2019 United Kingdom general election

2019 United Kingdom general election
	12 December 2019
	12 December 2019
All 650 seats in the House of Commons; 326[n 1] seats needed for a majority
	Opinion polls
Turnout	67.3% ( 1.5 pp)[2]
	A map presenting the results of the election, by party of the MP elected from each constituency.
	Composition of the House of Commons after the election
Prime Minister before election; Boris Johnson; Conservative	Prime Minister after election ; Boris Johnson; Conservative

The 2019 United Kingdom general election was held on 12 December 2019. The Conservative Party, having failed to obtain a majority in the 2017 general election, had faced prolonged parliamentary deadlock over Brexit while it governed in minority with the support of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), a situation which had forced the resignation of the previous Prime Minister Theresa May.

In July 2019, after May's resignation, Boris Johnson was elected as Conservative leader and appointed as Prime Minister. Johnson could not induce Parliament to approve a revised withdrawal agreement by the end of October, and chose to call for a snap election. The House of Commons supported the Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 by 438–20, setting the election date for 12 December.[3] Opinion polls up to polling day showed a firm lead for the Conservatives against Labour throughout the campaign.[4]

The election resulted in the Conservatives receiving a landslide Commons majority of 80 seats.[n 5] The Conservatives made a net gain of 48 seats and won 43.6% of the popular vote – the highest percentage by any party since 1979.[5] Many Conservative gains were made in long-held Labour Leave-voting seats dubbed the 'red wall'. The Labour Party won 202 seats, their lowest number and proportion of seats since 1935.[6][7][8] The Scottish National Party (SNP) made a net gain of 13 seats and won 3.9% of the UK vote (though 45% of the popular vote in Scotland), resulting in 48 out of 59 seats won in Scotland.[9] The Liberal Democrats improved their vote share to 11.6% but won only 11 seats, a net loss of one since the last election.[10] The DUP won a relative majority of seats in Northern Ireland (the largest number, but not an outright majority). There, the SDLP and Alliance regained parliamentary representation as the DUP lost seats.

The election result secured Johnson a mandate to ensure the UK's departure from the European Union on 31 January 2020, thereby ending hopes of the Remain side of overturning the result of the 2016 Brexit referendum. Labour's defeat led to Jeremy Corbyn announcing his intention to resign, triggering a leadership election.[8] For Liberal Democrat leader Jo Swinson, the loss of her constituency's seat compelled her to resign, also triggering a leadership election.[10] For the SNP leader, Nicola Sturgeon, her party's success led to renewed calls for a second independence referendum.[9] In Northern Ireland, nationalist MPs outnumbered unionist ones for the first time.

Background

In July 2016, Theresa May became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, having taken over from David Cameron (who had resigned in the wake of the 2016 Brexit referendum). Her party – the Conservative and Unionist Party – had governed the UK since the 2010 UK general election, initially in coalition with the Liberal Democrats and after the 2015 UK general election, alone with a small majority. In the 2017 UK general election, May lost her majority but was able to resume office as a result of a confidence and supply agreement with Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Party. In the face of opposition from the DUP and Conservative back-benchers, the second May ministry was unable to pass its Brexit withdrawal agreement by 29 March 2019, so some political commentators considered that an early United Kingdom general election was likely.[11] The opposition Labour Party called for a January 2019 vote of confidence in the May ministry, but the motion failed.[12] May resigned after her party's poor performance in the 2019 European Parliament election, during the first extension granted by the European Union for negotiations on the withdrawal agreement. Boris Johnson won the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election and became Prime Minister on 23 July 2019. Along with attempting to revise the withdrawal agreement arranged by his predecessor's negotiations, Johnson made three attempts to hold a snap election under the process defined in the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, which requires a two-thirds supermajority in order for an election to take place.[13][14][15][16]

All three attempts to call an election failed to gain support: Parliament insisted that Johnson "take a no-deal Brexit off the table first" and secure a negotiated Withdrawal Agreement, expressed in particular by its enactment against his will of the European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019 (often called the "Benn Act", after Labour MP Hilary Benn, who introduced the bill). After failing to pass a revised deal before the first extension's deadline of 31 October 2019, Johnson agreed to a second extension on negotiations with the EU and finally secured a revised Withdrawal Agreement. Parliament agreed to an election through a motion proposed by the Liberal Democrats and Scottish National Party on 28 October. The Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 (EPGEA) was passed in the Commons by 438 votes to 20; an attempt to pass an amendment by opposition parties for the election to be held on 9 December failed by 315 votes to 295.[17][18] The House of Lords followed suit on 30 October,[19] with Royal Assent made the day after for the ratification of the EPGEA.[20]

Date of the election

The deadline for candidate nominations was 14 November 2019,[21] with political campaigning for four weeks until polling day on 12 December. On the day of the election, polling stations across the country were open from 7 am, and closed at 10 pm.[22] The date chosen for the 2019 general election made it the first to be held in December since 1923.[23][24]

Voting eligibility

Individuals eligible to vote had to be registered to vote by midnight on 26 November.[25] To be eligible to vote, individuals had to be[26][27] aged 18 or over; residing as a Commonwealth citizen at an address in the United Kingdom,[n 6] or a British citizen overseas who registered to vote in the last 15 years;[n 7][29][30] and not legally excluded (on grounds of detainment in prison, a mental hospital, or on the run from law enforcement)[31] or disqualified from voting.[32][33] Anyone who qualified as an anonymous elector had until midnight on 6 December to register.[n 8] Irish citizens living in the UK aged 18 and over were also allowed to vote.

Timetable

Key Dates[35]
Date	Event
Tuesday 29 October	Passage of the Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 through the House of Commons
Wednesday 30 October	Passage of the Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 through the House of Lords
Thursday 31 October	Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 receives Royal Assent and comes into force immediately. The Act sets 12 December as the date for the next parliamentary general election.
Wednesday 6 November	Dissolution of Parliament and official start of the campaign. Beginning of purdah. Royal Proclamation summoning a new Parliament and setting the date for its first meeting issued.
Thursday 7 November	Receipt of writ – legal documents declaring election issued
Friday 8 November	Notice's of election begin to be given in constituencies
Thursday 14 November	Nominations of candidates close
Saturday 16 November	Candidates lists are published for each constituency
Thursday 21 November	Deadline to register for a postal vote at 5pm (Northern Ireland)[36]
Tuesday 26 November	Deadline to register for a postal vote at 5pm (Great Britain)[36] and for registering to vote across the UK at 11:59pm[36]
Wednesday 4 December	Deadline to register for a proxy vote at 5pm. (Exemptions apply for emergencies.)
Thursday 12 December	Polling Day – polls open 7 am to 10 pm
Friday 13 December	Results announced for all the 650 constituencies. End of purdah
Tuesday 17 December	First meeting of the 58th Parliament of the United Kingdom, for the formal election of a Speaker of the Commons and the swearing-in of members, ahead of the State Opening of the new Parliament's first session.[37][38][39]
Thursday 19 December	State Opening of Parliament, Queen's Speech

Contesting political parties and candidates

Most candidates are representatives of a political party, which must be registered with the Electoral Commission's Register of Political Parties. Candidates who do not belong to a registered party can use an "independent" label, or no label at all. Across the United Kingdom, there were 3,415 candidates representing 68 political parties, including 206 independent candidates.

Great Britain

Major parties (parties with multiple MPs at dissolution or those that had multiple MEPs prior to the UK's departure from the EU) that contested this election in Great Britain are shown in the table below with their results at the 2017 general election, ordered by the number of seats they won.

Party		Party leader(s)	Leader since	Leader's seat	Last election		Seats at dissolution	Contested seats
Party		Party leader(s)	Leader since	Leader's seat	% of votes	Seats	Seats at dissolution	Contested seats
	Conservative Party	Boris Johnson	July 2019	Uxbridge & South Ruislip	42.4%	317	298	635 seats in the United Kingdom[40]
	Labour Party	Jeremy Corbyn	September 2015	Islington North	40.0%	262	244	631 seats in Great Britain
	Scottish National Party	Nicola Sturgeon	November 2014	None[n 3]	3.0%	35	35	59 seats in Scotland
	Liberal Democrats	Jo Swinson	July 2019	East Dunbartonshire	7.4%	12	21	611 seats in Great Britain
	Change UK	Anna Soubry	June 2019	Broxtowe	New party		5	3 seats in England
	Plaid Cymru	Adam Price	September 2018	None[n 9]	0.5%	4	4	36 seats in Wales
	Green Party of England and Wales	Jonathan Bartley	September 2016	None[n 10]	1.6%	1	1	474 seats in England and Wales
	Green Party of England and Wales	Siân Berry	September 2018	None[n 10]	1.6%	1	1	474 seats in England and Wales
	Brexit Party	Nigel Farage	March 2019	None[n 11]	New party		0	276 seats in Great Britain

As outlined above, the Conservative Party has governed in coalition or on its own since 2010, and has been led by Boris Johnson since July 2019. Jeremy Corbyn has been Labour Party leader since 2015 and was the first Labour leader since Tony Blair to contest consecutive general elections, as well as the first since Neil Kinnock to contest a second general election after losing the first. One other party, the Liberal Democrats, contested seats across Great Britain. They were led by Tim Farron at the 2017 election, before he was replaced by Vince Cable. Cable was succeeded by Jo Swinson in July 2019.[41][42] The Brexit Party contested somewhat under half the seats. It was founded in early 2019 by Nigel Farage, former leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), and won the most votes at the May 2019 European Parliament elections. The Brexit Party has largely replaced UKIP in British politics, with UKIP (which gained 12.6% of the vote but just one MP at the 2015 election) losing almost all its support. UKIP stood in 42 seats in Great Britain and two seats in Northern Ireland.

The Green Party of England and Wales has been led by Jonathan Bartley and Siân Berry since 2018, with its counterpart the Scottish Green Party standing in Scottish seats. The two parties stood in a total of 495 seats. The third-largest party in seats won at the 2017 election was the Scottish National Party, led by Nicola Sturgeon since 2014, which stands only in Scotland but holds the majority (35 of 59 before this election) of seats there. Similarly, Plaid Cymru, led by Adam Price, stands only in Wales where it holds 4 of 40 seats.

Northern Ireland

While a number of UK parties organise in Northern Ireland (including the Labour Party, which does not field candidates) and others field candidates for election (most notably the Conservatives), the main Northern Ireland parties are different from those in the rest of the UK.

Some parties in Northern Ireland operate on an all-Ireland basis, including Sinn Féin and Aontú, who are abstentionist parties and do not take up any Commons seats to which they are elected. The only independent elected to Parliament in 2017, Sylvia Hermon, represented North Down but did not stand in 2019.

In the 2019 election, there were a total of 102 candidates in Northern Ireland.[43] The election result was particularly notable in Northern Ireland as the first Westminster election in which the number of Nationalists elected exceeded the number of Unionists.

Party		Leader	Leader since	Leader's seat	Last election		Seats at dissolution	Contesting seats (out of 18)	This election
Party		Leader	Leader since	Leader's seat	% (in NI)	Seats	Seats at dissolution	Contesting seats (out of 18)	% (in NI)	Seats won
	Democratic Unionist Party	Arlene Foster	December 2015	None[n 12]	36.0%	8	10	17 seats	30.6%	8
	Sinn Féin	Mary Lou McDonald	February 2018	None[n 13]	29.4%	7	7	15 seats	22.8%	7
	Social Democratic and Labour Party	Colum Eastwood	November 2015	Foyle[n 14]	11.7%	2	0	15 seats	14.9%	2
	Ulster Unionist Party	Steve Aiken	November 2019	None[n 15]	10.3%	0	0	16 seats	11.7%	0
	Alliance Party	Naomi Long	October 2016	None[n 16]	7.9%	1	0	18 seats	16.8%	1

Electoral pacts and unilateral decisions

Constituencies where the Unite to Remain pact was active. Coloured by which party stood a candidate.

