James Pearce

James Alfred Pearce (December 14, 1805 – December 20, 1862) was an American politician. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, representing the second district of Maryland from 1835 to 1839 and 1841 to 1843. He later served as a U.S. Senator from Maryland from 1843 until his death in 1862.

James Pearce
United States senator
from Maryland
In office
March 4, 1843 – December 20, 1862
Preceded byJohn L. Kerr
Succeeded byThomas H. Hicks
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maryland's 2nd district
In office
March 4, 1835 – March 3, 1839
Preceded byRichard B. Carmichael
Succeeded byPhilip Thomas
In office
March 4, 1841 – March 3, 1843
Preceded byPhilip Thomas
Succeeded byFrancis Brengle
Member of the Maryland House of Delegates
In office
1831-1835
Personal details
Born
James Alfred Pearce

(1805-12-14)December 14, 1805
Alexandria, DC, US
DiedDecember 20, 1862(1862-12-20) (aged 57)
Chestertown, Maryland, US
Political partyWhig, Democrat
Alma materCollege of New Jersey
ProfessionPolitician, Lawyer
James A. Pearce, photograph by Mathew Brady

Biography

Early life

Pearce was in born Alexandria, DC, the son of Gideon Pearce and Julia Dick, and the grandson of Elisha C. Dick.[1] When he turned four years old, his mother died; his father moved to Louisiana to become a sugar planter, leaving his son in Alexandria to the care of grandparents.[2]

Pearce attended a private academy in Alexandria and entered the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1819. He graduated in 1822 at the age of seventeen with honors and started studying law in Baltimore under Judge John Glenn and attorney David Hoffman (1784–1854), an American legal ethics pioneer and author of Fifty Resolutions in Regard to Professional Deportment (1836). There was a requirement for aspiring jurists set by the Maryland legislature for at least three years of legal studies under the guidance of practicing lawyers (in 1831 it was lowered to two years).[3] Ahead of time, in 1824, Pearce passed exams and was admitted to the Maryland Bar, commencing practice in Cambridge, Maryland for a year. In 1825, Pearce moved with his father in Louisiana, and briefly engaged in sugar planting business, then he returned to Kent County, Maryland, in 1828, where he started the practice of law in Chestertown.

Family life

In 1829, Pearce married Martha J. Laird; they were raising 3 children in Chestertown, Maryland until 1845, when Martha died. In 1847, Pearce remarried, his new wife became Matilda Cox Ringgold; they had one child. His son, James Alfred Pearce, Jr., became a judge for the Maryland Court of Appeals.[4]

Political career

From 1831 until 1835, Pearce was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates. He was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1835 until March 3, 1839, but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1838 to the Twenty-sixth Congress, losing to Philip Thomas. He was again elected to Congress in 1840, and served one term from March 4, 1841, until March 3, 1843.

Pearce was again elected as a Whig to the United States Senate in 1843, and was re-elected in 1849, 1855, and 1861, the last time as a Democrat, and served from March 4, 1843, until his death in 1862. In the Senate, Pearce served for nineteen years as chairman of the Committee on the Library (Twenty-ninth through Thirty-seventh Congresses).[5] He also served in 1861 for two months as chairman of the Committee on Finance. In 1847-1862, he served as a member of the Executive Committee of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.[6] He was involved with the Coast Survey, which is among the U.S. governmental oldest scientific organizations, and the United States Botanic Garden.

In the U.S. Senate, Pearce became known as an erudite and pragmatist. In 1850, he developed the so-called Pearce Plan, a part of Compromise of 1850. The Pearce Plan provided a solution for the boundary dispute between Texas and the Federal government.[7] Pearce wrote a bill that granted Texas $10 million in compensation for agreeing with the state borders charted by the government. After being approved by Congress, the bill was signed by President Millard Fillmore.[8]

In 1850, President Fillmore offered Pearce, first, to become a judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, and then, — Secretary of the Interior. Pearce chose to stay in the Senate.[9]

Political polarization caused by the issues of nativism, prohibition, and anti-slavery fragmented in 1852 the Whig Party, and in 1856, Pearce joined the Democratic Party, and supported James Buchanan's nomination for presidency. During the sectional crisis Pearce stood against the dissolution of the Union. However, he was hesitant to discuss the slavery issue being a slaveholder himself.[10] After the Civil War broke out, he did not resign. In March 1862, he appeared in the Senate for the last time.[11]

Pearce died in Chestertown on December 20, 1862, and is interred in New Chester Cemetery. His deathbed from the Hynson-Ringgold House was preserved and now exhibited in the historic Geddes-Piper House (c. 1770) in Chestertown, Maryland.[12]

gollark: Sounds good.
gollark: I know, apioid.
gollark: Compromise: ρ, which is 1.5π.
gollark: τ > π ∵τ = 2π ∴2π > π, 2 > 1
gollark: No.

See also

References
  1. Ruth Lincoln Kaye (March–April 1994). "Cottage Farm". The Friends Sentinal. Alexandria Library Lloyd House Journal. VIII (2).
  2. Rodney P. Carlisle. Pearce, James Alfred. American National Biography Online, February 2000. Retrieved December 14, 2015.
  3. Michael Ariens. Lost and Found: David Hoffman and the History of American Legal Ethics Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Arkansas Law Review, 2014, Vol. 67, p. 571-625.
  4. Horsey, Patricia J. O. Legendary Locals of Kent County. Arcadia Pub., 2015.
  5. Ostrowski, Carl. Books, Maps, and Politics: A Cultural History of the Library of Congress, 1783-1861. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004.
  6. Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1863. p. 682.
  7. Compromise of 1850, Lone Star Junction, a Texas history resource.
  8. Boundary Dispute
  9. Steiner, Bernard. James Alfred Pearce. Maryland Historical Magazine, Volume 17 (March 1922), p. 33-47.
  10. U.S. Congress. Addresses on the Death of Hon. James A. Pearce: Delivered in the Senate and House of Representatives, on Tuesday, January 13, 1863. Washington: Govt. Print. Off., 1863, p. 14.
  11. Hubbell, John T, James W. Geary, and Jon L. Wakelyn. Biographical Dictionary of the Union: Northern Leaders of the Civil War. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1995, p. 397.
  12. Daniels, D S. Ghosts of Chestertown and Kent County. Charleston, S.C.: History Press, 2015.

Further reading
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by
Richard B. Carmichael		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maryland's 2nd congressional district
1835–1839		 Succeeded by
Philip Thomas
Preceded by
Philip Thomas		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maryland's 2nd congressional district
1841–1843		 Succeeded by
Francis Brengle
U.S. Senate
Preceded by
John L. Kerr		 U.S. senator (Class 3) from Maryland
March 4, 1843 – December 20, 1862
Served alongside: William D. Merrick, Reverdy Johnson, David Stewart,
Thomas G. Pratt, Anthony Kennedy		 Succeeded by
Thomas H. Hicks
Political offices
Preceded by
Robert M.T. Hunter		 Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee
1861		 Succeeded by
William Pitt Fessenden
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