Oral Roberts

Granville Oral Roberts (January 24, 1918 – December 15, 2009[1][2]) was a Choctaw American Charismatic Christian televangelist, ordained in both the Pentecostal Holiness and United Methodist churches. He is considered the godfather of the charismatic movement and was one of the most recognized preachers in the US at the height of his fame.[3] He founded the Oral Roberts Evangelistic Association and Oral Roberts University.

For the university, see Oral Roberts University. For the university's athletic program, see Oral Roberts Golden Eagles. For the Pentecostal ministry, see Oral Roberts Evangelistic Association.

Oral Roberts
Born
Granville Oral Roberts

(1918-01-24)January 24, 1918
Ada, Oklahoma, U.S.
DiedDecember 15, 2009(2009-12-15) (aged 91)
Newport Beach, California, U.S.
NationalityChoctaw, United States
EducationOklahoma Baptist University
OccupationEvangelist
Years active1947–1993
Spouse(s)
Evelyn Lutman
​
(
m. 1938; died 2005)
Children4; including Richard Roberts
ChurchPentecostal, Methodist, Charismatic
Congregations served
Pentecostal Holiness Church
United Methodist Church
Offices held
Founder and President, Oral Roberts Evangelistic Association;
Co-founder, President, and Chancellor, Oral Roberts University
Websitewww.oralroberts.com/oralroberts/

As one of the most well-known and controversial American religious leaders of the 20th century, his preaching emphasized seed-faith.[4] His ministries reached millions of followers worldwide spanning a period of over six decades.[5] His healing ministry and bringing American Pentecostalism into the mainstream had the most impact,[6] but he also pioneered televangelism and laid the foundations of the prosperity gospel[5] and abundant life teachings.[7] The breadth and style of his ministry, including his widely publicized funding appeals, made him a consistent subject of contention among critics and supporters.[5]

Early life

Granville Oral Roberts was born on January 24, 1918, in Pontotoc County, Oklahoma, the fifth and youngest child of the Reverend Ellis Melvin Roberts (1881–1967) and Claudia Priscilla Roberts (née Irwin) (1885–1974).[8] According to an interview on Larry King Live, Roberts was of Cherokee descent.[9] Roberts was a card-carrying member of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.[10] Roberts began life in poverty and nearly died of tuberculosis at age 17.[11] After finishing high school, Roberts studied for two years each at Oklahoma Baptist University and Phillips University. In 1938, he married a preacher's daughter, Evelyn Lutman Fahnestock.

Roberts became a traveling faith healer after ending his college studies without a degree. According to a TIME Magazine profile of 1972, Roberts originally made a name for himself with a large mobile tent "that sat 3,000 on metal folding chairs".[12]

Ministry and university

In 1945, Roberts resigned his pastorate in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to hold revivals in the area and attend Oklahoma Baptist. But in the late summer of 1945, while preaching in a North Carolina camp meeting, Roberts was asked by Robert E. "Daddy" Lee of Toccoa, Georgia, to consider becoming pastor of his small, eighty-member church. Roberts suggested they pray about it, and unexpectedly, decided to accept. By the end of the year, Roberts resigned and moved back to Shawnee. Apparently, the Georgia conference of the International Pentecostal Holiness Church frowned on having a minister from outside its conference as pastor. Short though it was, the Toccoa detour had a lasting effect on Roberts and his family. It was there that their daughter Rebecca, then five years old, first met her future husband, Marshall. There were also reportedly two instances of healing, which Roberts would later look back on as his first realization "that I was approaching 'my hour'."[13]

1947 was a turning point. Up until that time, Roberts struggled as a part-time preacher in Oklahoma. But at the age of 29, Roberts said, he picked up his Bible and it fell open at the Third Epistle of John where verse two read: "I wish above all things that thou mayest prosper and be in health, even as thy soul prospereth." The next day, he said, he bought a Buick and God appeared, directing him to heal the sick.[14]

Roberts resigned his pastoral ministry with the Pentecostal Holiness Church to found Oral Roberts Evangelistic Association (OREA).[15] He conducted evangelistic and faith healing crusades across the United States and around the world, claiming he could raise the dead.[16][17] In November 1947, he started Healing Waters, a monthly magazine as a means to promote his meetings.[18] Thousands of sick people waited in line to stand before Oral Roberts so he could pray for them. He appeared as a guest speaker for hundreds of national and international meetings and conventions. Through the years, he conducted more than 300 crusades on six continents, and personally laid hands in prayer on more than 2 million people.[11][19][20]

