repayment of project debts.[28] Favoring local control of reclamation projects, in 1917 Hayden wrote legislation transferring financial obligations and operations of the Salt River Project from the Bureau of Reclamation to a local government entity. The Bureau transferring control to local government agencies would become the model for future reclamation projects in The West.[29] Other early efforts by Hayden included sponsoring the creation of the Grand Canyon National Park and the 1919 legislation resulting in the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[30]

Ashurst-Hayden diversion dam, part of the San Carlos Irrigation Project.

Beginning with an appropriation during his first term for the United States Army Corps of Engineers to perform a study accessing the feasibility of building a flood control dam, Hayden sought to bring a reclamation project to the Gila River.[31] Following a favorable feasibility report on the project, Hayden introduced legislation authorizing the San Carlos Project in 1914. Bill opponents claimed that Arizona had already received an overly large share of federal reclamation funds and the legislation was defeated.[32]

Using the fact that the Pima Indians would be one of the primary beneficiaries of the project, Hayden switched tactics and, in 1916, began inserting a series of appropriations into the annual Indian Appropriations Act that paid for the construction of a diversion dam downstream of the planned reservoir. By 1922, the diversion dam was completed and named after Hayden and Arizona Senator Henry Fountain Ashurst.[33] Final passage of the San Carlos project came in 1924 when Senator Ralph H. Cameron, Arizona's sole Republican in the Republican-controlled 68th Congress, reintroduced the San Carlos bill. Calvin Coolidge signed the bill into law after the name "Coolidge Dam" was selected for the primary dam.[34]

Hayden voted for American entry into World War I and then successfully added an amendment to a military manpower bill that prohibited conscripted personnel from avoiding military service by buying their way out and requiring all draftees to remain in the military until the end of the war. He also favored humane treatment of conscientious objectors. In the summer of 1917 Hayden proposed to President Wilson that the Industrial Workers of the World labor union be declared an outlaw organization so that vigilantes could take care of them.[35] As an officer in the Arizona National Guard prior to the war, Major Hayden volunteered to join his unit and served as commander of the 9th battalion, 166th Depot Brigade at Camp Lewis, Washington helping prepare his division for active duty. The war ended before his unit was transferred to Europe.[36]

While still in the House of Representatives, Hayden became involved in a decades-long dispute over water rights for the Colorado River. California interests at the time wanted to construct a water storage dam along with an All-American Canal to allow irrigation of the Imperial Valley without routing the water through Mexico. Apportionment of the river's waters was a contentious issue and Arizona refused to approve the Colorado River Compact designed to determine allocation of water to each of the states in Colorado's watershed.

As a result of this disagreement when Representative Phil Swing and Senator Hiram Johnson, both from California, introduced legislation authorizing the Boulder Canyon Project, Hayden became a leader of the opposition.[37] To this end, Hayden engaged in a variety of parliamentary procedures that prevented the Swing-Johnston bill reaching the House floor for a vote until after he had left the House of Representatives for the Senate.[38]

Senate

During Hayden's first run for the Senate in 1926, he based his campaign on his record of defending Arizona's interests in the water rights dispute with California. To this effort his campaign poster was composed of editorial headlines from California newspapers decrying Hayden's effectiveness at preventing passage of the Swing-Johnson Bill authorizing construction of Boulder Dam.[39] The campaign saw allegations of misconduct raised with incumbent Ralph H. Cameron claiming Hayden had used a slush fund received from out-of-state interests. An inquiry led by Senator William H. King was begun several days before the election and found no evidence of wrongdoing.[40][41] "Senator Cameron's 'slush fund' charges proved to be a boomerang which added considerably to my majority" observed Hayden after the election.[42]

Upon Hayden's election to the Senate, he received what Senator Thomas J. Walsh called "choice committee assignments", including a seat on the Appropriations Committee.[43] As a result of his seat on the Appropriations Committee, much of Hayden's efforts in the Senate were shifted away from policy making functions and toward control, allocation, and oversight of the financial funds used to implement legislated policy. Other committee assignments that would help shape his Senate career included Interior and Insular Affairs, Post Office and Post Roads, Rules and Administration, and the United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing.[44]