In England and Wales, the Liberal Democrats, Plaid Cymru, and the Green Party of England and Wales – parties sharing an anti-Brexit position – arranged a "Unite to Remain" pact. Labour declined to be involved. This agreement meant that in 60 constituencies only one of these parties, the one considered to have the best chance of winning, stood. This pact aimed to maximise the total number of anti-Brexit MPs returned under the first-past-the-post system by avoiding the spoiler effect.[44]

In addition, the Liberal Democrats did not run against Dominic Grieve (independent, formerly Conservative),[45] Gavin Shuker (independent, formerly Labour),[46] and Anna Soubry (The Independent Group for Change, formerly Conservative).[47][48]

The Brexit Party leader Nigel Farage had suggested the Brexit and Conservative parties could form an electoral pact to maximise the seats taken by Brexit-supporting MPs, but this was rejected by Johnson.[49] On 11 November, Farage announced that his party would not stand in any of the 317 seats won by the Conservatives at the last election. This was welcomed by the Conservative Party chairman James Cleverly, and he insisted there had been no contact between them and the Brexit Party over the plan.[50] Newsnight reported that conversations between members of the Brexit Party and the Conservative, pro-Brexit research support group European Research Group (ERG) led to this decision.[51] The Brexit Party reportedly requested that Johnson publicly state he would not extend the Brexit transition period beyond the planned end of December 2020 date and that he wished for a Canada-style free trade agreement with the EU. Johnson did make a statement covering these two issues, something which Farage referenced as key when announcing he was standing down some candidates. Both the Brexit Party and the Conservatives denied any deal was done between the two.[51][52][53]

Map showing electoral pacts in Northern Ireland

The Green Party also did not stand in two Conservative-held seats, Chingford and Woodford Green and Calder Valley, in favour of Labour.[54][55] The Green Party had also unsuccessfully attempted to form a progressive alliance with the Labour Party prior to Unite to Remain.[56] The Women's Equality Party stood aside in three seats in favour of the Liberal Democrats, after the Lib Dems adopted some of their policies.

The DUP did not contest Fermanagh and South Tyrone and the UUP did not contest Belfast North so as not to split the unionist vote. Other parties stood down in selected seats so as not to split the anti-Brexit vote. The nationalist and anti-Brexit parties the SDLP and Sinn Féin agreed a pact whereby the SDLP did not stand in Belfast North (in favour of Sinn Féin), while Sinn Féin did not stand in Belfast South (in favour of SDLP); neither party stood in Belfast East or North Down[57] and advised their supporters to vote Alliance in those two constituencies. The Green Party in Northern Ireland did not stand in any of the four Belfast constituencies,[58] backing the SDLP in Belfast South, Sinn Féin in Belfast North and West, and Alliance in Belfast East and North Down;[59][60][61][62] the party only stood in the safe seats of East Antrim, Strangford and West Tyrone. Alliance did not stand down in any seats,[63] describing the plans as "sectarian".[64]

Marginal seats

At the 2017 election, more than one in eight seats was won by a margin of 5% or less of votes,[65] while almost one in four was won by 10% or less.[66] These seats were seen as crucial in deciding the election.[67]

2017–19 MPs standing under a different political affiliation

The 2017-19 Parliament was defined by a significant amount of political instability, and consequently; a large number of defections and switching between parties. This was due to issues such as disquiet over anti-semitism in the Labour Party, and divisions over Brexit in the Conservative Party. Eighteen MPs elected in 2017 contested the election for a different party or as an independent candidate; five stood for a different seat. All of these candidates failed to be re-elected.

Outgoing MP		2017 constituency		2019 constituency
Luciana Berger	Labour	Liverpool Wavertree	Liberal Democrats	Finchley and Golders Green
Frank Field	Labour	Birkenhead	Birkenhead Social Justice	Birkenhead
Mike Gapes	Labour	Ilford South	Change UK	Ilford South
David Gauke	Conservative	South West Hertfordshire	Independent	South West Hertfordshire
Roger Godsiff	Labour	Birmingham Hall Green	Independent	Birmingham Hall Green
Dominic Grieve	Conservative	Beaconsfield	Independent	Beaconsfield
Sam Gyimah	Conservative	East Surrey	Liberal Democrats	Kensington
Phillip Lee	Conservative	Bracknell	Liberal Democrats	Wokingham
Chris Leslie	Labour	Nottingham East	Change UK	Nottingham East
Ivan Lewis (withdrawn)[68]	Labour	Bury South	Independent	Bury South
Anne Milton	Conservative	Guildford	Independent	Guildford
Antoinette Sandbach	Conservative	Eddisbury	Liberal Democrats	Eddisbury
Anna Soubry	Conservative	Broxtowe	Change UK	Broxtowe
Gavin Shuker	Labour	Luton South	Independent	Luton South
Angela Smith	Labour	Penistone and Stocksbridge	Liberal Democrats	Altrincham and Sale West
Chris Williamson	Labour	Derby North	Independent	Derby North
Sarah Wollaston	Conservative	Totnes	Liberal Democrats	Totnes
Chuka Umunna	Labour	Streatham	Liberal Democrats	Cities of London and Westminster

Withdrawn or disowned candidates

The following candidates withdrew from campaigning or had support from their party withdrawn after the close of nominations, and so they remained on the ballot paper in their constituency. Hanvey was elected;[69] the others were not.

Candidate		Constituency	Reason for withdrawal	Date
Safia Ali	Labour	Falkirk	Alleged prior antisemitic posts on Facebook[70]	28 November
Amjad Bashir	Conservative	Leeds North East	Comments made in 2014 saying Jews were radicalised by visiting Israel[71][72]	20 November[73][74]
Sophie Cook	Independent	East Worthing and Shoreham	Reported experience of abuse and harassment[75]	19 November
Victor Farrell	Brexit Party	Glenrothes	Homophobic comments in 2017[76]	18 November
Neale Hanvey	SNP	Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath	Allegations of antisemitism (based on criticism of Israel and George Soros) in a 2016 Facebook post[77]	28 November
Ryan Houghton	Conservative	Aberdeen North	Allegations of Antisemitic, Islamophobic and homophobic tweets in 2012[78]	19 November
Ivan Lewis	Independent[lower-alpha 1]	Bury South	Withdrew candidature and urged voters to vote Conservative[68]	4 December
Ben Mathis	Liberal Democrats	Hackney North and Stoke Newington	Tweets that included references to "hot young boys", "whiny bitches", and conjuring images of Katie Hopkins losing "several kilos of unpleasant fat…[with] an axe or a guillotine", before 2019[79]	24 November
Waheed Rafiq	Liberal Democrats	Birmingham, Hodge Hill	Antisemitic comments before 2015[80]	20 November
Flora Scarabello	Conservative	Glasgow Central	Islamophobic comment — recorded private words[81]	27 November

A Labour MP until 2018

Campaign

Campaign background

Donations to political parties in
last quarter of 2019[82]
Party	Donations (£ millions)
Conservative	37.7
Liberal Democrats	13.6
Labour	10.7
Brexit	7.2
SNP	0.2

The Conservative Party and Labour Party have been the two biggest political parties, and have supplied every Prime Minister since 1922. The Conservative Party have governed since the 2010 election, in coalition with the Liberal Democrats from 2010 to 2015. At the 2015 general election the Conservative Party committed to offering a referendum on whether the UK should leave the European Union and won a majority in that election. A referendum was held in June 2016, and the Leave campaign won by 51.9% to 48.1%. The UK initiated the withdrawal process in March 2017, and Prime Minister Theresa May triggered a snap general election in 2017, in order to demonstrate support for her planned negotiation of Brexit. The Conservative Party lost seats – they won a plurality of MPs, but not a majority. As a result, they formed a minority government, with the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) as their confidence and supply partner. Neither May nor her successor Boris Johnson (winner of the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election)[83][84] was able to secure parliamentary support either for a deal on the terms of the UK's exit from the EU, or for exiting the EU without an agreed deal. Johnson later succeeded in bringing his Withdrawal Agreement to a second reading in Parliament, following another extension until January 2020.

During the lifespan of the 2017 parliament, twenty MPs quit their parties, most due to disputes with their party leaderships; some formed new parties and alliances. In February 2019, eight Labour and three Conservative MPs resigned from their parties to sit together as The Independent Group.[85] Having undergone a split and two name changes, at dissolution this group numbered five MPs who sat as the registered party The Independent Group for Change under the leadership of Anna Soubry.[86][87] Two MPs sat in a group called The Independents (which at its peak had five members), one MP created the Birkenhead Social Justice Party, while a further 20 MPs who began as Labour or Conservative ended the Parliament as unaffiliated independents. Seven MPs, from both the Conservatives and Labour, joined the Liberal Democrats during the parliament, in combination with a by-election gain. The Lib Dems ultimately raised their number from 12 at the election to 20 at dissolution.[88]

One reason for the defections from the Labour Party was the ongoing allegations of antisemitism and allegations that Jeremy Corbyn and the party leadership had not done enough to tackle the problem. Labour entered the election campaign undergoing investigation by the Equality and Human Rights Commission.[89] The Jewish Labour Movement declared it would not generally campaign for Labour.[90] The Conservative Party was also criticised for not doing enough to tackle the alleged Islamophobia in the party.[91]

The Conservatives ended the previous parliamentary period with fewer seats than they had started with because of defections and also the expulsion of a number of MPs for going against the party line by voting to prevent a no-deal Brexit.[92] Of the 21 expelled, 10 were subsequently reinstated, while others continued as independents.[93]

Policy positions

Brexit

The major parties had a wide variety of stances on Brexit. The Conservative Party supported leaving under the terms of the withdrawal agreement as negotiated by Johnson (amending Theresa May's previous agreement), and this agreement formed a central part of the Conservative campaign.[94] The Brexit Party was in favour of a no-deal Brexit, with its leader Nigel Farage calling for Johnson to drop the deal.[95]

The Labour Party proposed a renegotiation of the withdrawal agreement (towards a closer post-withdrawal relationship with the EU) and would then put this forward as an option in a referendum alongside the option of remaining in the EU.[96] The Labour Party's campaigning stance in that referendum would be decided at a special conference.[97] In a Question Time special featuring four party leaders, Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn said that he would stay neutral in the referendum campaign.[98]

The Liberal Democrats, Scottish National Party (SNP), Plaid Cymru, The Independent Group for Change, and the Green Party of England and Wales were all opposed to Brexit, and proposed that a further referendum be held with the option – for which they would campaign – to remain in the EU.[99] The Liberal Democrats originally pledged that if they formed a majority government (considered a highly unlikely outcome by observers),[100] they would revoke the Article 50 notification immediately and cancel Brexit.[99][101][102][103] Part-way through the campaign, the Liberal Democrats dropped the policy of revoking Article 50 after the party realised it was not going to win a majority in the election.[104]

The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) was in favour of a withdrawal agreement in principle, but it opposed the deals negotiated by both May and Johnson, believing that they create too great a divide between Northern Ireland and the rest of the UK.[105][106] Sinn Féin, the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP)[107] and Alliance all favoured remaining in the EU. The UUP did not see a second referendum as a necessary route to achieving this goal.[107]

The environment

The Labour Party promised what they described as a green industrial revolution. This included support for renewable energies and a promise to plant 2 billion trees by 2040. The party also promised to transition to electrify the UK's bus fleet by 2030.[108]

The Lib Dems also promised to put the environment at the heart of their agenda with a promise to plant 60 million trees a year. They also promised to significantly reduce carbon emissions by 2030 and hit zero carbon emissions by 2045. By 2030 they planned to generate 80% of the country's energy needs from renewable energies such as solar power and wind and retrofit 26 million homes with insulation by 2030. They also promised to build more environmentally friendly homes and to establish a new Department for the Climate Crisis.