In January 1955, Oral Roberts held a salvation and healing campaign in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was an era of apartheid. He was bitterly assailed by the Sunday Express for the hysteria and traffic jams of 20,000 people that packed big Wembley stadium and playing field. Other newspapers reported on the healings and 25,000 people saved. Roberts left behind a residual campaign fund in South Africa of $37,000 less expenses with the hope that "his campaign will save 100,000 during the coming year".[21] Three of the four sponsoring churches were Pentecostal, including Apostolic Faith Mission (AFM) and the Assemblies of God - White Group (AG). The campaign committee was all white Afrikaaners missionaries and ministers, H.R. Carter, D.D. Freeman, A.J. Schoeman (head of AFM), and W.F. Mullan (head of AG).[22] The campaign committee had plans to use the Oral Roberts' 100,000 Souls for Africa Campaign residual fund to hold revivals in 1955 to win souls for Christ, both Afrikaans (white) and Africans (black).[23] The campaign committee sponsored a young evangelist from the U.S.A. Emanuele Cannistraci,[24] and paid for his revivals in Johannesburg at the Fairview Assemblies Hall and a portion of Bethshan Tabernacle's costs for Cannistraci's revival in Durban South Africa, a congregation of mixed race.[25][26] Cannistraci's photos, including of two deaf and dumb brothers healed during the revival, were published in Oral Roberts' America's Healing Magazine.

He also ran direct mail campaigns of seed-faith, which appealed to poor Americans, often from ethnic minorities. At its peak in the early 1980s, Roberts was the leader of a $120 million-a-year organization employing 2,300 people. This included not only a university but also a medical school and hospital as well as buildings on 50 acres (200,000 m2) south of Tulsa valued at $500 million.[5][14] Another part of the Oral Roberts Evangelistic Association, the Abundant Life Prayer Group (ALPG), was founded in 1958.[15]

The Praying Hands, on the ORU campus in Tulsa, Oklahoma

In 1963, he founded Oral Roberts University (ORU)[15] in Tulsa, Oklahoma, stating he was obeying a command from God. The university was chartered during 1963 and received its first students in 1965. Students were required to sign an honor code pledging not to drink, smoke, or engage in premarital sexual activities. The Prayer Tower, opened in 1967, is located at the center of the campus.

From left: Young Brown, Jack Moore, William Branham, Oral Roberts, Gordon Lindsay; photo taken at Kansas City in 1948

Roberts was a pioneer televangelist, and attracted a vast viewership. He began broadcasting by radio in 1947,[27][28] and began broadcasting his revivals by television in 1954.[5] His television ministry continued with The Abundant Life program reaching 80% of the United States by 1957, and quarterly Prime Time Specials from 1969 through 1980. In 1996, he founded Golden Eagle Broadcasting.[15]

On March 17, 1968, Roberts and his wife were received as members of the Boston Avenue United Methodist Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma by Dr. Finis Crutchfield, then pastor. The United Methodist Church offered more leniency in doctrinal and moral issues than the Pentecostal Holiness Church had. This granted Roberts some leeway, as it was expected that the strictness of the Pentecostal tradition may have impeded his rise in popularity.[29] Before Roberts' switch to Methodism, Crutchfield arranged a meeting between Roberts and Bishop William Angie Smith, at which the Bishop told Roberts, "We need you, but we need the Holy Spirit more than we need you and we've got to have the Holy Spirit in the Methodist Church."[30] Roberts became an elder in the Oklahoma Conference of the United Methodist Church. From 1968 through 1987, Roberts was a member of the United Methodist Church's ministry.[31][32][33]

Roberts affected the American Protestant community. According to one authority in conservative Protestant culture, his ministry's influence was second only to that of Billy Graham.[2][34][35] His divine healing ministry called for prayer to heal the whole person—body, mind and spirit.[36] Many labeled him a faith healer, but he rejected this with the comment: "God heals—I don't."[2][6] He played a major role in bringing American Pentecostal Christianity into the mainstream.[37] Even though Roberts was often associated with the prosperity gospel and the faith movement because of his close doctrinal and personal ties with Word-Faith teachers, his abundant life teachings did not fully identify him with that movement.[38]