1920s
Hayden (sometime between 1920 and 1932), in the middle of his congressional career

Upon moving to the Senate in March 1927, Hayden continued his opposition to the Boulder Canyon Project. With growing national support for the project, however, it became obvious to Hayden that passage of the bill was inevitable. Seeking time to gain terms more favorable to Arizona, he continued his opposition with the aid of two filibusters from Arizona's other Senator, Henry F. Ashurst, and was able to delay a vote of the full Senate on the measure until the end of the 70th Congress' first session. When the Swing-Johnston bill came up for a vote on May 28, 1928 Hayden made his first speech from the floor of the Senate, a filibuster in which he spoke for nine hours during an all-night session before allowing Ashurst to take over for another twelve hours.[45][46]

Passage of the Boulder Canyon Project came shortly after Congress reconvened in December 1928. Politically unpopular in Arizona, the final bill did contain several important concessions for Arizona. An amendment by Nevada Senator Key Pittman was added to the bill and set water allotments from the Colorado to 300,000 acre feet (0.37 km3) per year to Nevada, 4,400,000 acre feet (5.4 km3) per year to California and 2,800,000 acre feet (3.5 km3) per year to Arizona with exclusive rights to all waters from the Gila River also going to Arizona. The final bill also included authorization to pay both Arizona and Nevada an amount comparable to the tax revenues that would be generated if the dam had been built by private enterprise.[47] Following passage of the bill, Hayden switched his form of opposition by working to deny funds for the Boulder Canyon Project.[48]

1930s

Hayden's 1932 campaign saw him coming close to defeat. Votes against early payment of the World War I veterans' bonus and for prohibition, the Senate vote for repeal of prohibition not coming until 1933, caused him to lose support from his Depression-era constituents and he only won a plurality during the primary. Hayden later speculated that if he had faced only one opponent, he might not have won.[49]

With President Franklin D. Roosevelt 1932 election and the start of the New Deal, Hayden dropped opposition of the Boulder Canyon Project and began lobbying for additional irrigation and hydroelectric projects. He actively supported the Central Valley Project and acted as floor manager for the Grand Coulee Dam's appropriation legislation. Due to Hayden's efforts, Senator Warren Magnuson of Washington would later call him "the father of the Grand Coulee Dam".[50] When demands for new projects during the 1930s drained the Reclamation Fund faster than repayments could replenish it, Hayden worked with Senator Joseph C. O'Mahoney of Wyoming to secure new funding by allocating revenue from offshore oil reserves to the Reclamation Fund.[51][52]

Hayden was called "the father of the Grand Coulee Dam."

Due to Hayden's seat on the Senate Committee on Post Office and Post Roads, he worked on a number of legislative initiatives promoting highway transportation. His interest in the subject was such that President Roosevelt asked why he always wished to talk about roads, to which Hayden replied, "Because Arizona has two things people will drive thousands of miles to see—Grand Canyon and the Petrified Forest. They can't get there without roads."[2] The first piece of legislation came in 1933 with US$400 million in federal matching funds targeted at highway construction included in the National Industrial Recovery Act. This was followed the next year when Hayden and Oklahoma Representative Wilburn Cartwright introduced the Hayden-Cartwright Act.

This act was the first that allowed for funds to be used for advanced planning of future roads. It also allowed federal funds to be used for roads in urban areas, instead of just rural routes, and created disincentives to prevent states from diverting highway funds to other projects. A second Hayden-Cartwright Act authorized use of federal funds to build roads on Indian reservations and national parks and forests. In addition to road construction, Hayden also had an interest in promoting highway safety, joining with first-term Missouri Senator Harry S. Truman in 1939 to propose legislation cutting federal funds by a third for states that failed to enact licensing requirements along with other portions of the Uniform Vehicle Code.[53]