The Conservatives pledged net zero emissions by 2050 with investment in clean energy solutions and green infrastructure to reduce carbon emissions and pollution. They also pledged to plant 30 million trees.

The Conservatives were judged the worst of the main parties on climate change by Friends of the Earth with a manifesto which mentioned it only ten times.[109]

Tax and spending commitments

In September 2019, the Conservative government performed a spending review, where they announced plans to increase public spending by £13.8 billion/year, and reaffirmed plans to spend another £33.9 billion/year on the National Health Service (NHS) by 2023. Chancellor Sajid Javid said the government had turned the page on 10 years of austerity.[110] During the election the parties produced manifestos that outlined spending in addition to those already planned.

The Conservative manifesto was described as having "little in the way of changes to tax" by the Institute for Fiscal Studies. The decision to keep the rate of corporation tax at 19%, and not reduce it to 17% as planned, is expected to raise £6 billion/year. The plan to increase the national insurance threshold for employees and self-employed to £9,500 will cost £2 billion/year.[111] They also committed to not raise rates of income tax, National Insurance or VAT.[112] There are increased spending commitments of £3 billion current spending and £8 billion investment spending. This would overall lead to the UK's debt as a percentage of GDP remaining stable (the IFS assesses that it would rise in the event of a no-deal Brexit).[113]

The Labour manifesto planned to raise an extra £78 billion/year from taxes over the course of the parliament, with sources including:[111]

£24bn – raising the headline rate of corporation tax to 26%
£6.3bn – tax multinationals' global profits according to UK share of global employment/assets/sales, not UK profits
£4.0bn – abolish patent box & R&D tax credit for large companies
£4.3bn – cutting unspecified corporation tax reliefs
£9bn – financial transactions tax
£14bn – dividends and capital gains
£6bn – anti-avoidance
£5bn – increases in income tax rates above £80,000/year
£5bn – other

In addition, Labour was to obtain income from the Inclusive Ownership Fund, windfall tax on oil companies, and some smaller tax changes. There were increased spending commitments of £98 billion current spending and £55 billion investment spending. This would, overall, have led to the UK's debt as a percentage of GDP rising.[113] Labour's John McDonnell said borrowing would only be for investment and one-offs (e.g. compensating WASPI women, not shown above), and not for day-to-day spending.[114]

The Liberal Democrat manifesto plans to raise an extra £36 billion/year from taxes over the course of the parliament, with sources including:[111]

£10bn – raising corporation tax to 20%
£7bn – 1% point rise in all rates of income tax
£5bn – abolish CGT allowance
£5bn – air passenger duty on frequent flyers
£6bn – anti-avoidance
£3bn – other

There are increased commitments of £37 billion current spending and £26 billion investment spending, which would overall lead to the UK's debt as a percentage of GDP falling, partly due to improved economic conditions which would result from staying in the EU.[113]

Institute for Fiscal Studies analysis

The Institute of Fiscal Studies (IFS), an influential research body, released on 28 November its in-depth analysis of the manifestos of the three main national political parties. The analysis both provides a summary of the financial promises made by each party, and an inspection of the accuracy of claims around government income and expenditure.[115][116][117][118][111] The IFS reported that neither the Conservatives nor the Labour Party had published a "properly credible prospectus".[115]

Its analysis of the Conservative manifesto concluded there was "essentially nothing new in the manifesto", that there was "little in the way of changes to tax, spending, welfare or anything else", and that they had already promised increased spending for health and education whilst in government. The Labour manifesto was described as introducing "enormous economic and social change", and increasing the role of the state to be bigger than anything in the last 40 years.[119] The IFS highlighted a raft of changes in including free childcare, university, personal care and prescriptions, as well nationalisations, labour market regulations, increases in the minimum wage, and enforcing "effective ownership of 10% of large companies from current owners to a combination of employees and government". Labour's vision, the IFS said, "is of a state not so dissimilar to those seen in many other successful Western European economies" and presumed that the manifesto should be seen as "a long-term prospectus for change rather than a realistic deliverable plan for a five-year parliament".[119] They said the Liberal Democrat manifesto is not as radical as the Labour manifesto but was a "decisive move away from the policies of the past decade".[116][117][118][111]

The Conservative manifesto was criticised for a commitment not to raise rates of income tax, NICs or VAT as this put a significant constraint on reactions to events that might affect government finances. One such event could be the "die in a ditch" promise to terminate the Brexit transition period by the end of 2020, which risked harming the economy.[119] The IFS also stated that it is "highly likely" spending under a Conservative government would be higher than in that party's manifesto, partly due to a number of uncosted commitments.[115][116][117][118][111] Outside of commitments to the NHS, the proposals would leave public service spending 14% lower in 2023–2024 than it was in 2010–2011, which the IFS described as "no more austerity perhaps, but an awful lot of it baked in".[120]

The IFS stated it had "serious doubt" that tax rises proposed would raise the amount Labour suggested, and said that they would need to introduce more broad based tax increases. They assess that the public sector does not have the capacity to increase investment spending as Labour would want. The IFS assesses the claim that tax rises will only hit the top 5% of earners, as "certainly progressive", but "clearly not true", with those under that threshold impacted by changes to the marriage allowance, taxes on dividends or capital gains, and lower wages/higher prices that might be passed on from corporation tax changes. Some of Labour's proposals are described as "huge and complex undertakings", where significant care is required in implementation. The IFS is particularly critical of the policy to compensate the so-called "WASPI women", announced after the manifesto, which is a £58bn promise to women who are "relatively well off on average" and will result in public finances going off target. They said that Labour's manifesto would not increase UK public spending as a share of national income above Germany.[115][116][117][118][111] They found that Labour's plan to spend and invest would boost economic growth, but the impact of tax rises, government regulation, nationalisations and the inclusive ownership fund could reduce growth, meaning the overall impact of Labour's plan on growth is uncertain.[119][118]

The IFS described the Liberal Democrats' plans as a "radical" tax and spend package, and said that the proposals would require lower borrowing than Conservative or Labour plans. The report said they were the only party whose proposals would put debt "on a decisively downward path", praising their plan to put 1p on income tax to go to the NHS as "simple, progressive and would raise a secure level of revenue". The IFS also said plans to "virtually quintuple" current spending levels on universal free childcare amounted to "creating a whole new leg of the universal welfare state".[121][118]

The IFS said that the SNP's manifesto was not costed. Their proposals on spending increases and tax cuts would mean the UK government would have to borrow to cover day-to-day spending. They conclude that the SNP's plans for Scottish independence would likely require increased austerity.[122]

Other issues

The Conservative Party proposed increasing spending on the NHS, although not as much of an increase as Labour and Liberal Democrat proposals.[123] They also proposed increased funding for childcare and on the environment. They proposed more funding for care services and to work with other parties on reforming how care is delivered. They wish to maintain the "triple lock" on pensions. They proposed investing in local infrastructure, including building a new rail line between Leeds and Manchester.[112]

Labour proposed significantly increasing government spending to 45% of national output, which would be high compared to most of UK history, but is comparable with other European countries.[124] This was to pay for an increased NHS budget; stopping state pension age rises; introducing a National Care Service providing free personal care; move to a net-zero carbon economy by the 2030s; nationalising key industries; scrapping universal credit; free bus travel for under-25s; building 100,000 council houses per year; and other proposals.[125] Within this, the Labour Party proposed to take rail-operating companies, energy supply networks, Royal Mail, sewerage infrastructure, and England's private water companies back into public ownership. Labour proposed nationalising part of BT and to provide free broadband to everyone,[126] along with free education for six years during each person's adult life.[127][128] Over a decade, Labour planned to reduce the average full-time weekly working hours to 32, with resulting productivity increases facilitating no loss of pay.[129]

The Liberal Democrats' main priority was opposing Brexit. Other policies included increased spending on the NHS; free childcare for two-to-four-year-olds; recruiting 20,000 more teachers; generating 80% of electricity from renewable sources by 2030; freezing train fares; and legalising cannabis.[130]

The Brexit Party was also focused on Brexit. It opposed privatising the NHS. It sought to reduce immigration, cutting net migration to 50,000 per year; cutting VAT on domestic fuel; banning the exporting of waste; free broadband in deprived regions; scrapping the BBC licence fee; and abolishing inheritance tax, interest on student loans, and HS2. It also wanted to move to a US-style supreme court.[131]

The policies of the SNP included a second referendum on Scottish independence next year as well as one on Brexit, removing Trident, and devolution across issues such as employment law, drug policy, and migration.[132]

The Liberal Democrats, the Greens, the SNP and Labour all support a ban on fracking, whilst the Conservatives propose approving fracking on a case-by-case basis.[133][134]

Party positions in the event of a hung Parliament

The Conservatives and Labour both insisted they were on course for outright majorities, but smaller parties were quizzed about what they would do in the event of a hung Parliament. The Liberal Democrats said they would not actively support Johnson or Corbyn becoming Prime Minister, but that they could, if an alternative could not be achieved, abstain on votes allowing a minority government to form if there was support for a second referendum on Brexit.[135] The SNP ruled out either supporting the Conservatives or a coalition with Labour, but spoke about a looser form of support, such as a confidence and supply arrangement with the latter, if they supported a second referendum on Scottish independence.[136]

The DUP previously supported the Conservative government, but withdrew that support given their opposition to Johnson's proposed Brexit deal. They said they would never support Corbyn as Prime Minister, but could work with Labour if led by someone else. Labour's position on a Hung parliament was that it would do no deals with any other party, citing Corbyn to say 'We are out here to win it' Although sources say it was prepared to adopt key policies proposed by the SNP and Lib Dems to woo them into supporting a minority government.[137][138] The UUP has also said they would never support Corbyn as Prime Minister, with their leader Steve Aiken saying he "can't really see" any situation in which they would support a Conservative government either. Their focus would be on remaining in the EU.[107]

Tactical voting

Under the first-past-the-post electoral system, voter turn-out (especially in marginal seats) has a crucial impact on the final election outcome, so major political parties disproportionately focus on opinion poll trends and these constituencies. In the early stages of the campaign, there was considerable discussion of tactical voting (generally in the context of support or opposition to Brexit) and whether parties would stand in all seats or not.[139] There were various electoral pacts and unilateral decisions. The Brexit Party chose not to stand against sitting Conservative candidates, but stood in most other constituencies. The Brexit Party alleged that pressure was put on its candidates by the Conservatives to withdraw, including the offer of peerages, which would be illegal. This was denied by the Conservative Party.[140] Under the banner of Unite to Remain, the Liberal Democrats, Plaid Cymru and the Green Party of England and Wales agreed an electoral pact in some seats, but some commentators criticised the Liberal Democrats for not standing down in some Labour seats.[141]

A sticker in Bournemouth calling for tactical voting with an anti-Conservative billboard in the background