In 1977, Roberts claimed to have had a vision from a 900-foot-tall Jesus who told him to build City of Faith Medical and Research Center, and the hospital would be a success.[39][40][41] In 1980, Roberts said he had a vision that encouraged him to continue the construction of his City of Faith Medical and Research Center in Oklahoma, which opened in 1981. At the time, it was among the largest health facilities of its kind in the world and was intended to merge prayer and medicine in the healing process. The City of Faith operated for only eight years before closing in late 1989, but the importance of treating the whole person—spirit, mind, and body—was conveyed to many medical professionals.[42][43] The Orthopedic Hospital of Oklahoma still operates on its premises. In 1983 Roberts said Jesus had appeared to him in person and commissioned him to find a cure for cancer.[44][45]

Roberts' fundraising was controversial. In January 1987, during a fundraising drive, Roberts announced to a television audience that unless he raised $8 million by that March, God would "call him home."[46][47] However, the year before on Easter he had told a gathering at the Dallas Convention Center that God had instructed him to raise the money "by the end of the year" or he would die.[48] Regardless of this new March deadline and the fact that he was still $4.5 million short of his goal,[49] some were fearful that he was referring to suicide, given the impassioned pleas and tears that accompanied his statement. Late in March 1987 while Roberts was fasting and praying in the Prayer Tower, Florida dog track owner Jerry Collins donated $1.3 million.[50][51] Highly worried from what he perceived as Roberts threatening to starve himself, Collins said, "I did it in order to save the guy from going to heaven in a hurry. It's got nothing to do with religion. I've been a Baptist and a Methodist. I believe in religion and not just the church. You have to help one another."[52] Altogether, Roberts raised a total of $9.1 million.[53] Later that year, he announced that God had raised the dead through his ministry.[54] Some of Roberts' fundraising letters were written by Gene Ewing, who headed a business writing donation letters for other evangelicals such as Don Stewart and Robert Tilton.[55]

Roberts maintained his love of finery and one obituary claimed that even when times became economically hard, "he continued to wear his Italian silk suits, diamond rings and gold bracelets—airbrushed out by his staff on publicity pictures".[14][32]

The CityPlex office complex, originally built as Oral Roberts' City of Faith Medical and Research Center in Tulsa.

He stirred up controversy when Time reported in 1987 that his son Richard Roberts claimed that he had seen his father raise a child from the dead.[47] That year, the Bloom County comic strip recast its character Bill the Cat as a satirized televangelist, "Fundamentally Oral Bill." In 1987, Time stated that he was "re-emphasizing faith healing and [is] reaching for his old-time constituency."[47] However, the income of his organization continued to decrease (from $88 million in 1980 to $55 million in 1986, according to the Tulsa Tribune) and his largely vacant City of Faith Medical Center continued to lose money.[47]

Harry McNevin said that in 1988 the ORU Board of Regents "rubber-stamped" the "use of millions in endowment money to buy a Beverly Hills property so that Oral Roberts could have a West Coast office and house."[56] In addition, he said a country club membership was purchased for the Roberts' home. The lavish expenses led to McNevin's resignation from the Board. In 1988, Oral Roberts and his son Richard were sued for $15 million in federal court by patients at City of Faith Medical Center, claiming the two were frauds who did not visit or heal patients in the hospital.[57][58][59]

His organizations were also affected by scandals involving other televangelists[2] and the City of Faith hospital was forced to close in 1989 after losing money. Roberts was forced to respond with the sale of his holiday homes in Palm Springs and Beverly Hills as well as three of his Mercedes cars.[14]

Oral Roberts' son Richard Roberts resigned from the presidency of ORU on November 23, 2007 after being named as a defendant in a lawsuit alleging improper use of university funds for political and personal purposes, and improper use of university resources.[60][61] The university was given a donation of $8 million by entrepreneur Mart Green, and although the lawsuit was still in process,[62] the school submitted to an outside audit, and with a good report an additional $62 million was given by Green.[63][64] Oral Roberts continued in his role as ORU chancellor, helping in the leadership of ORU along with Billy Joe Daugherty, who was named as the executive regent to assume administrative responsibilities of the Office of the President by the ORU Board of Regents.[65] Oral Roberts continued as the ORU chancellor until his death,[15] but in 2009, eleven months before his death, handed over the leadership of ORU to its incoming president, Mark Rutland.[66]