In addition to his support of reclamation and highway projects, Hayden was also involved in other efforts to promote economic growth during the Great Depression. A proposal made in 1932 would have allowed repayment of war debts to the United States to be made in silver at a discounted rate. The plan was intended to raise the price of silver, increasing the value of US silver holdings and silver coinage worldwide. Effects of the depression however prevented repayment of most war debts and rendered the plan moot.[54][55] Hayden also sponsored legislation creating the Farmers Home Administration, authorizing government-insured loans to farmers.[30]

1940s

With the 1940s and the coming of World War II, Hayden's focus shifted from public works to war-time needs. He lobbied a variety of Arizona groups to make land available and touting the favorable year-round flying weather, he assisted with the creation of a number of military bases throughout his home state, including the Luke and Williams training bases. An Army Desert Training Center built in southwestern Arizona and southeastern California was also used by American troops preparing for the North African campaign.[56] As the United States prepared for possible war, Hayden in August 1940 advocated the use of volunteers instead of conscription to obtain needed manpower. He also introduced amendments prohibiting payment of money to avoid military service, draftees procuring substitutes, and securing of enlistments by the paying of bounties.[57]

In 1945, Hayden suffered a personal tragedy when his wife, Nan, suffered a stroke. As a result, she was able to stand but could no longer walk and required the assistance of a nurse.[58] Her need for assistance would continue until her death on June 25, 1961.[59]

The Central Arizona Project, called "the most significant accomplishment of my career" by Hayden.[60]

Following a 1944 treaty with Mexico granting the nation 1,500,000 acre feet (1.9 km3) per year of Colorado River water, Hayden began direct efforts to bring water from the river to Phoenix, Tucson, and the irrigable Arizona farmlands between the cities. To this end, he and Arizona's other senator, Ernest McFarland, introduced legislation in 1946 to build the Central Arizona Project. Unsuccessful in their first attempt, they reintroduced the legislation in 1947 where it passed the Senate but was defeated in the House by opposition from the California delegation.[61]

The 1940s started an era of key committee chairmanships for Hayden. Due to the declining health of Kenneth McKellar, Hayden periodically served as acting chairman of the Appropriations committee during the 1940s and the 1950s. This activity included a significant amount of behind the scenes work with the committee's ranking Republican, Senator Styles Bridges, and enhanced Hayden's reputation for operating in Senate cloakrooms.[62] Starting with the 81st Congress, Hayden became chairman of the Senate Rules Committee.

1950s

Hayden's efforts to gain approval for the Central Arizona Project continued into the 1950s. Hayden and McFarland reintroduced their previous legislation in 1951 but it was again defeated in the House, this time due to concerns that full appropriation of Colorado waters had not occurred.[63] The legislative setback prompted Arizona to file suit in the United States Supreme Court seeking adjudication of the water rights issue. The case, Arizona v. California, was accepted by the court on January 19, 1953 and would take over a decade to decide.[64] In other reclamation efforts Hayden cosponsored the Colorado River Storage Act of 1956, authorizing construction of the Glen Canyon Dam and three other water storage dams.[65]

The stable political environment in Arizona that Hayden had enjoyed during most of his career began to change by the 1950s. Following World War II, large numbers of Midwestern expatriates moved to Arizona and bolstered the growth of the Republican Party within the state. While he was still popular with long-term Arizona residents, many of the new arrivals were unfamiliar with Hayden's congressional record. As a result, during the 1956 election Hayden's campaign produced a number of television and radio appearances designed to inform voters of the Senator's accomplishments and dispel rumors of failing health and senility. The campaign also took advantage of a New York Times Magazine article[66] that provided a complimentary portrait of Hayden's service in the Senate.[67]

In 1956, Hayden was involved in a legal dispute when a United States district court judge issued a restraining order blocking the publication of a Senate pamphlet. Hayden, who was then the chairman of the Joint Committee on Printing, charged the order was unconstitutional and stated, "If a court can enjoin Congress from issuing a report it will only be a matter of time before our remarks on the floor of the Senate or the House of Representatives would be subject to a judicial review and a complete breakdown of the constitutional principal of separation of powers would ensue."[68] Following a Printing Committee vote to ignore the order, Hayden directed the Government Printing Office to "disregard as unconstitutional the processes of any court in this case." The court ruling was later set aside by another federal judge stating the order had "constituted an unwarranted and unauthorized action by the judiciary" that interfered with the government's legislative function.[69]