A number of tactical voting websites were set up in an attempt to help voters choose the candidate in their constituency who would be best placed to beat the Conservative one.[142][143] The websites did not always give the same advice, which Michael Savage, political editor of centre-left The Guardian newspaper, said had the potential to confuse voters.[142] One of the websites – GetVoting.or], set up by Best for Britain – was accused of giving bogus advice in Labour/Conservative marginal seats.[144][145] The website, which had links to the Liberal Democrat party,[145] was criticised for advising pro-remain voters to back the Liberal Democrats when doing so risked pulling voters away from Labour candidates and enabling the Conservative candidate to gain most votes.[144][145] However, they changed their controversial recommendation in Kensington to Labour, lining up with Tactical Vote (TacticalVote.co.uk) in this seat, who were the only anti-Brexit tactical voting site with no party affiliations, while Gina Miller's Remain United and People's Vote kept their recommendation for the Liberal Democrats. This caused a lot of negative press for tactical voting as it was reported that the sites did not match one another's advice. Further into the election period, tactical voting websites that relied on MRP changed their recommendations on other seats because of new data.[146]

In the final weekend before voting, The Guardian cited a poll suggesting that the Conservative party held a 15% lead over Labour,[147] while on the same day, the Conservative-backing Daily Telegraph emphasised a poll indicating only an 8% lead.[148] Senior opposition politicians from Labour, the Liberal Democrats and the SNP launched a late-stage appeal to anti-Conservative voters to consider switching allegiance in the general election, amid signs that tactical voting in a relatively small number of marginal seats could deprive Johnson of a majority in parliament.[149]

Tactical voting appears to have contributed to parties opposed to Brexit winning four seats in the 2019 election which they might not otherwise have done.[150] However, it would have taken 78% of people voting tactically to prevent a Conservative majority completely, and would not have been possible to deliver a Labour majority.[151]

Canvassing and leafleting

Predictions of an overall Conservative majority were based on their targeting of primarily Labour-held, Brexit-backing seats in the Midlands and the north of England.[152] At the start of the election period, Labour-supporting organisation Momentum held what was described as "the largest mobilising call in UK history",[153] involving more than 2,000 canvassers. The organisation challenged Labour supporters to devote a week or more to campaigning full-time (as of 4 December, 1,400 people had signed up). Momentum also developed an app called My Campaign Map that updated members where they could be more effective, particularly in canvassing in marginal constituencies. Over one weekend during the campaign period, 700 Labour supporters campaigned in Iain Duncan Smith's constituency, Chingford and Woodford Green, which is regarded as a marginal, with a majority of 2,438 votes at the last election.[153]

The Liberal Democrats likewise were considered possible winners of a number of Conservative-held southern English constituencies; with a large swing that could even topple Dominic Raab in Esher and Walton.[154] At the beginning of the 2019 campaign, they had been accused of attempting to mislead voters by using selective polling data[155] and use of a quotation attributed to The Guardian newspaper rather than to their leader, Jo Swinson.[156] They were also accused of making campaign leaflets look like newspapers, although this practice has been used by all major British political parties for many years, including by Labour and the Conservatives during this election.[157]

The Liberal Democrats won a court case stopping the SNP from distributing a "potentially defamatory" leaflet in Swinson's constituency over false claims about funding she had received.[158]

Online campaigning

The use of social media advertising is seen as particularly useful to political parties as they can target people by gender, age, and location.[159] Labour is reported to have the most interactions, with The Times describing Labour's "aggressive, anti-establishment messages" as "beating clever Tory memes". In the first week of November, Labour is reported to have four of the five most "liked" tweets by political parties, many of the top interactions of Facebook posts, as well as being "dominant" on Instagram, where younger voters are particularly active.[160] Bloomberg reported that between 6 and 21 November, the views on Twitter/Facebook were 18.7m/31.0m for Labour, 10m/15.5m for the Conservatives, 2.9m/2.0m for the Brexit Party, and 0.4m/1.4m for the Liberal Democrats.[161]

Brexit was the most tweeted topic for the Conservative Party (~45% of tweets), the Liberal Democrats and the Brexit Party (~40% each). Labour focused on health (24.1%), the environment, and business, mentioning Brexit in less than 5 percent of its tweets.[162] Devolution was the topic most tweeted about by the SNP (29.8%) and Plaid Cymru (21.4%), and the environment was the top issue for the Green Party (45.9%) on Twitter. The Conservatives were unique in their focus on taxation (16.2%), and the Brexit Party on defence (14%).[162]

Prior to the campaign, the Conservatives contracted New Zealand marketing agency Topham Guerin, which has been credited with helping Australia's Liberal–National Coalition unexpectedly win the 2019 Australian federal election. Their social media approach is described as purposefully posting badly-designed social media material, which becomes viral and so is seen by a wider audience.[163][164] Some of the Conservative social media activity created headlines challenging whether it was deceptive.[165][166][167][168][169] This included editing a clip of Keir Starmer to appear he was unable to answer a question about Labour's Brexit policy.[166] In response to criticism over the doctored Starmer footage, Conservative Party chairman James Cleverly said the clip of Starmer was satire and "obviously edited".[166]

Veracity of statements by political parties

During the 19 November debate between Johnson and Corbyn hosted by ITV, the press office of the Conservative Campaign Headquarters (CCHQ) re-branded their Twitter account (@CCHQPress) as 'factcheckUK' (with "from CCHQ" in small text appearing underneath the logo in the account's banner image), which critics suggest could be mistaken for that of an independent fact-checking body, and published posts supporting the Conservative's position.[170][171][172][173][165][174] In defence, Conservative chairman Cleverly stated that "The Twitter handle of the CCHQ press office remained CCHQPress, so it's clear the nature of the site", and as "calling out when the Labour Party put what they know to be complete fabrications in the public domain".[165] In response to the re-branding on Twitter, the Electoral Commission, which does not have a role in regulating election campaign content, called on all campaigners to act "responsibly",[174][173][175] fact-checking body Full Fact criticised this behaviour as "inappropriate and misleading", and Twitter stated that it would take "decisive corrective action" if there were "further attempts to mislead people".[172][173][165][174][176][177]

First Draft News released an analysis of Facebook ads posted by political parties between 1 and 4 December. The analysis reports 88% of the 6,749 posts the Conservatives made had been "challenged" by fact checker Full Fact. 5,000 of these ads related to a "40 new hospitals" claim, of which Full Fact concluded only six had been costed, with the others only currently receiving money for planning (with building uncosted and due to occur after 2025). 4,000 featured inaccurate claims about the cost of Labour's spending plans to the tax payer. 500 related to a "50,000 more nurses" pledge, consisting of 31,500 new nurses, and convincing 18,500 nurses already in post to remain.[178][179][180] 16.5% of Liberal Democrats posts were highlighted, which related to claims they are the only party to beat Labour, the Conservatives or the SNP ‘in seats like yours’.[180][179] None of the posts made by Labour in the period were challenged, although posts made on 10 December claiming a "Labour government would save households thousands in bills" and the Conservative Party had "cut £8bn from social care" since 2010, were flagged as misleading.[179][180] According to the BBC, Labour supporters had been more likely to share unpaid-for electioneering posts, some of which included misleading claims.[181]

Television debates

← 2017 debates	2019

ITV aired a head-to-head election debate between Boris Johnson and Jeremy Corbyn on 19 November, hosted by Julie Etchingham.[182] ITV Cymru Wales aired a debate featuring representatives from the Conservatives, Labour, the Liberal Democrats, Plaid Cymru and the Brexit Party on 17 November, hosted by Adrian Masters.[183] Johnson cancelled his ITV interview with Etchingham, scheduled for 6 December, whilst the other major party leaders agreed to be interviewed.[184]

On the BBC, broadcaster Andrew Neil was due to separately interview party leaders in The Andrew Neil Interviews, and BBC Northern Ireland journalist Mark Carruthers to separately interview the five main Northern Irish political leaders.[185] The leaders of the SNP, Labour, Plaid Cymru, the Liberal Democrats and the Brexit Party were all interviewed by Neil and the leader of the Conservative Party was not,[186] leading Neil to release a challenge to Johnson to be interviewed.[187] The Conservatives dismissed Neil's challenge.[188] BBC Scotland, BBC Cymru Wales and BBC Northern Ireland also hosted a variety of regional debates.[189]

Channel 4 cancelled a debate scheduled for 24 November after Johnson would not agree to a head-to-head with Corbyn.[190] A few days later, the network hosted a leaders' debate focused on the climate. Johnson and Farage did not attend and were replaced on stage by ice sculptures with their party names written on them.[191] The Conservatives alleged this was part of a pattern of bias at the channel, complained to Ofcom that Channel 4 had breached due impartiality rules as a result of their refusal to allow Michael Gove to appear as a substitute,[192] and suggested that they might review the channel's broadcasting licence.[193] Ofcom rejected the Conservatives' complaint.[194] The Conservatives and the Brexit Party did not send a representative to Channel 4's "Everything but Brexit" on 8 December.[195] Conservative ministers were briefed not to appear on Channel 4 News.[196]

Sky News was due to hold a three-way election debate on 28 November, inviting Johnson, Corbyn and Swinson.[197] Swinson confirmed she would attend the debate,[198] but it was later cancelled after agreements could not be made with Corbyn or Johnson.[199]

2019 United Kingdom general election debates in Great Britain
Date	Organisers	Venue	Region	Viewing figures (millions)	P Present S Surrogate NI Not invited A Absent I Invited N No debate
					Con	Lab	SNP	LD	Plaid	Green	Brexit

17 November[200]	ITV Cymru Wales	ITV Wales Studios, Cardiff[183]	Wales	0.28	S Davies	S Thomas-Symonds	NI	P Dodds	S Saville Roberts	NI	S Gill
19 November[201]	ITV	dock10 studios, Salford[202]	UK	7.34	P Johnson	P Corbyn	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI
22 November[203]	BBC (Question Time)	Octagon Centre, Sheffield[204][203]	UK	4.62	P Johnson	P Corbyn	P Sturgeon	P Swinson	NI	NI	NI
24 November (cancelled)[205][206]	~~Channel 4~~	~~N/A~~	UK	~~N/A~~	N Johnson	N Corbyn	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI
26 November	BBC Wales (Wales Live)	Pembrokeshire County Showground, Haverfordwest[207]	Wales	TBA	S Davies	S Griffith	NI	P Dodds	S Saville Roberts	NI	S Wells
28 November (cancelled)[199]	~~Sky News~~	~~N/A~~	UK	~~N/A~~	N Johnson	N Corbyn	NI	N Swinson	NI	NI	NI
28 November[208]	Channel 4 (climate and nature)	ITN Headquarters, London[209]	UK	TBA	A[n 17] Johnson	P Corbyn	P Sturgeon	P Swinson	P Price	P Berry	A Farage
29 November[211]	BBC	Senedd, Cardiff[212]	UK	TBA	S Sunak	S Long-Bailey	P Sturgeon	P Swinson	P Price	S Lucas	S Tice
1 December[213]	ITV	Dock10, Salford[214]	UK	TBA	S Sunak	S Burgon	P Sturgeon	P Swinson	P Price	P Berry	P Farage
3 December[215]	BBC Wales	Wrexham Glyndŵr University, Wrexham	Wales	TBA	S Jones	S Hanson	NI	S John	S ap Iorwerth	NI	P Gill
3 December[216]	STV	STV Pacific Quay, Glasgow	Scotland	TBA	P Carlaw	P Leonard	P Sturgeon	P Rennie	NI	NI	NI
6 December	BBC	Maidstone Studios, Maidstone[217][218][219]	UK	4.42	P Johnson	P Corbyn	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI
8 December[220][221]	Channel 4 (everything but Brexit)	Leeds Beckett University, Leeds[222]	UK	TBA	A	S Rayner	S Whitford	P Swinson	P Price	P Bartley	A
9 December[223]	BBC (Question Time Under 30)	University of York, York[224]	UK	TBA	S Jenrick	S Rayner	S Yousaf	P Swinson	P Price	P Bartley	P Farage
10 December[225]	BBC Scotland	BBC Pacific Quay, Glasgow	Scotland	TBA	P Carlaw	P Leonard	P Sturgeon	P Rennie	NI	NI	NI

2019 United Kingdom general election debates in Northern Ireland
Date	Organisers	Venue	Viewing figures (millions)	P Present S Surrogate NI Not invited A Absent I Invited N No debate
				DUP	SF	SDLP	UUP	Alli.