The Oklahoma Senate adopted a resolution honoring the life of Oral Roberts, and he accepted this honor in 2009 at the age of 91, seven months before his death.[67] The Oklahoma Association of Broadcasters (OAB) elected Roberts to the OAB Hall of Fame one month before his death.[28][68]

Personal life

Roberts was married to Evelyn Lutman Fahnestock (1917–2005) for 66 years from December 25, 1938, until her death from a fall, on May 4, 2005, at the age of 88.[69][70] Their daughter Rebecca Nash died in an airplane crash on February 11, 1977 with her husband, businessman Marshall Nash.[71][72] Their elder son, Ronald Roberts, committed suicide by shooting himself in the heart on June 10, 1982, five months after receiving a court order to undergo counseling at a drug treatment center and six months after coming out as gay.[73][74][75] The other two Roberts children are son Richard, an evangelist and former president of Oral Roberts University, and daughter Roberta Potts, an attorney.

Roberts died of complications from pneumonia on December 15, 2009,[76][77] at the age of 91. He had been "semi-retired" and living in Newport Beach, California.[78] He was interred next to his wife at the Memorial Park Cemetery in Tulsa, Oklahoma (the same cemetery where T. L. Osborn was interred, nearly 4 years after).[79]

According to a 1987 article in The New York Review of Books by Martin Gardner, the "most accurate and best documented biography" is Oral Roberts: An American Life, an objective study by David Edwin Harrell Jr., a historian at Auburn University.