At the beginning of the 84th Congress, Hayden gave up his chairmanship of the Senate Rules Committee in order to become chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee.[70] The year 1955 saw him become a member of the newly formed Senate Democratic Policy Committee.[71] Hayden also set several records for length of service, breaking Adolph Sabath's record for continuous service in Congress on October 21, 1957 and Joseph G. Cannon's record for total length of service in Congress on February 19, 1958.[72] Hayden's record for longest service was not broken until November 18, 2009 by Robert Byrd.[73]

1960s
Hayden (center) with House Speaker John W. McCormack (left) during a 1963 address by President Lyndon B. Johnson (right)

During 1962, Hayden came to national attention due to a dispute over procedural issues between the Senate Appropriations Committee and House Appropriations Committee. Billed in the press as a feud between two octogenarian chairmen, Hayden and Representative Clarence Cannon, the dispute began over the issue of where conference committees to resolve appropriation issues would meet. The Constitution required that all appropriations bills must originate in the House while long-standing tradition of the time held that conference committee meetings occurred on the Senate side of the United States Capitol with a senator chairing the committee. The dispute began in January 1962 when members of the House appropriations committee passed a resolution calling for the meeting location of the conference committee to be evenly split between the House and Senate side of the Capitol building. In response to this, the Senate appropriations committee passed a resolution calling for half of all appropriations bills to originate in the Senate. By April, Hayden had arranged for a meeting room located midway between the two chambers but House members refused to discuss the issue face-to-face until July, when US$55 billion in unapproved appropriations threatened to force a government shutdown.[5][74]

During Hayden's final campaign in 1962, the Central Arizona Project was the central issue. State leaders saw his seniority as being key in gaining approval for the project. To aid his re-election, campaign staff arranged for a series of events to celebrate Hayden's fiftieth anniversary in Congress and raise awareness of his achievements. A series of viral infections suffered by the senator over the course of the year prompted rumors that the 85-year-old senator had died. To refute these rumors, Hayden held a press conference at Bethesda Naval Hospital three days before the election.[75][76] Despite a growing Republican trend in Arizona, Hayden's Republican challenger, state representative and future governor Evan Mecham, only got lukewarm support from the state party. Arizona's Republican establishment felt Hayden's seniority was crucial for ensuring the project would pass. Ultimately, Hayden won a record seventh term, but only tallied 54.9 percent of the vote—easily the closest race of his Senate career, and his closest since his first bid for a full term in the House half a century earlier.[77]

The events of the decade resulted in Hayden twice advancing to second place on the presidential line of succession. The first occurrence came on November 16, 1961, with the death of House Speaker Sam Rayburn when Hayden followed Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and lasted until a new Speaker was elected.[78] The second occurrence began with the November 22, 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy and continued until Hubert Humphrey became Vice President on January 20, 1965.[79] When asked of his plans if he had succeeded to the presidency, Hayden replied "I'd call Congress together, have the House elect a new speaker, and then I'd resign and let him become president."[80]

Hayden's final legislative success was authorization of the Central Arizona Project. On June 4, 1963, one day after the Supreme Court issued a decision in Arizona v. California favorable to Arizona, Hayden joined with the rest of his state's congressional delegation in reintroducing legislation authorizing the water project. As in the bill's previous efforts, Hayden's influence was able to secure passage of the legislation in the Senate while passage in the House proved difficult. Initial opposition from the California delegation subsided by early 1965 after Governor Pat Brown declared, "California will not attempt to win by obstruction what it has not won by litigation", only to be replaced by opposition from Colorado Representative Wayne Aspinall.[81] Aspinall, chairman of the House Interior Committee, refused to hold hearings on Hayden's bill. In response to the delays, Hayden waited until Aspinall returned home for vacation and then added his proposed bill as a rider to pork barrel bill containing patronage for a large number of Congressmen. In response to Hayden's maneuver, Aspinall returned from vacation to hold hearings on the Central Arizona Project.[82] Final approval for the Central Arizona Project came on September 30, 1968, a day declared by President Johnson as "Carl Hayden Day".[83] Hayden remarked on the occasion, "My efforts in behalf of the Central Arizona Project, began while I was still a Congressman and I consider it ... the most significant accomplishment of my career."[60]