8 December	UTV	Queen's Film Theatre, Belfast[226]	TBA	S Little-Pengelly	P O'Neill	P Eastwood	P Aiken	P Long
10 December[227]	BBC Northern Ireland	Broadcasting House, Belfast	TBA	S Donaldson	P O'Neill	P Eastwood	P Aiken	P Long

Campaign events

Before candidate nominations closed, several planned candidates for Labour and for the Conservatives withdrew, principally because of past social media activity. At least three Labour candidates and one Conservative candidate stood down, with two of the Labour candidates doing so following allegedly anti-Semitic remarks.[228] Two other Conservative candidates were suspended from the Conservative Party over antisemitic social media posts, but retained their candidacy for the party.[229][230][231][232] The Liberal Democrats removed one of its candidates over antisemitic social media posts, and defended two others.[233]

Several former Labour MPs critical of Corbyn endorsed the Conservatives.[234] Meanwhile, several former Conservative MPs, including former deputy prime minister Michael Heseltine, endorsed the Liberal Democrats and/or independent candidates.[235] A week before election day, former Conservative prime minister John Major warned the public against enabling a majority Conservative government, to avoid what he saw as the damage a Johnson-led government could do to the country through Brexit. Major encouraged voters to vote tactically and to back former Conservative candidates instead of those put forward by the Conservative Party.[236]

Floods hit parts of England from 7 to 18 November. Johnson was criticised for what some saw as his late response to the flooding[237][238] after he said they were not a national emergency.[239]

The Conservatives banned Daily Mirror reporters from Johnson's campaign bus.[240][241]

On 27 November, Labour announced it had obtained leaked government documents; they said these showed that, despite denials, the Conservatives were in trade negotiations with the US over the NHS. The Conservatives said Labour was peddling "conspiracy theories".[242]

A terrorist stabbing attack occurred in London on 29 November; owing to this, the political parties suspended campaigning in London for a time.[243]

The 2019 NATO summit was held in Watford on 3–4 December 2019. It was attended by 29 heads of state and heads of government, including Donald Trump.[244]

On 6 December, Labour announced it had obtained leaked government documents which they said showed that Johnson had misled the public about the Conservatives' Brexit deal with the EU, specifically regarding customs checks between Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which Johnson had said would not exist.[245]

Russian interference

On 16 July 2020, the UK Government confirmed Russian agents had interfered in the election with "almost certainty."[246] A report into hostile actions by the Russian Government against the UK, including alleged Russian interference in UK politics, was made public in July 2020. [247]

Religious groups' opinions on the parties

Ethnic Minority and Religious leaders and organisations made statements about the general election, with some people within the religious groups being keen to express that no one person or organisation represents the views of all the members of the faith.[248][249][250][251] Leaders of the Church of England stated people had a "democratic duty to vote", that they should "leave their echo chambers", and "issues need to be debated respectfully, and without resorting to personal abuse".[252]

Alleged antisemitism in the Labour Party was persistently covered in the media in the lead up to the election. In his leader's interview with Jeremy Corbyn, Andrew Neil dedicated the first third of the 30-minute programme entirely for discussion of Labour's relationship with the Jewish community.[253] This was partly prompted by Ephraim Mirvis, the UK's chief rabbi, who represents Orthodox Judaism, accusing Corbyn of allowing a "poison sanctioned from the top" to take root in Labour, and saying that British Jews were gripped by anxiety about the prospect of a Corbyn-led government.[254] The largest Jewish Labour group, the Jewish Labour Movement, have said they will not be actively campaigning locally for Labour unless there were exceptional circumstances.[255] Jewish Voice for Labour, a pro-Corbyn group formed in 2017, released a statement accusing Rabbi Mirvis of making unfounded allegations against Corbyn, saying that he personally supports the Conservative Party.[256] Justin Welby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, endorsed Rabbi Mirvis's intervention.[257]

The Muslim Council of Britain spokesman stated Islamophobia "is particularly acute in the Conservative Party" and that Conservatives treat it "with denial, dismissal and deceit".[258] In addition they released a 72-page document, outlining what they assess are the key issues from a British Muslim perspective. All 26 constituencies with a Muslim population above 20% voted for a Labour candidate in 2017. The MCB specifically criticises those who "seek to stigmatise and undermine Muslims"; for example, by inferring that Pakistanis ("often used as a proxy for Muslims") "vote en bloc as directed by Imams".[259] The Sunday Mirror had also claimed that many of the candidates campaigning for the Brexit Party were Islamophobic.[260]

The Times of India reported that supporters of Narendra Modi's ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) were actively campaigning for the Tories in 48 marginal seats,[261] and the Today programme reported that it had seen WhatsApp messages sent to Hindus across the country urging them to vote Conservative.[262][263] Some British Indians spoke out against what they saw as the BJP's meddling in the UK election.[251] The Hindu Council UK has been strongly critical of Labour, going as far as to say that Labour is "anti-Hindu"[264] and objected to the party's condemnation of the Indian government's actions in the disputed territory of Kashmir.[263] The perceived "parachuting" of a Labour candidate into Leicester East, a constituency with one of the highest Indian populations in the UK, caused anger to be felt amongst the local British Indian community,[265] as no candidates of Indian descent were interviewed. The party selected only one candidate of Indian descent to contest one of the party's 39 safest seats.[266]

Endorsements

Newspapers, organisations and individuals had endorsed parties or individual candidates for the election.

Media coverage

Party representation

Overall evaluations in newspapers (weighted by circulation), 7–13 November 2019.[267]
The Conservatives were the only party with an overall positive coverage, while Labour had the most negative coverage.

According to Loughborough University's Centre for Research in Communication and Culture (CRCC), media coverage of the first week of the campaign was dominated by the Conservatives and Labour, with the leaders of both parties being the most represented campaigners (Johnson with 20.8%; Corbyn with 18.8%).[267][268] Due to this, the election coverage has been characterised as increasingly 'presidential' as smaller parties have been marginalised.[268]

In television coverage, Boris Johnson had a particularly high-profile (30.4% against Corbyn's 22.6%). Labour (32%) and the Conservative Party (33%) received about a third of TV coverage each.

In newspapers, Labour received two-fifths (40%) of the coverage and the Conservatives 35%. Spokespeople from both parties were quoted near equally, with Conservative sources being the most prominent in both press and TV coverage in terms of frequency of appearance. Sajid Javid and John McDonnell featured prominently during the first week because the economy was a top story for the media. McDonnell had more coverage than Javid on both TV and in print.[267]

A large proportion of the newspaper coverage of Labour was negative.[269] Researches from the CRCC commented that this indicated the press was partisan and were "pulling out all the stops against Labour".[270] James Hanning, writing in the British Journalism Review, said that, when reporting and commenting on Boris Johnson, Conservative supporting newspapers made little mention of "a track record that would have sunk any other politician".[196] In the Loughborough analysis, during the first week of the campaign, for example, the Conservatives had a positive press coverage score of +29.7, making them the only party to receive a positive overall presentation in the press. Labour, meanwhile, had a negative score of -70, followed by the Brexit Party on -19.7 and the Liberal Democrats on -10.[267][271] Over the whole campaign, press hostility towards Labour had doubled compared with during the 2017 election, and negative coverage of the Conservatives halved.[162]

The Liberal Democrats were the party with the most TV coverage in the first week after Labour and the Conservatives, with an eighth of all reporting (13%). In newspapers they received less coverage than the Brexit Party, whose leader Nigel Farage received nearly as much coverage (12.3%) as Johnson and Jeremy Corbyn (17.4% each). Most of this coverage regarded the Brexit Party's proposed electoral pact with the Conservatives.[267] The Brexit Party (7%) and the SNP (5%) were fourth and fifth in terms of TV coverage, respectively.[267]

Dominant issues

As during the 2017 election, the electoral process was the most covered media topic for this election (31% of all coverage).[162] Brexit was the most prominent policy issue on both TV (18%) and in the press (11%), followed by the economy and health (8% and 7% of all coverage respectively).[162] However, there was little focused analysis on what the implementation of Brexit policies might mean, in contrast the analysis of other manifesto commitments on the economy, for example.[162] How Brexit might effect the union between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland received some prominence on TV but little coverage in the press.[162] According to the Centre for Research in Communication and Culture, "Standards/scandals" received as much coverage overall as health.[162]

Gender balance

Of the 20 most prominent spokespeople in media coverage of the first week of the election period, five were women, with SNP leader and Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon, in seventh place, the most featured.[267] Women (including, e.g., citizens, experts, pollsters, businesspeople, trade union representatives, etc.) featured in 23.9% of coverage and men in 76.1%. Men spoke three times as much as women in TV coverage, and five times as much in newspaper coverage.[267][272]

Members of Parliament not standing for re-election

74 MPs who held seats at the end of the Parliament did not stand for re-election.[273][274]

Opinion polling

The chart below depicts the results of opinion polls, mostly only of voters in Great Britain, conducted from the 2017 United Kingdom general election until the election. The line plotted is the average of the last 15 polls and the larger circles at the end represent the actual results of the election. The graph shows that following Johnson's election in July, the Conservatives established a clear lead over Labour and simultaneously, support for the Brexit Party declined from its peak in summer 2019. The Spreadex columns below cover bets on the number of seats each party will win with the midpoint between asking and selling price.

Great Britain opinion polling; moving average is calculated from the last 15 polls.

Conservatives

Labour

Liberal Democrats

Brexit Party

SNP & Plaid Cymru

Greens

Independent Group for Change

UKIP

Predictions three weeks before the vote

The first-past-the-post system used in UK general elections means that the number of seats won is not directly related to vote share. Thus, several approaches are used to convert polling data and other information into seat predictions. The table below lists some of the predictions.

Parties		Electoral Calculus[275] as of 20 November 2019	Election Maps UK[276] as of 17 November 2019	Elections Etc.[277] as of 20 November 2019	BritainElects[278] as of 20 November 2019
	Conservatives	365	346	354	346
	Labour Party	201	211	206	211
	SNP	46	51	45	51
	Liberal Democrats	15	18	25	24
	Plaid Cymru	4	4	4	4
	Green Party	1	1	1	1
	Brexit Party	0	0	0	0
	Others	18[279]	19[280]	18	18
Overall result (probability)		Conservative 80 seat majority	Conservative 42 seat majority	Conservative 58 seat majority	Conservative 42 seat majority

Predictions two weeks before the vote

Parties		Electoral Calculus[275][281] as of 27 November 2019	Election Maps UK[282] as of 28 November 2019	Elections Etc.[283] as of 27 November 2019	YouGov[284][285] as of 27 November 2019
	Conservatives	342	338	353	359
	Labour Party	224	226	208	211
	SNP	41	45	44	43
	Liberal Democrats	19	14	23	13
	Plaid Cymru	4	5	4	4
	Green Party	1	1	1	1
	Brexit Party	0	0	0	0
	Others	19[286]	19[287]	19	19
Overall result		Conservative 34 seat majority	Conservative 26 seat majority	Conservative 56 seat majority	Conservative 68 seat majority

Note: Elections etc does not add up to 650 seats due to rounding; the Speaker is shown under "Others" and not "Labour"; majority figures assume all elected members take up their seats.