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See also

References
  1. Juozapavicius, Justin (15 December 2009). "Evangelist Oral Roberts Dead At 91". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  2. Juozapavicius, Justin (December 15, 2009). "Evangelist Oral Roberts dies in Calif. at age 91". The Associated Press. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
  3. "Oral Roberts".
  4. Roberts, Oral (1980) [1975]. A Daily Guide to Miracles and Successful Living Through Seed-Faith. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Fleming H. Revell. pp. 228–231. ISBN 978-0800783006.
  5. Schneider, Keith (December 15, 2009). "Oral Roberts, Fiery Preacher, Dies at 91" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
  6. Olsen, Ted (December 16, 2009). "Why the Oral Roberts Obituaries Are Wrong". Christianity Today. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
  7. Bill Sherman (December 20, 2009). "Oral Roberts 1918-2009: A Lasting Influence" (PDF). Tulsa World. p. 2. God is a good God who wants to bless people spiritually, physically and economically.
  8. "Oral Roberts's Mother Dies". The New York Times. April 19, 1974. Retrieved December 15, 2009.
  9. "Interview With Lennox Lewis; Interview With Oral Roberts (transcript)". Larry King Live. January 31, 2002. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  10. "Cherokee Community of Central California". Archived from the original on August 8, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
  11. Arnett, David (December 15, 2009). "Oral Roberts Dies". Tulsa Today. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
  12. "Religion: Oral's Progress". Time. February 7, 1972. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
  13. Harrell, David Edwin (1985). Oral Roberts: an American Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0585104719. Retrieved May 16, 2016.
  14. Christopher, Reed (December 15, 2009). "Oral Roberts obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
  15. "Oral Roberts". Oral Roberts Ministries. 2009. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
  16. "Oral Roberts Tells Conference He Has Raised People From the Dead", New York Times, June 27, 1987
  17. "I've Raised People from the Dead, Oral Roberts tells 5,000 in Tulsa," The Pittsburgh Press, June 26, 1987
  18. Harrell, Jr., David Edwin (1985). Oral Roberts: An American Life. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-253-15844-3
  19. Behrens, Zach (December 15, 2009). "Evangelist Dr. Oral Roberts Dies at 91 in Newport Beach". LAist. Archived from the original on December 18, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
  20. "Oral Roberts Dies: Funeral Arrangements Pending for Legendary Evangelist" (PDF). KTUL-TV. December 15, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2009.
  21. Foresman, Bob (February 1, 1955). "Oral Roberts cuts a swath in South Africa". Tulsa World.
  22. Shoeman, A.J. (1955). "The South African Campaign Report". America's Healing Magazine. South Africa Supplement: 8–9.
  23. Patterson, Sheila (1957). The Last Trek: A Study of the Boer People and the Afrikaneer Nation. Routledge & Kagan Paul, Ltd. ISBN 9780415329996.
  24. Yamashiro, Danny, radio interview. (2017). "Insights on Decades of Fruitful Ministry - Emanuele Cannistraci". The Good Life Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii.
  25. Lephoko, Dan S.B.. "Nicholas Bhekinkosi Hepworth Bhengu's Lasting Legacy." "World's Best Black Soul Crusader". (Dec. 1, 2018) Volume 4 of HTS Religion & Society Series. Publisher, AOSIS. Cape Town, South Africa. ISBN 9781928396529
  26. Langeland-Hansen, F. Report. Salvation - Healing Services. Evangelist Emanuele Cannistraci. (1955) (received from Langeland-Hansen, F. in Gateway's Archives)
  27. "Broadcasters Vote Three to Hall of Fame" (PDF). Oklahoma Association of Broadcasters. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
  28. "Chancellor Roberts Elected to Hall of Fame". Oral Roberts University. November 20, 2009.
  29. Harrell, Jr., David Edwin (1985). Oral Roberts: An American Life. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 298. ISBN 0-253-15844-3.
  30. Harrell, Jr., David Edwin (1985). Oral Roberts: An American Life. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 294. ISBN 0-253-15844-3.
  31. AP, PREACHER'S ORDINATION IN DISPUTE, nytimes.com, USA, October 28, 1987
  32. "Oral Roberts". Daily Telegraph. December 16, 2009. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
  33. Roberts, Oral (1995). Expect a Miracle: My Life and Ministry. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson Publishers. pp. 316–329. ISBN 978-0-7852-7465-0.
  34. "Oral Roberts". Infoplease.
  35. Sherman, Bill (December 20, 2009). "Oral Roberts 1918-2009: A Lasting Influence" (PDF). Tulsa World. p. 2.
  36. Roberts, Oral (1969) [1947]. If You Need Healing, Do These Things (4th ed.). Whitefish, MT, USA: Kessinger Publishing. Section: A personal word. ISBN 0-548-38490-8. ...minister to the peoples of the world with the goal of seeing them made whole in mind, body and soul. ISBN 978-0-548-38490-9
  37. Gorski, Eric (December 16, 2009). "Evangelist Oral Roberts leaves a complex legacy". Columbia Missourian. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
  38. Reid, Daniel G.; Linder, Robert Dean; Shelley, Bruce L.; Stout, Harry S. (1990). Dictionary of Christianity in America. Westmont, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-1776-4.
  39. Biddle, Wayne; Slade, Margo (January 30, 1983). "Ideas and Trends – Oral Roberts's Word on Cancer". The New York Times.