Professional disposition

Hayden kept a considerably lower national profile than conventional wisdom would suggest for someone who spent more than half a century in Washington, including 42 years in the Senate. This came in part due to a conversation he had with Maryland Congressman Fred Talbott soon after he arrived in Washington in 1912. Talbott told him, "Son, there are two kinds of Congressmen—show horses and work horses. If you want to get your name in the papers, be a show horse. But if you want to gain the respect of your colleagues, don't do it. Be a work horse."[20] Hayden quickly earned a reputation as a "service congressman" who faithfully responded to constituent mail, inserting vegetable or flower seed packets in his replies.[84] Hayden believed that partisanship should end on election day, and his constituent service was performed in a nonpartisan manner.[85]

During his time in office, Hayden avoided publicity and speech making. Following his filibuster of Boulder Dam, Hayden did not make another speech from the Senate floor for 20 years. By his later years, many of his congressional colleagues had not heard him make a full speech.[86][87] His avoidance of public speaking did not impair Hayden in his duties, with then Senator Lyndon B. Johnson saying "He is living proof that effectiveness and statesmanship are not necessarily coupled with talkativeness"[72] and Arthur Edson of the Associated Press writing, "He has kept his mouth shut while astutely pushing out invisible tentacles of power".[6]

After office
Bust of Hayden in the Russell Senate Office Building

Hayden announced his retirement on May 6, 1968, saying "Among other things that fifty-six years in Congress have taught me is that contemporary events need contemporary men. Time actually makes specialists of us all. When a house is built there is a moment for the foundation, another for the walls, the roof and so on. Arizona's foundation includes fast highways, adequate electric power, and abundant water, and these foundations have been laid. It is time for a new building crew to report, so I have decided to retire from office at the close of my term this year."[88] Hayden recommended long-term aide Roy Elson to succeed him.[89] Elson lost his election bid to Senator Barry Goldwater.

Following his retirement from Congress, Hayden returned to Tempe and set up an office in Arizona State University's Charles Trumbull Hayden library. In addition to organizing the papers he collected during his career, he also wrote a biography of his father and worked on a project documenting the lives of Arizona's pioneers.[90] He became ill in the middle of January 1972 and died on January 25, 1972. He was buried in Tempe's Double Butte Cemetery. Speakers at Hayden's memorial service included Goldwater and President Lyndon B. Johnson.[91]

The grave site of Carl T. Hayden; Sec. B-53 in Double Butte Cemetery.

In response to his long tenure in Congress, multiple projects have been named after him. On September 29, 1957, Phoenix Union High School District dedicated Carl Hayden High School.[92] This was followed by the Maricopa County Democratic Committee lobbying for Glen Canyon Dam to be named Hayden Dam, a move that Hayden personally opposed. In 1969, the visitor center overlooking Glen Canyon Dam was named after the long-term senator.[93] Naming efforts even continued after Hayden's death with the US Department of Agriculture's Carl Hayden Bee Research Center being named in 1978 followed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs' Carl T. Hayden VA Medical Center in 1987.[94][95] A bust of Hayden was added to the Senate sculpture collection and placed in the Russell Senate Office Building in 1986.[96]