Predictions one week before the vote

Prediction based upon polls:

Parties		Electoral Calculus[275] as of 8 December 2019	Election Maps UK[288] as of 6 December 2019	Elections Etc.[289] as of 5 December 2019	UK-Elect[290] as of 8 December 2019	Graphnile[291] as of 11 December 2019	Spreadex[292] as of 5 December 2019
	Conservatives	348	345	346	354	352	341
	Labour Party	225	224	218	212	221	220
	SNP	41	43	45	43	52	44.5
	Liberal Democrats	13	14	19	17	N/A	21
	Plaid Cymru	4	4	4	4	N/A	4
	Green Party	1	1	1	1	N/A	1.5
	Brexit Party	0	0	0	0	N/A	1.75
	Others	19[293]	19[294]	19[295]	19[296]	25	N/A
Overall result		Conservative 46 seat majority	Conservative 40 seat majority	Conservative 42 seat majority	Conservative 58 seat majority	Conservative 56 seat majority	Conservative 32 seat majority

Note: Elections etc does not add up to 650 seats due to rounding; the Speaker is shown under "Others" and not "Labour"; majority figures assume all elected members take up their seats.

Prediction based upon betting odds (assuming the favourite wins in each constituency):

Parties		Oddschecker[297]
	Conservatives	351
	Labour Party	210
	SNP	44
	Liberal Democrats	18
	Plaid Cymru	4
	Green Party	1
	Brexit Party	0
	Others	19[298]
	Too close to call	3
Overall result		Conservative 52 seat majority

Note: The Speaker is shown under "Others" and not "Labour"; majority figures assume all elected members take up their seats.

Final predictions

Parties		YouGov[299] as of 10 December 2019	Electoral Calculus[300] as of 12 December 2019	Election Maps UK[301] as of 12 December 2019	Elections Etc.[302] as of 12 December 2019	UK-Elect[303] as of 11 December 2019	Spreadex[304] as of 11 December 2019
	Conservatives	339	351	344	341	348	340
	Labour Party	231	224	223	224	217	222
	SNP	41	41	45	43	44	43
	Liberal Democrats	15	13	14	19	17	21
	Plaid Cymru	4	2	4	4	4	4
	Green Party	1	1	1	1	1	1.5
	Brexit Party	0	0	0	1	0	1
	Others	19	18[305]	18[306]	19	19[307]	N/A
Overall result		Conservative 28 seat majority	Conservative 52 seat majority	Conservative 38 seat majority	Conservative 32 seat majority	Conservative 46 seat majority	Conservative 30 seat majority

Exit poll

An exit poll conducted by Ipsos MORI for the BBC, ITV and Sky News, was published at the end of voting at 10 pm, predicting the number of seats for each party.[308][309]

Parties		Seats	Change
	Conservative Party	368	51
	Labour Party	191	71
	Scottish National Party	55	20
	Liberal Democrats	13	1
	Plaid Cymru	3	1
	Green Party	1
	Brexit Party	0	New party
	Others	19
Conservative 86 seat majority

Results

Equal-area projection of constituencies

The Conservative Party won a landslide victory securing 365 seats out of 650, giving them an overall majority of 80 seats in the House of Commons. They gained seats in several Labour Party strongholds in Northern England that were held by the party for decades, which had formed the 'red wall'. The constituency of Bishop Auckland elected a Conservative MP for the first time in its 134-year history. In the worst result for the party in 84 years,[310] Labour won 202 seats, a loss of 60 compared to the previous election.[311][312] This marked a fourth consecutive general election defeat. The Liberal Democrats won 11 seats, down 1, despite significantly increasing their share of the popular vote. Leader Jo Swinson lost her seat to Amy Callaghan of the SNP by 150 votes, and was disqualified from continuing as Liberal Democrat leader, with a leadership election due in August 2020.

While the Conservatives gained support in England and Wales, they lost support in Scotland in the face of a major SNP advance. The Conservatives won in England, advancing by 1.7% and gaining 48 seats to win 345 out of 533, while Labour fell back by 8% and lost 47 seats to win just 180.[313] Labour won in Wales, though it lost 8% of its 2017 vote share and six seats, retaining 22 out of 40, while the Conservatives advanced by 2.5% and gained six seats, winning 14 in total.[314] The SNP won by a landslide in Scotland, advancing by 8.1% and gaining 13 seats to win 48 out of 59, gaining several seats from the Conservatives and Labour. The Conservatives lost 3.5% of their 2017 vote share and half their seats, while Labour was reduced to one Scottish seat (Edinburgh South). This was the same Scottish seat from the 2015-17 Parliament that returned the country's sole Labour MP, Ian Murray.[315] Among the Labour MPs who lost their seats in Scotland was: Lesley Laird, deputy leader of Scottish Labour and Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland.[316]

The SNP's leader Nicola Sturgeon described the result as a clear mandate to hold a new referendum for Scottish independence.[9]

In Northern Ireland, nationalist political parties won more seats than unionist ones for the first time. The DUP's leader in Westminster, Nigel Dodds, lost his seat in Belfast North.[317]

Summary

↓
365	202	48	11	24
Conservative	Labour	SNP	LD	O

A summarised results of the parties that won seats at the election is as follows:

Party		Leader	MPs			Votes
Party		Leader		Of total			Of total
	Conservative Party	Boris Johnson	365	56.2%	365 / 650	13,966,565	43.6%
	Labour Party	Jeremy Corbyn	202	31.1%	202 / 650	10,269,076	32.2%
	Scottish National Party	Nicola Sturgeon	48[n 4]	7.4%	48 / 650	1,242,380	3.9%
	Liberal Democrats	Jo Swinson	11	1.7%	11 / 650	3,696,423	11.6%
	Democratic Unionist Party	Arlene Foster	8	1.2%	8 / 650	244,128	0.8%
	Sinn Féin	Mary Lou McDonald	7	1.1%	7 / 650	181,853	0.6%
	Plaid Cymru	Adam Price	4	0.6%	4 / 650	153,265	0.5%
	Social Democratic and Labour Party	Colum Eastwood	2	0.3%	2 / 650	118,737	0.4%
	Green Party of England and Wales	Jonathan Bartley Siân Berry	1	0.2%	1 / 650	835,579	2.7%
	Alliance Party of Northern Ireland	Naomi Long	1	0.2%	1 / 650	134,115	0.4%
	Speaker	Lindsay Hoyle	1	0.2%	1 / 650	26,831	0.1%

Full results

Results of the December 2019 general election to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom[318][319]
Political party		Leader	Candidates	MPs[320]					Votes

Political party		Leader	Candidates	Total	Gained	Lost	Net	Of total (%)	Total	Of total (%)	Change (%)
	Conservative	Boris Johnson	635	365	58	10	48	56.2	13,966,454	43.6	+1.2
	Labour	Jeremy Corbyn	631	202	1	61	60	31.1	10,269,051	32.1	−7.9
	Liberal Democrats	Jo Swinson	611	11	3	4	1	1.7	3,696,419	11.5	+4.2
	SNP	Nicola Sturgeon	59	48	14	1	13	7.4	1,242,380	3.9	+0.8
	Green	Siân Berry and Jonathan Bartley	472	1	0	0	0	0.2	835,579	2.7	+1.1
	Brexit Party	Nigel Farage	275						644,257	2.0
	DUP	Arlene Foster	17	8	0	2	2	1.2	244,128	0.8	−0.1
	Sinn Féin	Mary Lou McDonald	15	7	1	1	0	1.1	181,853	0.6	−0.2
	Plaid Cymru	Adam Price	36	4	0	0	0	0.6	153,265	0.5	0.0
	Alliance	Naomi Long	18	1	1	0	1	0.2	134,115	0.4	+0.2
	SDLP	Colum Eastwood	15	2	2	0	2	0.3	118,737	0.4	+0.1
	UUP	Steve Aiken	16						93,123	0.3	0.0
	Yorkshire Party	Christopher Whitwood	28						29,201	0.1	0.0
	Scottish Green	Patrick Harvie & Lorna Slater	22						28,122	0.1
	Speaker	Lindsay Hoyle	1	1				0.2	26,831	0.1	0.0
	UKIP	Patricia Mountain (interim)	44						22,817	0.1	−1.8
	Ashfield Independents	Jason Zadrozny	1						13,498	0.0	0.0
	Liberal	Steve Radford	19						10,876	0.0	0.0
	The Independent Group for Change	Anna Soubry	3						10,006	0.0
	Aontú	Peadar Tóibín	7						9,814	0.0
	Monster Raving Loony	Howling Laud Hope	24						9,739	0.0	0.0
	People Before Profit	Collective	2						7,526	0.0
	Birkenhead Social Justice	Frank Field	1						7,285	0.0
	Christian Peoples Alliance	Sidney Cordle	27						6,486	0.0	0.0
	Heavy Woollen Independents	Aleksandar Lukic	1						6,423	0.0
	SDP	William Clouston	20						3,295	0.0	0.0
	Animal Welfare	Vanessa Hudson	6						3,086	0.0	0.0
	North East Party	Mark Burdon	2						2,637	0.0
	Lincolnshire Independent	Marianne Overton	1						1,999	0.0
	Green (NI)	Clare Bailey	3						1,996	0.0
	English Democrat	Robin Tilbrook	4						1,987	0.0	0.0
	Libertarian	Adam Brown	5						1,780	0.0	0.0
	Mebyon Kernow	Dick Cole	1						1,660	0.0	0.0
	Proud of Oldham and Saddleworth	Paul Errock	2						1,606	0.0
	Independent Network	Ian Stephens	1						1,542	0.0
	Gwlad Gwlad	Gwyn Wigley Evans	3						1,515	0.0
	Cynon Valley	Andrew Chainey	1						1,322	0.0
	Veterans and People's	Robin Horsfall	2						1,219	0.0
	Burnley and Padiham Party	Mark Payne	1						1,162	0.0
	Shropshire Party	Robert Jones	1						1,141	0.0
	Putting Cumbria First	Jonathan Davies	1						1,070	0.0
	Peace	John Morris	2						960	0.0
	Wycombe Independents	Matt Knight	1						926	0.0
	Justice & Anti-Corruption	Donald Jerrard	3						728	0.0
	Christian	Jeff Green	2						705	0.0	0.0
	Renew	Julie Girling	4						545	0.0	0.0
	Workers Revolutionary	Joshua Ogunleye	5						524	0.0	0.0
	BNP	Adam Walker	1						510	0.0	0.0
Parties with less than 500 votes each						1	1
Blank and invalid votes										—	—
Total			3429	650			0	100	32,014,110	100	0.0
Registered voters, and turnout									47,587,254	67.3	−1.5

Vote share

Conservative			43.6%
Labour			32.2%
Liberal Democrat			11.6%
Scottish National			3.9%
Green			2.7%
Brexit Party			2.0%
Democratic Unionist			0.8%
Sinn Féin			0.6%
Plaid Cymru			0.5%
SDLP			0.4%
Others			1.4%

Vote share of seats contested

Scottish National			45.5%
Conservative			44.9%
Labour			33%
Democratic Unionist			32.6%
Sinn Féin			27.2%
SDLP			17.8%
Liberal Democrat			12.3%
Plaid Cymru			11.2%
Brexit Party			5.1%
Green			3.4%

Parliamentary seats

Conservative			56.2%
Labour			31.1%
Scottish National			7.4%
Liberal Democrat			1.7%
Democratic Unionist			1.2%
Sinn Féin			1.1%
Plaid Cymru			0.6%
SDLP			0.3%
Green			0.2%
Alliance			0.2%
Speaker			0.2%

