Solomon Foot

Solomon Foot (November 19, 1802 – March 28, 1866) was a Vermont politician and attorney. He held numerous offices during his career, including Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives, State's Attorney for Rutland County, member of the United States House of Representatives, and United States Senator.

Solomon Foot
Brady-Handy Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, circa 1860
United States senator from Vermont
In office March 4, 1851 – March 28, 1866
Preceded by	Samuel S. Phelps
Succeeded by	George F. Edmunds
President pro tempore of the United States Senate
In office February 16, 1861 – April 13, 1864
Preceded by	Benjamin Fitzpatrick
Succeeded by	Daniel Clark
Chairman of the Joint Congressional Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds
In office 1861–1866
Preceded by	Jesse D. Bright
Succeeded by	B. Gratz Brown
Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives
In office 1847–1848
Preceded by	Ebenezer N. Briggs
Succeeded by	William C. Kittredge
Member of the United States House of Representatives from Vermont's 1st district
In office March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1847
Preceded by	Hiland Hall
Succeeded by	William Henry
Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives
In office 1837–1839
Preceded by	Carlos Coolidge
Succeeded by	Carlos Coolidge
State's Attorney of Rutland County, Vermont
In office 1836–1842
Preceded by	Reuben R. Thrall
Succeeded by	William C. Kittredge
Member of the Vermont House of Representatives from Rutland
In office 1847–1849
Preceded by	Joel M. Mead
Succeeded by	Edwin L. Griswold
In office 1836–1839
Preceded by	Ambrose L. Brown
Succeeded by	George Tisdale Hodges
In office 1833–1834
Preceded by	Rodncy C. Royce
Succeeded by	Ambrose L. Brown
Personal details
Born	(1802-11-19)November 19, 1802 Cornwall, Vermont, US
Died	March 28, 1866(1866-03-28) (aged 63) Washington, D.C., US
Resting place	Evergreen Cemetery, Rutland, Vermont
Political party	Whig (before 1854) Republican (from 1854)
Spouse(s)	Emily Fay Foot Anna Dora Hodges Foot
Children	Helen Eliza Foot
Alma mater	Middlebury College
Profession	Teacher Lawyer
Signature

A native of Cornwall, Vermont, Foot began working on local farms at age nine, helping support his family after the death of his father. After graduating from Middlebury College, Foot worked as a teacher, school principal, and college professor while studying law. After attaining admission to the bar in 1831, he opened a practice in Rutland.

Entering politics as a Whig, Foot served in several offices, including member of the Vermont House of Representatives, delegate to the state constitutional conventions of 1833 and 1836, and Rutland County State's Attorney. He was Vermont's Speaker of the House from 1837 to 1839. Foot served in the United States House of Representatives from 1843 to 1847 and was noted for his opposition to the Mexican–American War and the extension of slavery. He did not run for reelection in 1846; returned to the Vermont House, he served as Speaker from 1847 to 1848.

In 1850 Foot was elected to the United States Senate; he became a Republican when the party was founded, and won reelection in 1856 and 1862. Foot served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate during the American Civil War, and was a strong advocate for the Union. He headed the Joint Congressional Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds beginning in 1861, and which included supervising completion of the United States Capitol's construction.

Foot died in Washington, DC in 1866; he was buried at Evergreen Cemetery in Rutland.

Early life

Foot was born on November 19, 1802, in Cornwall, Vermont.[1] He was the son of Dr. Solomon and Betsey Crossett Foot,[1] and his family lived across the road from William Slade.[2]^:244 Foot's father died when he was nine years old, and he worked on local farms to help support his family.[3] He graduated from Middlebury College in 1826 and also received a master's degree from Middlebury.[1][4][2]^:244

He was a tutor in Middlebury and Burlington, Preceptor of Castleton Academy, and a Professor of natural philosophy at the Vermont Medical School in Castleton.[5]

While teaching he studied law with attorneys Benjamin F. Langdon and Reuben R. Thrall.[6] Foot attained admission to the bar in 1831, afterwards practicing in Rutland.[7]

Start of career

Foot served in the Vermont House of Representatives in 1833 and was a Delegate to the Vermont State Constitutional Convention in 1836.[1] He served again in the Vermont House from 1836 to 1839 and was Speaker from 1837 to 1839.[8]

He served as Rutland County State's Attorney from 1836 to 1842.[9]