Congressional elections results
Year Office Democratic Primary Election[97] General Election[97]
Incumbent Votes Challengers Votes Incumbent Votes Challengers Votes
1911U.S. HouseLamar Cobb
Carl Hayden
Mulford Winsor		2662
4237
2685		Carl Hayden
J.S. Williams (R)		11556
8485
1912U.S. HouseCarl Hayden11389Thomas E. Campbell (R)
Robert S. Fisher (Progressive)		3110
5819
1914U.S. HouseCarl Hayden33306Henry L. Eads (R)7586
1916U.S. HouseCarl Hayden19518A.A. Worsley7784Carl Hayden34377Henry L. Eads (R)14907
1918U.S. HouseCarl Hayden26805Thomas Maddock (R)16827
1920U.S. HouseCarl Hayden35397James A. Dunseath (R)25841
1922U.S. HouseCarl Hayden45121Emma M. Guild (R)14601
1924U.S. HouseCarl Hayden40329W. J. Galbraith (R)8628
1926U.S. SenateCarl Hayden36745 (80%)Ralph H. Cameron (R)31845Carl Hayden
Charles H. Rutherford (D)		44591
8995
1932U.S. SenateCarl Hayden38924Harlow W. Akers
Walter H. Colyar
William J. Fellows		30802
4161
6449		Carl Hayden74310Ralph H. Cameron (R)35737
1938U.S. SenateCarl Hayden68328Coit I. Hughes
Robert E. Miller		13867
22154		Carl Hayden82714Burt H. Clingan (R)25378
1944U.S. SenateCarl Hayden48812Joe Conway22764Carl Hayden90335Fred W. Pickett (R)39891
1950U.S. SenateCarl Hayden95544Cecil H. Miller
Robert E. Miller		24340
14752		Carl Hayden116246Bruce Brockett (R)68846
1956U.S. SenateCarl Hayden99859Robert E. Miller21370Carl Hayden170816Ross F. Jones (R)107447
1962U.S. SenateCarl Hayden117688W. Lee McLane36158Carl Hayden199217Evan Mecham (R)163388
gollark: ***mine***
gollark: this balloon is GOING DOWN.
gollark: I got it, thanks. It will be an excellent addition to my small collection of nebular.
gollark: I hesitated and it vanished...
gollark: I was only looking at the mature hatchling one there.