Parliamentary seats out of total contested

Scottish National			81.4%
Conservative			57.5%
Democratic Unionist			47.1%
Sinn Féin			46.7%
Labour			32%
SDLP			13.3%
Plaid Cymru			11.1%
Alliance			5.6%
Liberal Democrat			1.8%
Green			0.2%

Marginal seats

This table shows all seats where the winning candidate won a majority of less than 1,000 votes:

Seat			Majority
Alyn and Deeside	Labour	Conservative	213
Bedford	Labour	Conservative	145
Blyth Valley	Conservative	Labour	712
Bolton North East	Conservative	Labour	378
Bury North	Conservative	Labour	105
Bury South	Conservative	Labour	402
Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross	Liberal Democrats	SNP	204
Carshalton and Wallington	Conservative	Liberal Democrats	629
Cheltenham	Conservative	Liberal Democrats	981
Coventry North West	Labour	Conservative	208
Coventry South	Labour	Conservative	401
Dagenham and Rainham	Labour	Conservative	293
Delyn	Conservative	Labour	865
East Dunbartonshire	SNP	Liberal Democrats	149
Fermanagh and South Tyrone	Sinn Féin	UUP	57
Gedling	Conservative	Labour	679
Gordon	SNP	Conservative	819
Heywood and Middleton	Conservative	Labour	663
High Peak	Conservative	Labour	590
Kensington	Conservative	Labour	150
Moray	Conservative	SNP	513
Newport West	Labour	Conservative	902
Sheffield Hallam	Labour	Liberal Democrats	712
Stoke-on-Trent Central	Conservative	Labour	670
Wansbeck	Labour	Conservative	814
Warwick and Leamington	Labour	Conservative	789
Weaver Vale	Labour	Conservative	562
West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine	Conservative	SNP	843
Wimbledon	Conservative	Liberal Democrats	628
Winchester	Conservative	Liberal Democrats	985

Open seats changing hands

	Candidate	Incumbent retiring from the House	Constituency	Defeated by
Conservative	Douglas Lumsden	Ross Thomson	Aberdeen South	Stephen Flynn	SNP
Labour	Natalie Fleet	Gloria De Piero	Ashfield	Lee Anderson	Conservative
Conservative	Martin Dowey	Bill Grant	Ayr, Carrick and Cumnock	Allan Dorans	SNP
Independent	Chris Altree (Labour)	John Woodcock[lower-alpha 1]	Barrow and Furness	Simon Fell	Conservative
Labour	Keir Morrison	John Mann	Bassetlaw	Brendan Clarke-Smith	Conservative
Labour	Susan Dungworth	Ronnie Campbell	Blyth Valley	Ian Levy	Conservative
Independent	Melanie Dudley (Labour)	Ian Austin[lower-alpha 2]	Dudley North	Marco Longhi	Conservative
Independent	N/A[lower-alpha 3]	Sylvia Hermon	North Down	Stephen Farry	Alliance
Labour	Carl Greatbatch	Paul Farrelly	Newcastle-under-Lyme	Aaron Bell	Conservative
Liberal Democrats	Karen Ward	Norman Lamb	North Norfolk	Duncan Baker	Conservative
Labour	Francyne Johnson	Angela Smith	Penistone and Stocksbridge	Miriam Cates	Conservative
Independent	Will Sweet (Conservative)	Justine Greening[lower-alpha 4]	Putney	Fleur Anderson	Labour
Labour	Sophie Wilson	Kevin Barron	Rother Valley	Alexander Stafford	Conservative
Labour	Ibrahim Dogus	Tom Watson	West Bromwich East	Nicola Richards	Conservative
Labour	James Cunningham	Adrian Bailey	West Bromwich West	Shaun Bailey	Conservative
Labour	Mary Wimbury	Ian Lucas	Wrexham	Sarah Atherton	Conservative
Labour	Mary Roberts	Albert Owen	Ynys Môn	Virginia Crosbie	Conservative

Analysis

Results of the 2019 General Election by Party Vote Share

Conservative >70%

Conservative 60%–70%

Conservative 50%–60%

Conservative <50%

Labour >70%

Labour 60%–70%

Labour 50%–60%

Labour <50%

Nationalist >50%

Nationalist 45%–50%

Nationalist 40%–45%

Nationalist <40%

Republican >50%

Republican 45%–50%

Republican 40%–45%

Republican <40%

Unionist 45%–50%

Unionist 40%–45%

Unionist <40%

Liberal Democrats >50%

Liberal Democrats <50%

Others

Constituencies gained in the 2019 general election (animated version available here)

The results have been attributed to leave supporting areas backing the Conservatives, the Conservatives broadening their appeal to working-class voters, and the Conservatives making gains in the Midlands and the North of England.[321] Most notable was the 'red wall' turning blue in the election, which secured the Conservative majority. Voters cited Corbyn's leadership and Brexit as to why they either switched to the Conservatives or stayed at home.[322]

A YouGov post-election survey determined that the age over which a plurality of voters opted for the Conservatives was 39, down from 47 in the 2017 election. In contrast to previous elections, the YouGov survey additionally found that a plurality of voters in the DE social grade – comprising the unemployed, state pensioners, and semi-skilled and unskilled workers – had opted for the Conservatives over Labour.[323]

Between 26% and 33% of voters said they were trying to stop the party they liked least from winning, i.e. voting tactically.[324][325] Recommendation by tactical voting websites had some benefit for Liberal Democrat candidates.[326]

The new Parliament reportedly had the highest number of openly LGBTQ MPs in the world, with 20 Conservative MPs, 15 Labour MPs and 10 SNP MPs who identify as LGBTQ. For the first time in both cases, the majority of elected Labour and Liberal Democrat MPs were female.[327][328]

Reactions in political parties

The election led to both Labour and the Liberal Democrats having leadership contests: the former as Corbyn resigned, the latter as Swinson failed to be elected as an MP.

The Labour leadership campaign was marked by conflicting analyses of what had gone wrong for the party in the general election.[329] There was debate as to whether Corbyn's unpopularity or their position on Brexit was more significant.[330] The 2020 Labour Together report, published by internal Labour party figures after Keir Starmer was elected as leader of the party, highlighted issues such as Corbyn's unpopularity, the party's Brexit policy and poor seat targeting, as well as long-term changes in Labour's electoral coalition.[331]

Successful Liberal Democrat MPs were critical in private of how the decision to support a policy of revoking Article 50 was arrived at and how it was communicated. Some have also criticised the general election campaign for being "hubristic" with its initial defining message that Swinson could be the country's next Prime Minister.[332] Ed Davey, the party's co-acting leader after the election, argued that the unpopularity of Corbyn lost the Liberal Democrats votes to the Conservatives.[333] On the other hand, Wera Hobhouse, who was re-elected by a majority of 12,322,[334] argued that the party had been wrong to pursue a policy of equidistance between Labour and the Conservatives in the general election campaign. Instead, she argued that the party should have concentrated more on campaigning against the Conservatives.[335]

Voter demographics

Ipsos MORI

Ipsos MORI polling after the election suggested the following demographic breakdown:

The 2019 UK general election vote in Great Britain[336]
Social group	Con	Lab	Lib Dem	Others	Lead
Social group				Others	Lead
Total vote	45	33	12	10	12
Gender
Male	46	31	12	11	15
Female	43	34	12	11	9
Age
18–24	19	62	9	10	43
25–34	27	51	11	11	24
35–44	36	39	13	12	3
45–54	46	28	14	12	18
55–64	49	27	11	13	22
65+	64	17	11	8	47
Men by age
18–24	22	59	10	9	37
25–34	31	48	10	11	17
35–54	45	30	14	11	15
55+	58	21	11	10	37
Women by age
18–24	17	64	9	10	47
25–34	23	54	12	11	31
35–54	37	36	14	13	1
55+	59	21	12	8	38
Social class
AB	45	30	16	9	15
C1	45	32	12	11	13
C2	47	32	9	12	15
DE	41	39	9	11	2
Men by social class
AB	47	29	15	9	18
C1	47	31	12	10	16
C2	48	30	8	14	18
DE	43	37	8	12	6
Women by social class
AB	43	31	17	10	11
C1	44	33	13	10	11
C2	46	33	9	12	13
DE	39	40	9	12	1
Housing tenure
Owned	57	22	12	9	35
Mortgage	43	33	14	10	10
Social renter	33	45	7	15	12
Private renter	31	46	11	12	15
Ethnic group
White	48	29	12	11	19
BME	20	64	12	4	44
Qualifications
No qualifications	59	23	7	11	36
Other qualifications	47	33	10	10	14
Degree or higher	34	39	17	10	5
EU referendum vote
Remain	20	48	21	11	28
Leave	73	15	3	9	58
Did not vote	26	52	10	12	26
2017 general election vote
Conservative	88	3	6	3	85
Labour	8	80	8	4	72
Lib Dem	11	19	63	7	44
Did not vote	33	46	9	12	13
Aged 18–34 by social class
AB	26	52	13	9	26
C1	24	55	10	11	31
C2	27	51	9	13	24
DE	18	63	8	11	45
Aged 35–54 by social class
AB	42	29	20	9	13
C1	44	32	13	11	12
C2	44	31	10	15	13
DE	35	42	9	14	7
Aged 55+ by social class
AB	60	17	14	9	43
C1	59	20	13	8	39
C2	61	21	8	10	40
DE	53	26	9	12	27

YouGov

YouGov polling after the election suggested the following demographic breakdown:

2019 UK general election vote in Great Britain (demographic breakdown)[337]
Social group	Con	Lab	Lib Dem	SNP	Green	Brexit	Others
Social group							Others
Total vote	44	32	12	4	3	2	3
Gender
Male	46	31	12	4	3	2	2
Female	44	35	11	4	3	2	1
Age
18–24	21	56	11	6	4	1	1
25–29	23	54	12	4	4	1	1
30–39	30	46	14	5	3	1	2
40–49	41	35	13	5	3	2	2
50–59	49	28	12	4	3	3	2
60–69	57	22	11	3	2	3	2
70+	67	14	11	2	2	2	2
Men by age
18–24	28	46	12	7	4	2	2
25–49	35	40	14	5	3	2	2
50–64	51	28	12	3	3	4	3
65+	64	15	11	3	1	4	2
Women by age
18–24	15	65	10	5	4	–	1
25–49	32	45	12	5	3	1	1
50–64	50	28	12	4	3	2	1
65+	64	18	10	2	2	2	2
Social class
AB	42	32	16	4	3	1	1
C1	43	34	12	4	3	2	2
C2	49	31	9	4	3	3	1
DE	47	34	8	4	2	3	1
Highest educational level
GCSE or lower	58	25	11	4	2	3	1
Medium	48	31	11	4	3	2	2
High (degree or above)	29	43	17	4	4	1	2
Household earnings
Less than £20,000	45	34	9	5	3	3	4
£20,000–39,999	47	31	11	4	2	2	3
£40,000–69,999	43	35	13	4	3	1	1
Greater than £70,000	40	31	20	4	3	1	1

Migration of voting preferences (2019 v 2017)
2017 party choice		2019 party choice
		Con	Lab	Lib Dem	SNP	Green	Brexit	PC	Others
									Others
	Conservative	85	4	7	–	1	2	–	1
	Labour	11	72	9	2	3	2	–	1
	Liberal Democrats	14	20	59	1	4	1	–	1
	SNP	5	4	1	87	1	–	–	2
	UKIP	67	5	3	–	1	19	–	5
	Greens	10	34	15	6	30	1	1	3
	Plaid Cymru	28	15	4	–	1	3	46	3
Others		42	15	13	4	7	5	1	12

Migration of voting preferences (2019 v 2017, analysed according to 2016 referendum preferences)
2017 party choice		2019 party choice
		Con	Lab	Lib Dem	SNP	Green	Brexit	PC	Others
									Others
Leave voters
All		74	14	3	2	2	4	–	1
	Conservative	92	2	2	–	1	2	–	1
	Labour	33	52	4	1	2	6	1	1
	Liberal Democrats	46	9	30	1	6	4	–	4
Remain voters
All		19	49	21	6	4	–	1	–
	Conservative	65	8	22	1	2	–	–	2
	Labour	3	79	12	2	3	–	–	1
	Liberal Democrats	6	21	66	2	3	–	–	2

Donations

Electoral commission data[338] shows that in 2019 Q4, total donations for each major political party, over £7,500, are as follows:

Party		Donations
	Conservative	£37,658,712
	Liberal Democrats	£13,342,912
	Labour	£10,685,389
	Green	£403,970

gollark: The solution is, of course, to sell them directly via semiautonomous auctions.

gollark: I think cryptocurrency with proof of work is impressive in how it manages to make people burn vast amounts of resources on slightly reallocating mining reward, and scalpers are just people exploiting retailers' incorrect unwillingness to raise prices.

gollark: But incentives reduce it, in my IMO.

gollark: I don't consider scalping very bad in the first place.

gollark: If someone does something due to incentives pushing them to do so, I would blame them slightly less.