Congressman

Foot was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Whig in 1842 and served two terms, 1843 to 1847.[10] As a Congressman Foot opposed extending slavery and the Mexican–American War.[11][12]

He declined renomination in 1846.[10] Returned to the Vermont House of Representatives, Foot was again chosen to serve as Speaker, holding the post from 1847 to 1848.[13]

1848 Whig Convention

Foot was a Delegate to the 1848 Whig National Convention, and was Chairman of the Vermont delegation.[14][15] Abbott Lawrence of Massachusetts, who had worked diligently to obtain the Presidential nomination for Zachary Taylor, expected to be the Vice Presidential nominee, counting on the support of Thurlow Weed of New York and the southern delegates who had backed Taylor.[14][15] Northern and border state delegates, who had backed Henry Clay or Daniel Webster for President, threatened to run a northern candidate in opposition to Taylor unless a northerner other than Lawrence—one seen as less willing to allow slavery—was selected for Vice President.[14][15] They proposed Millard Fillmore of New York.[14][15]

Other delegates promoted Fillmore because they opposed the efforts of Weed and William H. Seward to control the party in New York, and believed that Weed was working to install Seward as Secretary of State in a Taylor administration.[14][15] They backed Fillmore for Vice President because in an era when the President, Vice President and cabinet were expected to reflect geographic balance, if Fillmore became Vice President, another New Yorker (Seward) could not be expected to claim a place in the cabinet.[14][15]

Foot went to the convention as a supporter of Lawrence.[14][15] Recognizing that the Whigs would likely collapse if Lawrence was nominated and northern delegates left the party, Foot agreed to support Fillmore.[14][15] Lawrence's support eroded as other northern delegates followed Foot's lead, and on the first ballot, Fillmore had 115 votes and Lawrence 109.[14][15] Fillmore won the nomination on the second ballot, and the ticket of Taylor and Fillmore went on to win the election.[14][15]

United States Senator

Foot was elected to the United States Senate as a Whig in 1850.[16] He became a Republican at the party's founding and was reelected to the Senate in 1856 and 1862.[16] He served from March 4, 1851, until his death.[17]

In early 1861 Foot met the Vermont delegates to the Peace Conference which attempted to prevent the start of the American Civil War.[18] At this meeting, he shared with them his view that the conference was a sham by secessionists who hoped to obtain additional time to plan for the withdrawal of their states from the Union.[18]

Foot was also Chairman of the Senate committee responsible for the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in 1861.[19]

Foot served as the Senate's President pro tempore from 1861 to 1864.[20] Because Vice President Hannibal Hamlin was often absent, Foot usually presided over the Senate during the war, and he was commended for his tact and fairness.[21]

He was Chairman of the Joint Congressional Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds from 1861 until his death.[10] In this capacity, he oversaw completion of construction on the United States Capitol.[22][23]

Death

Foot died in Washington, D.C. on March 28, 1866.[24] Funeral services were held in the Chamber of the United States Senate.[25] He is interred at Evergreen Cemetery, Rutland, Vermont.[8]

Honors

Foot was a Trustee of Middlebury College and the University of Vermont.[26][27] He received an honorary LL.D. degree from Middlebury in 1857.[27][28]

Family

Foot was married in 1839 to Emily Fay of Rutland.[1] They had one daughter, Helen Eliza Foot (1840-1841).[29] Emily died on May 2, 1842.[30][31]

In 1844, Foot married Mary A. (Hodges) Dana.[1] She was the mother of a son, William Hodges Dana (1830-1837).[32]

Foot's brother Jonathan (born October 31, 1804) graduated from Vermont Medical College in 1829.[2]^:272 [33] He settled in Whitby, Ontario, Canada, where he practiced medicine.[2]^:272 [33]