References
  1. August pp. 45
  2. "Carl T. Hayden Is Dead at 94; Arizonan in Congress 56 Years". The New York Times. January 26, 1972. p. 40. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  3. Kennedy, John F. (November 17, 1961). Remarks in Phoenix at the 50th Anniversary Dinner Honoring Senator Hayden. The American Presidency Project. John Woolley and Gerhard Peters. Retrieved on 2007-05-28.
  4. Phillips, Cabell. "Dozen Key Men in Congress", The New York Times, January 3, 1960, pp. SM6.
  5. Phillips, Cabell. "Cannon vs. Hayden: A Clash of Elderly Power Personalities in Congress", The New York Times, June 25, 1962, pp. 17.
  6. Cohen, Jerry. "Carl Hayden—Man of History and Few Words", Los Angeles Times, April 18, 1971, pp. A1,4–5.
  7. "HAYDEN, Carl Trumbull - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  8. August pp. 16, 20
  9. Rice pp. 17–19, 33–34
  10. August pp. 24–25
  11. Rice pp. 21,27–28
  12. Johnson pp. 152
  13. August pp. 25–26
  14. Rice pp. 170
  15. August pp. 32
  16. Rice pp. 33
  17. August pp. 28
  18. August pp. 30
  19. Rice pp. 35
  20. (February 9, 1962) "Old Frontiersman. Time 79 (6): 15.
  21. August pp. 35–39
  22. August pp. 42
  23. Rice pp. 225
  24. Rice pp. 39–40
  25. Rice pp. 46
  26. Briley, Ron (2009). Dewhirst, Robert E.; Rausch, John David (eds.). Encyclopedia of the United States Congress. Infobase. pp. 254–255. ISBN 9781438110288 https://books.google.com/books?id=51ATA-A5WaQC&pg=PA254. Retrieved March 8, 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  27. August pp. 48
  28. Rice pp. 90
  29. August pp. 49–50
  30. Johnson pp. 154
  31. August pp. 50–51
  32. August pp. 55
  33. August pp. 59–60
  34. August pp. 62, 66
  35. Joan M. Jensen, The Price of Vigilance p. 72
  36. Rice pp. 170–171
  37. Speers, L.C.. "Seven States Dispute Over Boulder Dam", The New York Times, February 13, 1927, pp. XX5.
  38. August pp. 73–94
  39. August pp. 128–130
  40. "Arizona Inquiry Ordered", The New York Times, October 29, 1926, pp. 5.
  41. Rice pp. 231–234
  42. Rice pp. 234
  43. August pp. 130
  44. Rice pp. 190
  45. August pp. 133–135
  46. Rice pp. 113–117
  47. August pp. 135–136
  48. August pp. 140
  49. Rice pp. 234–235
  50. Rice pp. 96
  51. Rice pp. 98
  52. August pp. 143
  53. Rice pp. 161–166
  54. "New Impetus Given to Reviving Silver", The New York Times, May 7, 1932, pp. 23.
  55. Rice pp. 69
  56. Rice pp. 173
  57. Rice pp. 171
  58. Rice pp. 53–54
  59. "Mrs. Carl Hayden", The New York Times, June 26, 1961, pp. 31.
  60. August pp. 69
  61. August pp. 150, 157–158, 166
  62. Rice pp. 195
  63. August pp. 168–174
  64. August pp. 175–176
  65. Rice pp. 99
  66. Benton, William. "For Distinguished Service in Congress", The New York Times, July 24, 1955, pp. SM14.
  67. August pp. 178–179
  68. "Ban on Pamphlet Defied by Hayden", The New York Times, May 4, 1956, pp. 12.
  69. 2d Judge Upsets Ban on Pamphlet", The New York Times, May 5, 1956, pp. 19.
  70. Rice pp. 196
  71. Rice pp. 214
  72. "Hayden, 46 Years in Congress, Gets Bipartisan Tribute", The New York Times, February 20, 1958, pp. 1.
  73. Nowicki, Dan. "End of a record for state's 'Silent Senator'", The Arizona Republic, November 16, 2009.
  74. Rice pp. 206
  75. August 179–181
  76. (November 16, 1962) "Arizona: Message Received". Time 80 (20): 25.
  77. "The Voting for United States Senate". The New York Times. November 11, 1962.
  78. "Hayden is Now Second in Line for Presidency", The New York Times, November 17, 1961, pp. 28.
  79. (December 2, 1963) "The Men in Line for the Presidency Now." U.S. News & World Report 55 (23): 14.
  80. Johnson pp. 156
  81. Rice pp. 144
  82. (October 20, 1967) "Hayden's Rough Rider".
  83. "Carl Hayden Day", The New York Times, October 1, 1968, pp. 42.
  84. Johnson pp. 153
  85. Rice pp. 41
  86. "The Silent Senator", The New York Times, November 18, 1961, pp. 12.
  87. Baker, Russell. "Senator Hayden, 84, Will Mark Half-Century in Congress Today", The New York Times, February 19, 1962, pp. 1.
  88. August pp. 201
  89. (May 20, 1968) "Hayden's Era: The Senator Who Changed the Face of The West". U.S. News & World Report 64 (21): 22.
  90. August pp. 206–207
  91. August pp. 207
  92. Rice pp. 180
  93. Rice pp. 101–102
  94. "Name for Bee Center Approved", The New York Times, August 9, 1978, pp. A9.
  95. "Carl T. Hayden VA Medical Center – Press Kit – Our History, Leadership and Values". United States Department of Veteran Affairs. 2006-12-05. Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2011-08-08.
  96. Carl Hayden. Art & History: Sculptures. United States Senate. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
  97. Rice pp. 278–281

Works cited

  • August, Jack L., Jr. (1999). Vision in the Desert: Carl Hayden and Hydropolitics in the American Southwest, introduction by Bruce Babbitt, Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press. ISBN 0-87565-310-3.
  • Johnson, James W. (2002). Arizona Politicians: The Noble and the Notorious, illustrations by David `Fitz' Fitzsimmons, Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-2203-0.
  • Rice, Ross R. (1994). Carl Hayden: Builder of the American West. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-9399-2.

Further reading

Media related to Carl Trumbull Hayden at Wikimedia Commons

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.