Footnotes

Given that Sinn Féin MPs do not take their seats and the Speaker and deputies do not vote, the number of MPs needed for a majority is, in practice, slightly lower.[1] Sinn Féin won 7 seats, meaning a practical majority requires 322 MPs.
Figure does not include the Speaker of the House of Commons Sir Lindsay Hoyle, who was included in the Labour seat total by some media outlets. By longstanding convention, the Speaker severs all ties to their affiliated party upon being elected as Speaker.
Nicola Sturgeon sits as an MSP in the Scottish Parliament for Glasgow Southside. Ian Blackford, MP for Ross, Skye and Lochaber, is the SNP leader at Westminster.
Includes Neale Hanvey, who was suspended from the party at the time of his election and thus took his seat as an independent.
Given that the 7 Sinn Féin MPs do not take their seats and the Speaker and deputies do not vote, they effectively have an 87-seat "working majority".[1]
Persons without a permanent or fixed address can make a "Declaration of local connection" to a particular location in order to register[28]
Or, in the case of a British citizen who moved abroad before the age of 18, if his/her parent/guardian was on the Electoral Register in the UK in the last 15 years
The deadline for the receipt and determination of anonymous electoral registration applications is one working day before the publication date of the notice of alteration to the Electoral Register (that is the sixth working day before polling day).[34]
Adam Price sits as an AM in the Welsh Assembly for Carmarthen East and Dinefwr. The party's leader in the Commons is Liz Saville Roberts, the MP for Dwyfor Meirionnydd.
Bartley sits as a councillor on Lambeth Council while Berry sits on the London Assembly. Bartley is standing in the Dulwich and West Norwood constituency as the Green Party and Unite to Remain candidate. The party's sole member in the Commons is Caroline Lucas, MP for Brighton Pavilion and two-time former party leader.
Farage was sitting as an MEP in the European Parliament for South East England. The party has no MPs in the House of Commons. All British MEPs resigned their seats on 31 January 2020.
Arlene Foster is MLA in the Northern Ireland Assembly for Fermanagh and South Tyrone. The party's leader in the Commons is Jeffrey Donaldson, the MP for Lagan Valley.
Mary Lou McDonald sits as a TD in Dáil Éireann for Dublin Central. Sinn Féin adopts an abstentionist policy at Westminster, and none of its seven MPs has taken their seat.
As well as being a Westminster MP, Colum Eastwood also an MLA in the Northern Ireland Assembly for Foyle.
Steve Aiken OBE is an MLA in the Northern Ireland Assembly for South Antrim.
Naomi Long is MLA in the Northern Ireland Assembly for Belfast East. The party's sole representative at Westminster is Stephen Farry, who is MP for North Down
Channel 4 described this as a leaders-only debate, and refused to accept Michael Gove as substitute.[210]

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DUP with 9; Sinn Féin with 7; Alliance with 3
DUP with 9; Sinn Féin with 6; SDLP with 2; Alliance and Speaker with 1
Calculus, Electoral (27 November 2019). "NEW PREDICTION: Our latest poll-of-polls has the #Conservative lead over #Labour narrowing to 11pc. That would still be a Con majority, but not so big. Big Q: is this just noise or the signal at the start of a trend?".
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DUP with eight; Sinn Féin with seven; SDLP with two; Alliance and Speaker with one
DUP with nine; Sinn Féin with six; SDLP with two; Alliance and Speaker with one
Speaker with one, uses 2017 NI results for forecasting
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Elected as Labour
Elected as Labour
Hermon was an Ulster Unionist Party MP between 2001 and February 2010, and stood as an "independent unionist" candidate in the 2010, 2015, and 2017 elections. The UUP candidate was Alan Chambers, himself a former independent unionist
Elected as Conservative

External links

House of Commons Briefings: General Election 2019: Full Results and Analysis

Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019

Party manifestos

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[95] A Labour MP until 2018

[2] Given that Sinn Féin MPs do not take their seats and the Speaker and deputies do not vote, the number of MPs needed for a majority is, in practice, slightly lower.[1] Sinn Féin won 7 seats, meaning a practical majority requires 322 MPs.

[4] Figure does not include the Speaker of the House of Commons Sir Lindsay Hoyle, who was included in the Labour seat total by some media outlets. By longstanding convention, the Speaker severs all ties to their affiliated party upon being elected as Speaker.

[sturgeonseat-5] Nicola Sturgeon sits as an MSP in the Scottish Parliament for Glasgow Southside. Ian Blackford, MP for Ross, Skye and Lochaber, is the SNP leader at Westminster.

[hanvey-6] Includes Neale Hanvey, who was suspended from the party at the time of his election and thus took his seat as an independent.

[9] Given that the 7 Sinn Féin MPs do not take their seats and the Speaker and deputies do not vote, they effectively have an 87-seat "working majority".[1]

[34] Persons without a permanent or fixed address can make a "Declaration of local connection" to a particular location in order to register[28]

[35] Or, in the case of a British citizen who moved abroad before the age of 18, if his/her parent/guardian was on the Electoral Register in the UK in the last 15 years

[anonymouselector-42] The deadline for the receipt and determination of anonymous electoral registration applications is one working day before the publication date of the notice of alteration to the Electoral Register (that is the sixth working day before polling day).[34]

[woodseat-49] Adam Price sits as an AM in the Welsh Assembly for Carmarthen East and Dinefwr. The party's leader in the Commons is Liz Saville Roberts, the MP for Dwyfor Meirionnydd.

[BartleyBerryseat-50] Bartley sits as a councillor on Lambeth Council while Berry sits on the London Assembly. Bartley is standing in the Dulwich and West Norwood constituency as the Green Party and Unite to Remain candidate. The party's sole member in the Commons is Caroline Lucas, MP for Brighton Pavilion and two-time former party leader.

[Farageseat-51] Farage was sitting as an MEP in the European Parliament for South East England. The party has no MPs in the House of Commons. All British MEPs resigned their seats on 31 January 2020.

[fosterseat-55] Arlene Foster is MLA in the Northern Ireland Assembly for Fermanagh and South Tyrone. The party's leader in the Commons is Jeffrey Donaldson, the MP for Lagan Valley.

[McDonaldseat-56] Mary Lou McDonald sits as a TD in Dáil Éireann for Dublin Central. Sinn Féin adopts an abstentionist policy at Westminster, and none of its seven MPs has taken their seat.

[eastwoodseat-57] As well as being a Westminster MP, Colum Eastwood also an MLA in the Northern Ireland Assembly for Foyle.

[aikenseat-58] Steve Aiken OBE is an MLA in the Northern Ireland Assembly for South Antrim.

[longseat-59] Naomi Long is MLA in the Northern Ireland Assembly for Belfast East. The party's sole representative at Westminster is Stephen Farry, who is MP for North Down

[228] Channel 4 described this as a leaders-only debate, and refused to accept Michael Gove as substitute.[210]

[working-1] "StackPath". www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk. 20 December 2019.

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[guardian-20200227-99] Syal, Rajeev (27 February 2020). "Tories raised three times as much as Labour in pre-election donations". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 February 2020.

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[298] DUP with 9; Sinn Féin with 6; SDLP with 2; Alliance and Speaker with 1

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[305] DUP with 9; Sinn Féin with 6; SDLP with 2; Alliance and Speaker with 1

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[312] DUP with eight; Sinn Féin with seven; SDLP with two; Alliance and Speaker with one

[313] DUP with nine; Sinn Féin with six; SDLP with two; Alliance and Speaker with one

[314] Speaker with one, uses 2017 NI results for forecasting

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[324] DUP with ten; Sinn Féin with six; and SDLP with two

[325] DUP with ten; Sinn Féin with seven; and "Others" with two

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[339] Elected as Labour

[340] Elected as Labour

[Hermon-341] Hermon was an Ulster Unionist Party MP between 2001 and February 2010, and stood as an "independent unionist" candidate in the 2010, 2015, and 2017 elections. The UUP candidate was Alan Chambers, himself a former independent unionist

[342] Elected as Conservative

2019 United Kingdom general election
Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019
← 2017 election Constituencies Debates MPs elected MPs who stood down MPs who lost their seat MPs by seniority Endorsements Opinion polling Parties Target seats Results breakdown Results by constituency next election →
Incumbent Prime Minister: Boris Johnson (Conservative) Appointed Prime Minister: Boris Johnson (Conservative)
Parties elected to the House of Commons	Conservative (Boris Johnson) Labour (Jeremy Corbyn) Scottish National Party (Nicola Sturgeon) Liberal Democrats (Jo Swinson) Democratic Unionist Party (Arlene Foster) Sinn Féin (Michelle O'Neill) Plaid Cymru (Adam Price) Social Democratic and Labour Party (Colum Eastwood) Green Party of England and Wales (Siân Berry and Jonathan Bartley) Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (Naomi Long)
Results by area	England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales
Related topics	Glossary of terms Red wall Workington man Get Brexit Done
2019 UK local elections 2019 UK European Parliament election

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2019 United Kingdom general election

Background

Date of the election

Voting eligibility

Timetable

Contesting political parties and candidates

Great Britain

Northern Ireland

Electoral pacts and unilateral decisions

Marginal seats

2017–19 MPs standing under a different political affiliation

Withdrawn or disowned candidates

Campaign

Campaign background

Policy positions

Brexit

The environment

Tax and spending commitments

Institute for Fiscal Studies analysis

Other issues

Party positions in the event of a hung Parliament

Tactical voting

Canvassing and leafleting

Online campaigning

Veracity of statements by political parties

Television debates

Campaign events

Russian interference

Religious groups' opinions on the parties

Endorsements

Media coverage

Party representation

Dominant issues

Gender balance

Members of Parliament not standing for re-election

Opinion polling

Predictions three weeks before the vote

Predictions two weeks before the vote

Predictions one week before the vote

Final predictions

Exit poll

Results

Summary

Full results

Marginal seats

Open seats changing hands

Analysis

Reactions in political parties

Voter demographics

Ipsos MORI

YouGov

Donations

See also

Footnotes

References

External links

Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019

Party manifestos