Solomon Foot's mother lived with him in Rutland until her death in 1845.[2]^:208

See also

• List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

References

1. Middlebury College, Catalogue of Officers and Students of Middlebury College, 1917, page 78
2. Matthews, Lyman (1862). History of the Town of Cornwall, Vermont. Middlebury, VT: Mead and Fuller – via Google Books.
3. Johnson, Rossiter, ed. (1904). The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans. IV. Boston, MA: The Typographical Society. p. 154 – via Google Books.
4. George F. Edmunds, Addresses Delivered Before The Vermont Historical Society, 1866, page 5
5. The Phrenological Journal and Life Illustrated, Solomon Foot: Portrait, Character and Biography, June 1866, page 166
6. Wiley, Edgar J. (1917). Catalogue of Officers and Students of Middlebury College. Middlebury College: Middlebury, VT. p. 78.
7. Solomon Foot. Encyclopedia, Vermont Biography. 1912. p. 367. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
8. "Solomon Foot". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
9. Marcus Davis Gilman, The Bibliography of Vermont, 1897, page 96
10. Hubbell, John T.; Geary, James W., eds. (1995). Biographical Dictionary of the Union: Northern Leaders of the Civil War. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-3132-0920-8 – via Google Books.
11. John J. Duffy, Samuel B. Hand, Ralph H. Orth, editors, The Vermont Encyclopedia, 2003, page 129
12. U.S. Government Printing Office, Proceedings on the Death of Hon. Solomon Foot, 1866, pages 59–60
13. Vermont General Assembly, Vermont Legislative Directory, 1886, page 187
14. Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 2003, pages 327–329
15. Alan Brinkley, Davis Dyer, The American Presidency, 2004, page 146
16. Wilson, James Grant; Fiske, John, eds. (1887). Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography. II. New York, NY: D. Appleton & Company. p. 495 – via Google Books.
17. "Solomon Foot". Govtrack. US Congress. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
18. Ernest B. Furgurson, Freedom Rising: Washington in the Civil War, 2007, page 38
19. The Magazine of History, The Role of Doctors In the Lincoln Administration, 1922, page 33
20. Byrd, Robert C. (1993). The Senate, 1789-1989. 4. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office;. p. 650. ISBN 978-0-1606-3256-3 – via Google Books.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
21. Robert C. Byrd, Mary Sharon Hall, History of the United States Senate, 1789-1989, Volume 1, page 244
22. The New York Times, The New York Times: Disunion: Modern Historians Revisit and Reconsider the Civil War, 2013
23. Guy Gugliotta, Freedom's Cap: The United States Capitol and the Coming of the Civil War, 2012, page 386
24. Historian of the United States Senate. "Solomon Foot Dies, March 28, 1866". Senate.gov. Washington, DC: U.S. Senate. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
25. "Solomon Foot". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
26. University of Vermont (1901). General Catalogue of the University of Vermont. Burlington, VT: Free Press Association. p. 5 – via Google Books.
27. Middlebury College, Catalogue of the Officers and Alumni of Middlebury College, 1890, page 60
28. University of Vermont, General Catalogue of the University of Vermont, 1901, page 5
29. Fay, Orlin Prentice (1898). Fay Genealogy: John Fay of Marlborough and His Descendants. Cleveland, OH: J. B. Savage. p. 46 – via Google Books.
30. Vermont Northeast Kingdom Genealogy, Saint Johnsbury Caledonian, Newspaper Death Notices from 1837 to 1850 Archived 2013-12-19 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved December 18, 2013
31. Emma C. Brewster Jones, The Brewster Genealogy, 1566-1907, Volume 1, Part 2, 1908, page 418
32. Montes-Bradley, Saul II (2012). Dissident Cemeteries in Buenos Aires. I. South Boston, VA: Thomas Osgood Bradley Foundation. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-9859-6320-0 – via Google Books.
33. Dawn D. Hance, Rutland Historical Society, Early Families of Rutland, Vermont, 1990, page 139

Gallery

• 
  Solomon Foot as a U.S. Senator in 1859
• 
  Photo by Mathew Brady
• 
  The American Phrenological Journal and Life Illustrated, June 1866.

External links

• United States Congress. "Solomon Foot (id: F000248)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• The Political Graveyard
• Solomon Foot at Find a Grave
• Encyclopedia, Vermont Biography
• Govtrack US Congress

Political offices
Preceded by Carlos Coolidge	Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives 1837–1839	Succeeded by Carlos Coolidge
Preceded by Ebenezer N. Briggs	Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives 1847–1848	Succeeded by William C. Kittredge
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Hiland Hall	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Vermont's 1st congressional district March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1847	Succeeded by William Henry
U.S. Senate
Preceded by Samuel S. Phelps	U.S. senator (Class 1) from Vermont March 4, 1851 – March 28, 1866 Served alongside: William Upham, Samuel S. Phelps, Lawrence Brainerd, Jacob Collamer and Luke P. Poland	Succeeded by George F. Edmunds
Political offices
Preceded by Benjamin Fitzpatrick	President pro tempore of the United States Senate February 16, 1861 – April 13, 1864	Succeeded by Daniel Clark