  40. Reifenberg, Anne (January 5, 1986). "Oral Roberts' Ministry Hits a 'Low Spot'". The Dallas Morning News.
  41. "Oral Roberts tells of talking to 900-foot Jesus". Tulsa World. October 16, 1980. Archived from the original on January 31, 2010.
  42. "Oral Roberts Dies" (PDF). A. Larry Ross Communications (ALR). December 15, 2009. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 17, 2010.
  43. "Oral Roberts' Legacy". Oral Roberts University.
  44. Ostling, Richard; Winbush, Don (July 4, 1983). "Religion: A Family That Prays Together". Time.
  45. Herbut, Paula (January 22, 1983). "Oral Roberts Seeking Millions for Holy Mission Against Cancer". The Washington Post.
  46. Randi, James (1989). The Faith Healers. Prometheus Books. p. 186. ISBN 0-87975-535-0.
  47. Ostling, Richard (July 13, 1987). "Raising Eyebrows and the Dead". Time. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
  48. "Oral Roberts Also Predicted Death in 1986, Paper Reveals". February 25, 1987. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  49. Kay Morgan Atkins (March 1, 1987). "Oral Roberts' Missionary Fund-Raising Won't End With First $8 Million". NewsOK. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  50. Dog-Track Owner Gives $1.3 Million to Oral Roberts, Associated Press (Los Angeles Times), March 23, 1987.
  51. FLORIDA TRACK OWNER 'SAVES' ORAL ROBERTS, The Orlando Sentinel (now SunSentinel published in Florida), Dan Tracy, March 22, 1987.
  52. Jerry Collins, 89; Built an Empire of Race Tracks (Obituary), New York Times, David J. Morrow, Aug. 6, 1997. " . . A founder of New College in Sarasota, Mr. Collins gave the institution a $1.2 million motel he owned in Bradenton, Fla., and raised another $7 million for a library. He also gave $600,000 for a new veterinary school at the University of Florida. . "
  53. Hand, Gary A. "Oral Roberts". On Doctrine. Archived from the original on May 10, 2007.
  54. Randi, James (1989). The Faith Healers. Prometheus Books. p. 192. ISBN 0-87975-535-0.
  55. Swindle, Howard (March 10, 1996). "Direct-market evangelist brings in millions lawyer says it all goes". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
  56. Juozapavicius, Justin (November 8, 2007). "Oral Roberts' Son Accused of Misspending". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  57. "Roberts Disputes Allegations In Suit". Bryan Times. August 4, 1988. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  58. "Faith Healer Fails To Win Delay". Saturday Morning Deseret News. July 31, 1988. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  59. "Oral Roberts Sued For Failing To Cure Woman Of Hernia". The Daily Telegraph. October 17, 1987. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  60. "Roberts resigns as ORU president". Tulsa World. November 23, 2007.
  61. Branstetter, Ziva (November 24, 2007). "Roberts resigns". Tulsa World.
  62. "ORU Lawsuit". Tulsa World. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
  63. "Oral Roberts University takes $62M gift". USA Today. January 15, 2008.
  64. Marciszewski, April (February 14, 2008). "ORU moves to trim its debt". Tulsa World. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
  65. Marciszewski, April (October 18, 2007). "Roberts takes ORU leave". Tulsa World. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
  66. Sherman, Bill & Muchmore, Shannon (January 30, 2009). "New ORU president says he has founder's blessing". Tulsa World. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
  67. "Oklahoma Senate Honors Oral Roberts". Associated Press. May 7, 2009. Retrieved January 7, 2010.
  68. "Oral Roberts, OAB Hall of Fame, Inducted 2010". Oklahoma Association of Broadcasters (OAB). November 2009. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011.
  69. "Evelyn Roberts, wife of Oral Roberts, dies". Tulsa World. May 4, 2005.
  70. "Oral Roberts 1918-2009: Legacy" (PDF). Tulsa World. December 20, 2009. p. 6.
  71. "The "Heaven Has a Floor" Crash: February 11, 1977". Location: about 6 miles south of Anthony, KS: Check Six. 2002. Updated December 7, 2009.CS1 maint: location (link)
  72. Stefanic, Vern (February 11, 1977). "Oral Roberts daughter, 5 others die". Tulsa World. Last modified March 25, 2008.
  73. "Oral Roberts's Son, 37, Found Shot Dead in Car". The New York Times. June 10, 1982. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
  74. "Oral Roberts' Gay Grandson: "It Gets Better."". Talk About Equality. October 25, 2010.
  75. Taffet, David (8 July 2010). "Oral Roberts' gay grandson speaks out". dallasvoice.com. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  76. "Oral Roberts Dies at Age 91". KTUL-TV. December 15, 2009. Archived from the original on December 18, 2009.
  77. Sherman, Bill (December 15, 2009). "Oral Roberts dies". Tulsa World.
  78. Lobdell, William (December 16, 2009). "Oral Roberts dies at 91; televangelist was pioneering preacher of the 'prosperity gospel'". Los Angeles Times.
  79. "Thousands Gather to Remember Oral Roberts". Charisma Magazine. December 21, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2016.

Further reading

About Roberts

By Roberts

  • The call: an autobiography. by Oral Roberts, Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1972.
  • Expect a miracle: my life and ministry. by Oral Roberts, Nashville : T. Nelson, 1995. ISBN 0-7852-7752-8
  • Oral Roberts' life story, as told by himself. by Oral Roberts, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1952.
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